2022-2023年陜西省商洛市大學英語6級大學英語六級重點匯總（含答案）

2022-2023年陜西省商洛市大學英語6級大學英語六級重點匯總（含答案）學校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

______onthedevelopingcountries'pathoutofpovertywouldbethecrimeofthecentury.

2.

Continuingstresscanmakepeople'sbodiesproducemorecortisolandinsulin.

A.YB.NC.NG

3.

Whenitcomestosomethingassimpleasagreeting,lackofawarenessconcerning______canleadtoawkwardencounters.

4.

Thecomplaintsfromsomechildrenwhohavedifficultiesinlearningarecausedby______.

5.

Peoplefrequentlysufferingfromsleeprestrictiontendto______.

A.livelonger

B.losemuchweight

C.eatlessfood

D.growanxiousanddepressed

6.

Accordingtotheprinciplethatthepoweroutputfromawindturbinerisesasacubelfwindspeed,higher-speedwindsaremoreeasilyandinexpensivelycaptured.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.What'speople'stendencytodofortheirdecisions?

A.Refusingtoadmittheymadewrongdecisions.

B.Tryingtofindreasonstoexplainthedecisions.

C.Changingthedecisionsonsecondthoughts.

D.Seekingothers'advicewhenmakingthedecisions.

8.

BernicediscardedthemealsdeliveredbyMealsonWheels,believing______.

9.

TheAncientOlympicgameswerenotinternationaleventseventhoughtheathletestraveledtocompetefromdifferentpartsoftheworld.

A.YB.NC.NG

10.

SomeoftheSun'sradiationthatisabsorbedbytheEarth'ssurfacebecomesheatenergyintheform.of______.

11.

AccordingtoJohnMaynardKeynes,whycangovernmentsusedevaluationofcurrencytotakeinpeople?

A.Valueisinherentinmoney.

B.Metalcurrencyhasbecomeatoken.

C.Cashisconsideredaspureinformation.

D.Thetruthisbeyonddoubt.

12.

ThecompanycanapplytotheFDAforpermissiontobeginhumanstudieswhentheresultsofanimalstudiesindicatethatthenewdrugisliketobe______.

13.

Itisdifficultto______assoonasyouaresoobsessedwithmeetingpeopleonline.

14.

Ifadrugcanbringgreatbenefittoapatient,thepatientmaybewillingtotakethedrugevenwiththeriskfor______.

15.

Americansoftenmakejokesaboutwomentalkingtoomuch,butinfact,men______.

16.WhereHaveAllthePeopleGone?

Germansaregettingusedtoanewkindofimmigrant.In1998,apackofWolvescrossedtheNeisseRiveronthePolish-Germanborder.IntheemptylandscapeofeasternSaxony,dottedwithabandonedminesanddecliningvillages,thewolvesfoundplentyofdeerandfewhumans.Fiveyearslater,asecondpacksplitfromtheoriginal,sothere'renowtwofamiliesofwolvesintheregion.Ahundredyearsago,agrowingland-hungrypopulationkilledoffthelastofGermany'swolves.Today,it'sthelocalhumanswhosenumbersareunderthreat.

Villagesareempty,thankstotheregion'slowbirthrateandruralflight.Hometo22oftheworld's25lowestfertilityratecountries,Europewilllose30millionpeopleby2030,evenwithcontinuedimmigration.ThebiggestpopulationdeclinewillhitruralEurope.AsItalians,Spaniards,Germansandothersproducebarelythree-fifthsofchildrenneededtomaintainstatusquo,andasruralflightsuckspeopleEurope'ssuburbsandcities,thecountrysidewillloseaquarterofitspopulation.Theimplicationsofthisdemographic(人口的)changewillbefar-reaching.

EnvironmentalChanges

ThepostcardviewofEuropeisofacontinentwhereeveryscrapoflandhaslongbeenfarmed,fencedoffandsettled.Butthecontinentofthefuturemaylookratherdifferent.BigpartsofEuropewillrenaturalize.BearsarebackinAustria.InSwissAlpinevalleys,farmshavebeenrecedingandforestsaregrowingback.InpartsofFranceandGermany,wildcatsandwolveshavere-establishedtheirranges.

Theshrubandforestthatgrowonabandonedlandmightbegoodfordeerandwolves,butisvastlylessspecies-richthantraditionalfarming,withitspastures,pondsandhedges.Onceshrubcovereverything,youlosethemeadowhabitat.Alltheflowers,herbs,birds,andbutterfliesdisappear.Anewforestdoesn'tgetdiverseuntilacoupleofhundredyearsold.

