人力資源管理17

Chapter7

TrainingandDevelopingEmployeesOpeningcase

:GainingcompetitiveadvantageatXeroxTheproblem:AseveredropinmarketshareThesolution:Five-yearprogramentitled“Leadershipthroughquality.”Trainingcourses:HelpingtofulfilltheirnewrolesOrientation-------Trainingfocusedoneffectiveteamworkandproblem-solvingskills.-----------practiceandfeedbackTheresult:Employeeswerenowworkingtogetherasteamstoidentifyandcorrectqualityproductionandserviceproblems.Chapteroutline7.1Linkingtraininganddevelopmenttoworkercompetence7.2TheinstructionalprocesstotrainingHowcompaniesassesstheirtrainingneedsPresenttrainingprogramstomaximizelearningMethodsoftrainingEnsuretrainingistransferredtothejobTrainingevaluation7.3linemanagesandHRMdepartment’sroles7.1TrainingandDevelopmentPracticesandLinkstoworkercompetence

TrainEmployeesCompetitiveAdvantagePermanentChangeInKSAsOfNewEmployeesPermanentChangeInKSAsOfCurrentEmployeesImprovedEmployeeCompetenceTrainingThatIncreasestheCompetenceofNewEmployeesOrientationTechnicalLiteracyTrainingThatIncreasestheCompetenceofCurrentEmployeesRemedialChange-relatedDevelopmentalinstruction7.2TheInstructionalProcess7.2.1Decidingwhattoteach7.2.2Decidinghowtomaximizeparticipant

learning7.2.3Choosingtheappropriatetrainingmethods7.2.4Ensuringthattrainingisusedonthejob7.2.5Determiningwhethertrainingprogramsareeffective

7.2.1DecidingWhattoTeachAssessingtrainingneedsDeterminingtrainingobjectivesTrainingNeedJobbehaviorinappropriate

orKnowledgeorskilllevelinadequate

andProblemscanbecorrectedthroughtrainingAssessingTrainingNeedsNumberofemployeesexperiencingskilldeficiencySeverityofskilldeficiencyImportanceofskillExtenttowhichskillcanbeimprovedwithtrainingMethodsforDeterminingTrainingNeedsSelf-assessmentsCompanyrecordsCustomercomplaintsEEOchargesEmployeegrievancesInterviewswithmanagersCustomersatisfactionsurveysObservationDeterminingTrainingObjectivesBytheendofthissessionthetraineewillbeableto_____(anactionword)___________________________(item)___________________________________(condition)_______________________________(standard)__________________________TrainingObjectiveExampleBytheendofthissessionthetraineewillbeabletodesign(actionword)anintegratedcircuit(item)givenanengineeringspecification(condition)Thedesignmustbeefficientandwork.(standard)7.2.2

DecidingHowtoMaximizeParticipantLearningGainandmaintaintrainees’attention.Providetraineesopportunitytopractice.Providetraineesfeedbackonperformance.ToGainandMaintainTrainees’AttentionDemonstratetrainingimportanceandrelevance.Varypaceandkindofmaterialpresented.Useshortsegmentsinvolvingfrequentopportunitiesforaudienceinvolvement.RememberingHear25%Hear&see45%Hear,see,&do70%ImprovesrememberingPracticeDistributedpracticesegmentsorsessionsleadstobetterlong-termretentionMassedpracticeonelongersessionWholetaskwhenmaterialissimpleParttaskwhenmaterialiscomplexFeedbackPositive:forcorrecttaskperformanceCorrective:whatiswrongandhowitcanbecorrected7.2.3.ChoosingAppropriateInstructionalMethodsOn-the-jobtrainingJobinstructiontrainingLectureCasemethodRoleplayingBehaviormodelingComputer-basedVideotrainingDesigningOn-The-JobTrainingListskillstraineesneedtolearn.Setlearningobjectives.Havetraineeobservecompetentworker.Demonstratetasksexplaining“hows”and“whys.”Givetraineeopportunitytopracticetask.Givetraineefeedback.DesigningJobInstructionTrainingIdentifyjobbreakdown(step-by-step).Describekeypointsforeachstep:makeorbreak?potentialdangers?pointers?Explainanddemonstratetask.Allowtraineetoperformtask,onestepatatime.LectureMostappropriateforsituationswheresimpleacquisitionofknowledgeisthegoalMustbemeaningfulMustpromotequestions anddiscussionsLecture:DisadvantagesOne-waycommunicationLessopportunitytoclarifyCaseMethodAnalyzecasesdepictingrealisticjobsituationsTeachtraineeshowtoidentifypotentialproblemsandrecommendrealisticactions“Guideddiscovery”Trainerrole:guide/facilitatorCaseMethod:DisadvantagesLackofdirectionLackofopportunitytopracticeRolePlayingAtrainingmethodinwhichtraineesspontaneouslyactoutsomeprobleminvolvinghumaninteraction.PresentssomeprobleminvolvinghumaninteractionIssuesaddressedduringfeedbackWhatwascorrect?Whatwasincorrect?Howdiditmakeothersfeel?Howcouldithavebeenhandledbetter?RolePlayingUses:humanrelationsskills;salestechniquesOpportunitytopracticeDisadvantages:LittleguidanceEmbarrassment;lossof self-confidenceLackofopportunityto docorrectlyBehaviorModelingSteps1. Presentanoverviewofthematerial.2. Describetheproceduralsteps.(thebestway)3. Modelordemonstratetheproceduralsteps.4. Allowguidedpractice.(feedbackduringtheskillpractice)Provideon-the-jobreinforcement.Atrainingmethodinwhichtraineesareshownhowataskshouldbeperformedandthenpracticethetaskwithfeedbackuntiltheyarecompetent.Computer-BasedInstructionAtrainingmethodthatusesacomputertoinstructstudentsthroughdrills/tutorials,games,andsimulations.DrillsGamesComputersimulationsComputer-BasedInstructionAdvantagesInteractivitySelf-pacedConsequencesofmistakeslesscostlyDisadvantagesExpensive“Computerphobia”O(jiān)n-LineComputer-BasedInstructionAdvantagesCostsavingsconvenienceDisadvantagesInstructornotpresentSometrainingnotfeasibleVideoTrainingPresentprerecordedcontenttodemonstrateapointCanrecordandplaybacktrainees’performanceInteractiveVideoTrainingCombinescomputerandvideotechnologyUsefulwhenhumanerrorhasgraveconsequences7.2.4TransferofTrainingFromClassroomToJobWhyTransferofTrainingFailsWorkenvironment,suchasproductivitypressures,lackofsupervisorysupport,andpressurestodothejobjustlikeeveryoneelse.Don’tlearnmaterialinthefirstplaceDon’tunderstand“reallife”applicationsLackofconfidenceForgettingthematerialTemptationstoregressEnsureThatTrainingisUsed

ontheJobOverlearningMatchingcoursecontenttothejobActionplansMultiphaseprogrammingPerformanceaidsPost-trainingfollow-upresourcesBuildingasupportiveworkenvironment7.2.5.DeterminingWhetherTrainingProgramsareEffectiveWhattoevaluateEvaluationdesignWhattoEvaluateProgramcontent,programpresentation,transferoftraining,costeffectivenessMeasuringinstruments:TraineereactionsTestingPerformanceappraisalRecordsoforganizationalperformanceEvaluationDesignTraineeGroupPretestPost-testControlGroupPretestPost-test7.3LineManagersandTrainingandDevelopmentProvideemployeeorientationtraining.Assesstrainingneedsandplandevelopmentalstrategies.Provideon-the-jobtraining.Ensuretransferoftraining.TheHRMDepartmentandT