Allthisisnotnecessarilyanenvironmentalist'sdreamitmightseem.TaketheGreekvillageofPrastos.Anancienthilltown,Prastosoncehad1000residents,mostofthemworkingtheland,Nowonlyadozenleft,mostintheir60sand70s.Theschoolhasbeenclosedsince1988.Sundaychurchbellsnolongerring.Withoutfarmerstotendthefields,rainhaswashedawaytheoncefertilesoil.AsinmuchofGreece,landthathasbeenorchardsandpastureforsome2000yearsisnowcoveredwithdryshrubthat,insummer,frequentlycatchesfire.

VariedPicturesofRuralDepopulation

Ruraldepopulationisnotnew.ThousandsofvillageslikePrestosdotEurope,theresultofacenturyormoreofemigration,industrialization,andagriculturalmechanization.Butthistimeit'sdifferentbecauseneverhastheruralbirthratesolow.Inthepast,afarmercouldusuallyfindatleastoneofhisoffspringtotakeovertheland.Today,thechancesarethathehasonlyasinglesonordaughter,usuallyworkinginthecityandrarelywillingtoreturn.InItaly,morethan40%ofthecountry's1.9millionfarmersareatleast65yearsold.Oncetheydieout,manyoftheirfarmswilljointhe6millionhectares--onethirdofItaly'sfarmland--thathasalreadybeenabandoned.

Risingeconomicpressures,especiallyfromreducedgovernmentsubsidies,willamplifythetrend.OnethirdofEurope'sfarmlandismarginal,fromthecoldnorthernplainstothedryMediterranean(地中海)hills.MostofthesefarmersrelyonEUsubsides,sinceit'scheapertoimportfoodfromabroad.Withoutsubsidies,someofthemostscenicEuropeanlandscapeswouldn'tsurvive.IntheAustrianorSwissAlps,definedforcenturiesbyorchards,cows,highmountainpastures,thesteepvalleysarelabor-intensivetofarm,withsubsidiespayingupto90%ofthecost.AcrosstheborderinFranceandItaly,subsidieshavebeenreducedformountainfarming.Since

A.YB.NC.NG

17.AccordingtoscientistsattheU.S.NationalSnowandIceDataCenter,withinabout60years,therewillbe______ontheArcticOcean.

18.

WhenIfirstlearnedLisp(表處理語言),whatIlikedmostaboutitwasthatitconsideredme______.

19.

Somepeopleboostgeneticallymodifiedcropsontheconditionthatthesealteredplantscontain______.

20.

Urbanozoneisprimarilycausedby__________________,whichareproducedbyfossilfuels.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(35)

A.Bemuseoftheincreaseofeconomy.

B.Bemusetheschoolshavetobuildmorebuildingsl.

C.Mainlybecausetheexpenditureoneducationisreduced.

D.Becausetheschoolshavetoincreasethesalaryofthestaff.

22.聽力原文：AbouttwopercentofthepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisofAsianorigin—somefivemillionpeople.Chinese,Japanese,andPhilippinesform.thelargestgroups.However,therearealsosignificantnumbersofAsian-Indians,Pakistanis,Koreans,andVietnamesenowlivinginAmerica.AsaresultofthewarinVietnam,some350,000refugeesfromthatcountryhaveenteredtheUnitedStatessincetheearly1970s．

ChineseandJapaneseworkerswereimportedintotheUnitedStatesbyemployersinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies．MostoftheChinesesettledinCalifornia,wheretheywereemployedmainlyinheavyindustries,suchasminingandrailroadconstruction.Theywerefacedwithintenseprejudiceanddiscrimination,especiallyfromlower-classwhitepeople,whosawthemasasourceofthreattotheirjobs.TheretreatoftheChineseintodistinctChinatownswasnotprimarilytheirchoice,butwasenforcedbythehostilitytheyfaced.SinceChineseimmigrationwasendedbylawin1882,theChineseremainedlargelyisolatedfromthewidersociety—atleastuntilrecently.

MostoftheJapaneseimmigrantsalsosettledinCaliforniaandtheotherPacificstates.DuringWorldWarⅡ,followingtheattackonPearlHarborbyJapan,allJapaneseAmericansintheUnitedStatesweremadetoreportto“relocationcenters”whichwereeffectivelyconcentrationcamps.InspiteofthefactthatmostoftheJapanesewereAmericancitizens,theywerecompelledtoliveinthehastilyestablishedcampsforthedurationofthewar.

(33)

A.About35,000.

B.About250,000.

C.About350,000.

D.About25,000.

23.(40)

24.(41)

25.(32)

A.Theproblemoflackingamirror.

B.Theproblemoflackingadecorationforthelift.

C.Apsychologicalproblem.

D.Amaterialproblem.

26.(21)

A.At5:30.B.At6:00.C.Before6:00.D.After6:00.

27.(26)

A.ByaskingtheDeantopayforaprofessional.

B.Bydoingitthemselves.

C.BymergingwiththeTeacherDevelopmentsite.

D.Bylookingforanotherdesigner.

28.聽力原文：Studentswanttofindthebestwaytoputinformationintotheirlong-termmemories.Theywanttokeeptheinformationlaterwhentheytakeatest.Whatisthebestwaytolearninformationsotheycanrememberitwhentheywantto?

Whenstudying,youshouldreadthewholelessonfirst.Thisgivesyouthewholepictureinwhichtoputtheideas.Newinformationthatfitsintothewholepictureiseasiertorememberthanseparatefacts,Youalsolearnfasterifyoulookatheadings,introductions,importantwords,summaries,conclusions,andanythingelsethathelpstoorganizethematerial,whichiseasiertounderstand.

Thenthesecondstepistostudytheparts.Thinkabouthowtheyfitintothewholepicture.

Ifyouhavealottostudy,don'ttrytodothewholejobatonce.Learningshouldbespreadoutandspaced.Thisgivestheinformationtimeto"sinkin."Youshouldstudygrammarthreetimes,ahalfhoureachtime.Thatisbetterthanstudyingforanhourandahalfatonetime.Evenshorterstudyperiodsarebetterforvocabularylistsandotherdifficultmaterial.Tolearnthemostinatwo-hourstudysession,studydifferentkindsofmaterial;ahalfhourongrammar,15minutesonvocabulary,20minutesonwriting,andsoon.Thechangewillhelptokeepyouinterested.

Youforgetmostquicklyrightafteryoureadorhearsomethingnew.Youshouldreviewrightawaysoyouwon'tforget,andifpossible,explainittosomeoneelse.Whenyoureviewandtestyourselfonthematerial,youarebeingactive;activelearningisbetterthanjustreadingorlistening.

(33)

A.Itisnormaltoforgetthings.

B.Howtokeepthingsinyourlong-termmemories,

C.Howtostudywell

D.Howtogetasmuchinformationasyoucan.

29.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

(12)

A.She'llgotovisitheraunt.

B.Shehasanimportantappointmentwithafriendshehasnotseenforyears.

C.ShethinksthetrafficinNewYorkisheavyonweekdays.

D.She'llhaveavisitor.

30.(25)

A.Arealisticgoalforlearnersistoreachacertainleveloflanguageproficiency,notnativefluency.

B.Studentscanachievenative-likepronunciationthroughfocusedstudy.

C.Learnersshouldinteractwithnativespeakerstogaingreaterfluency.

D.Teachersneedtohelpstudentsfosteragoodself-esteemandconfidence.

31.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

聽力原文：Thejudgmentthatcigarettesmokingis(36)hazardoustohealthistheresultofmorethan30yearsofresearchcarriedonbyhundredsofscientistsinthiscountryandabroad.The(37)conclusionthatcigarettesmokingisasignificanthealthhazardissupportedbyeverymedicalandhealth(38)agencyintheworldwhichisknowntohave(39)expressedanopiniononthematter.

Whilecigarettesmokerstendtohavehigherdeathratesthannonsmokers,80percentoftheexcessdeaths(40)associatedwiththishabitarecausedbythreemajordiseases.Theytreelungcancer,(41)coronaryheartdisease,andemphysema.Lungcancerwasararedisease50yearsago.Today,itis(42)estimatedthat60,000menandwomenperyearintheUnitedStateswilldieofthisdiseaseAmongmenitisthemost(43)commoncauseofdeathfromcancer.

Cigarettesmokingisthemajorcauseoflungcancer.(44)Althoughchronicirritationfromcertainchemicalsubstances,radiation,viruses,occupationalhazards,airpollution,andotherenvironmentalfactorshavebeenimplicatedinthisdisease,theyareofsmallimportancecomparedwithcigarettesmoking.(45)Tothosewhosmoke,however,theycanbeimportantinincreasingtherisksstillfurther.Approximately90percentofallprimarycancercasesoccurinpeoplewhosmokecigarettes.Laboratorystudieshaveisolatedfromtobaccosmokeanumberofchemicalcompoundsthatcancausecaner.(46)Inaddition,thereareelementsinsmokethatinteractwithothercompoundstopromotecancerproduction.

Thejudgmentthatcigarettesmokingis【B1】______tohealthistheresultofmorethan30yearsofresearchcarriedonbyhundredsofscientistsinthiscountryandabroad.The【B2】______thatcigarettesmokingisasignificanthealthhazardissupportedbyeverymedicalandhealth【B3】______intheworldwhichisknowntohave【B4】______anopiniononthematter.

Whilecigarettesmokerstendtohavehigherdeathratesthannonsmokers,80percentoftheexcessdeaths【B5】______withthishabitarecausedbythree'majordiseases.Theyarelungcancer,【B6】______heartdisease,andemphysema.Lungcancerwasararedisease50yearsago.Today,itis【B7】______that60,000menandwomenperyearintheUnitedStateswilldieofthisdisease.Amongmenitisthemost【B8】______causeofdeathfromcancer.

Cigarettesmokingisthemajorcauseoflungcancer.【B9】___________________,theyareofsmallimportancecomparedwithcigarettesmoking.【B10】______________________.Approximately90percentofallprimarycancercasesoccurinpeoplewhosmokecigarettes.Laboratorystudieshaveisolatedfromtobaccosmokeanumberofchemicalcompoundsthatcancausecaner.【B11】_____________________

【B1】

32.(19)

A.Thebosswasveryconsideratetohisworkers.

B.Edwasn'tasgoodaworkerasthebossthought.

C.ThebosshadplannedtogiveEdaraiseinsalary.

D.Thebosshasneverconsideredraisingtheworkerssalary.

33.

【B4】

34.【B3】

35.

【B10】

36.【B2】

37.聽力原文：M:CanyoubelieveIjusthadtopay20poundsforahaircutinSteward?

F:YoushouldtrythesalonwhereIgo.It'sonly10.Butittakesawhiletogetanappointment.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(16)

A.Shesuggeststhemantogotoafartherplacetotrimhishair.

B.Sheofferstocuttheman'shairherselfatthepriceof10.

C.Shetellsthemanacheaperbutbusierplacetohavehishaircut.

D.Sheusedtotrimherhairinaluxurioussaloon.

38.聽力原文：Onewaythatscientistslearnaboutmanisbyanimals,suchasmice,ratsandmonkeys.Thescientistsinthislaboratoryareexperimentingonmice.Theyarestudyingtherelationshipbetweendietandhealth.Atthistimeoveronehundredexperimentsaregoingoninthislaboratory.

Inthisexperiment,thescientistsarestudyingtherelationshipbetweentheamountoffoodthemiceeatandtheirhealth.Themiceareinthreegroups.Allthreegroupsarereceivingthesamehealthydiet.Buttheamountoffoodthateachgroupisreceivingisdifferent.Thefirstgroupiseatingonecupoffoodeachday,thesecondiseatingtwocups,andthethirdgroupofmiceiseatingthreecups.

Afterthreeyears,thehealthiestgroupistheonethatisonlyeatingonecupoffoodeachday.Themiceinthisgrouparethinnerthannormalmice.Buttheyaremoreactive.Alsotheyarelivinglonger.Miceusuallylivefortwoyears.Mostofthemiceinthisgrouparestillaliveafterthreeyears.Thesecondgroupofmiceisnormalweight.Theyarehealthy,too.Theyareactive,butnotasactiveasthethinnermice.Buttheyareonlylivingabouttwoyears.Thelastgroupofmicespendsmostofthedayeatingorsleeping.Theyarenotveryactive.Thesemicearelivinglongerthanthescientiststhought:aboutayearandahalf.Buttheyarenothealthy.Theexperimentisstillgoingon.Thescientistshopetofinishtheirstudiesintwoyears.

(33)

A.Mice.B.Rats.C.Monkeys.D.A,BandC.

39.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Afewyearsagoitwas【B1】______tospeakofagenerationgap,adivisionbetweenyoungpeopleandtheirelders.Parents【B2】______thatchildrendidnotshowthemproperrespectand【B3】______,whilechildrencomplainedthattheirparentsdidnotunderstandthematall.Whathadgonewrong?Whyhadthegenerationgapsuddenlyappeared?【B4】______thegenerationgaphasbeenaroundforalongtime.Many【B5】______arguethatitisbuiltintothefabricofoursociety.

Oneimportantcauseofthegenerationgapisthe【B6】______thatyoungpeoplehavetochoosetheirownlifestyles.Inmore【B7】______societies,whenchildrengrowup,theyareexpectedtoliveinthesameareaastheirparents,tomarrypeoplethattheirparentsknowand【B8】______of,andoftentocontinuethefamilyoccupation.Inoursociety,youngpeopleoftentravelgreatdistancesfortheireducation,moveoutofthefamilyhomeatanearlyage,marryorlivewith【B9】______.

Inourupwardlymobilesociety,parentsoftenexpecttheirchildrentodobetterthantheydid:tofindbetterjobs,tomakemoremoney,andtodoallthethingsthattheywereunabletodo.Often,however,【B10】______.Often,theydiscoverthattheyhaveverylittleincommonwitheachother.

Finally,thespeedatwhichchangestakeplaceinoursocietyisanothercauseofthegapbetweenthegenerations.Inatraditionalculture,【B11】______.Theyoungandtheoldseemtoliveintwoverydifferentworlds,separatedbydifferentskillsandabilities.

【B1】

40.聽力原文：M：Areyoufreethisafternoon，Mary?Ifyouhavesparetime，willyoujoinusinplayingvolleyball?Lilyhasgotabadcoldsoshecouldn'tplay．

W：I'dliketo．Anywaymybasketballlessonwascancelled，soaslongaslcangoswimmingat7p.m.That'sOK．

Q：Whatwillthewomandothisafternoon?

(16)

A.Shewillplaybasketball.

B.ShewillgotoseeLily.

C.Shewillgoswimming.

D.Shewillplayvolleyball.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysical,inproduction,andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe"SecondIndustrialRevolution".

Labor'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,labourhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventually,theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemploymentsinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,maintainingandrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterestoflaborliesinbringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformsofthehigherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.

Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpermanentlydismissedworkersbypaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe

"improvementfactor",which

calls

forwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.

Thoughlabourworriesabouttheeffectsofautomation,itneverdoubtsthatautomation_______.

A.willeventuallypreventunemployment

B.willhelpworkersacquirenewkills

C.willeventuallybenefittheworkersnolessthantheemployers

D.isatrendwhichcannotbestopped

42.

Whosufferthebreathingproblemsmostaccordingtothelateststudy?

43.

Itcanbeinferredfromthispassagethat______.

A.CUNYonlyreceivesparticularlycleverstudents

B.Americancollegesprovidestudentswithfreeeducation.

C.tuitionfeesinAmericancollegesareveryexpensive

D.studentsofCUNYgenerallypaynotuitionfeesatall

44.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthor______.

A.triestosoundpersuasiveandconvincinginhisopinionsaboutcareerblues

B.believesthatonecannotchangehis/herenvironment

C.canhardlytolerateone'scompleteenjoymentoflife

D.quiteagreeswiththe"up-to-dateresume"attitude

45.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired--rentedatthelowestpossiblecost--mustasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatepeckingorder.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,oilattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.Theexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasno.chancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer.Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm'shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforce,infact,theyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.TheresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchangeAndintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

Whichofthefollowingappliestothehuman-resourcemanagementofAmericancompanies?

A.Theyhirepeoplewiththeleastpossiblemoneyregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyregardskillgainingastheiremployees'ownbusiness.

C.Theyprefertohireself-trainedworkers.

D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeenemploymentcompetition.

46.

ThepurposeofVolunteersinMedicineisto______.

A.helpretiredmedicalworkersimprovetheirincomes

B.providefreemedicalservicestothosewhoneedthem

C.urgethegovernmenttosetupnon-profitclinics

D.makethedreamoftheauthor'sfathercometrue

47.

WhichofthefollowingideasmightprobablybepreferredbyMalcolmMuggeridge?

A.Literaturewillbecomedominantinpresentingwarstories.

B.Peopleshouldhavetheirownideasofwhatisrightandwhatiswrong.

C.TVimagesarepreoccupyingbecausetheyexpressreality.

D.TVprogramsoftenaimtoassaultthetraditionalstandardsandmoresofsociety.

48.

Whatisthetroublesomeproblemtotheforecaster?

49.

Theauthorcriticizeswomen'sobsessionwiththinness______.

A.fromaneconomicandeducationalperspective

B.fromsociologicalandmedicalpointsofview

C.fromahistoricalandreligiousstandpoint

D.inthelightofmoralprinciples

50.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

PresidentCoolidge'sstatement,"ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness",stillpointstoanimportanttruthtoday