大豆常見(jiàn)病害

大豆常見(jiàn)病害病害較多真菌病：有為害暗葉部的斑枯病、灰斑病、霜霉病和銹病等，其中霜霉病遍及各地：為害根、莖的有疫腐病、菌核病和炭疽病。疫腐病以抗病育種：其它靠輪作法防治。為害子粒的有紫斑病和黑點(diǎn)病，藥劑拌種防治。細(xì)菌病：有斑點(diǎn)病和斑疹病，有的可用抗病育種防治。病毒?。悍N類多，中國(guó)長(zhǎng)江流域和黃淮平原以花葉病毒流行廣、為害重。采用無(wú)病毒種子、消滅媒介昆蟲(chóng)及抗病育種防治。大豆泡囊線蟲(chóng)病、根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病：采用合理輪作和抗病育種防治。主要蟲(chóng)害有食心蟲(chóng)、草地螟、豆莢螟、豆稈蠅、豆稈黑潛蠅、紅蜘蛛和財(cái)蟲(chóng)等，以藥劑防治為主。菟幼?子在黃淮平原為害甚烈，采用清選種子、生物防治和輪作防治。大豆銹病大豆銹病已發(fā)現(xiàn)的病害有30余種，其中真菌性病害最多，病毒類主要是大豆花葉病毒，線蟲(chóng)病主要為抱囊線蟲(chóng)和根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)。大豆銹病、炭疽病、細(xì)菌性斑疹病等，在南方發(fā)生較重。北方春大豆區(qū)霜霉病、灰斑病、細(xì)菌性斑點(diǎn)病、抱囊線蟲(chóng)病發(fā)生普遍。大豆病毒病在各大豆栽培區(qū)都有發(fā)生為害大豆粒莢.紫斑病Cercosporakikuchii、輪紋病Ascochytaglycines、赤霉病Fusariumavenacearum(Fusariumroseum、Fusariumsemitectum).莢枯病Macrophomamame、炭疽病Colletotrichumglycines、黑痘病Sphacelomaglycines。葉部病害主要有：霜霉病Peronosporamanshurica、灰斑病Cercosporasojina.褐紋病Septoriaglycines、黑斑病Alternariabrassicaevar.phaseoliAlternariafasciculataAlernariatenuissima、銹病Phakopsorapachyrhizix白粉病Erysiphepolygon!細(xì)菌性斑點(diǎn)病Pseudomonasglycinea、細(xì)菌性斑疹病Xanthomonasphaseolivar.sojense>大豆花葉病Soybeanmosaicvirus(SMV)等。莖稈部病害有.菌核病Sclerotiniasclerotiorum、黑點(diǎn)病Phomopsissojac(Diaporthephaseolorum)、紋枯病Pelliculariasasakiio根部病害有：立枯病Rhizoctoniasolani、猝倒病Pythiumdebaryanum>枯萎病Fusariumbulbigenum(F.oxysporum)o紫斑病紫斑病紫斑病還有抱囊線蟲(chóng)Heteroderaglycines主要發(fā)生在黑龍江、吉林、遼寧、內(nèi)蒙古、河北、山東、河南等省(自治區(qū))。根疫病Phytophthoramagaspermavar.sojae是美國(guó)的主要病害，中國(guó)尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)。是檢疫對(duì)象。大豆病害的防治以抗病品種為主的綜合防治措施。藥劑防治：在30余種大豆病害中，由種子帶菌為初次侵染源的占60%左右，藥劑拌種能減少病害的侵染源，而且對(duì)苗期病害也有防治效果。如福美雙0.3%拌種，可防治大豆霜霉病和灰斑病。葉部病害如霜霉病、灰斑病，根部病害如抱囊線蟲(chóng)病等，均可用藥劑進(jìn)行有效防治：農(nóng)業(yè)措施防治，采取合理輪作，如防治大豆抱囊線蟲(chóng)病，實(shí)行大豆與禾谷類作物或非寄生作物3-5年輪作，減少蟲(chóng)源。種前通過(guò)選種；建立無(wú)病種子田，對(duì)防治霜霉病、紫斑病、灰斑病，大豆花葉病毒效果較好。中耕除草，排除田間積水，能減輕大豆缺病和根部病害的發(fā)生。增施有機(jī)肥，適時(shí)灌水，可減輕抱囊線蟲(chóng)病的為害。清除田間雜草，亦可減少大豆花葉病毒等病害。防治措施大豆的病蟲(chóng)害對(duì)大豆的正常生長(zhǎng)危害很大，嚴(yán)重時(shí)減產(chǎn)損失達(dá)30%以上。大豆的病害有：大豆根腐病、線蟲(chóng)病、灰斑病、褐紋病、霜霉病等，蟲(chóng)害有潛根蠅、大豆蠣蟲(chóng)、食心蟲(chóng)等。防治辦法：①事前預(yù)防，選無(wú)病優(yōu)良品種，整地時(shí)進(jìn)行土壤滅菌殺蟲(chóng)處理；②在發(fā)病前噴施滅菌防蟲(chóng)藥劑+新高脂膜800倍液可有效預(yù)防病蟲(chóng)害發(fā)生：③在病蟲(chóng)害發(fā)生期，要按植保要求噴施針對(duì)性藥劑+新高脂膜800倍液進(jìn)行滅殺。Diseasemorefungaldisease:damagedarkleavesleafblight,grayleafspot,downymildewandrust,whichdownymildeweverywhere;,damagerootsandstemsofPhytophthorarot,Sclerotiniaandanthrax.Phytophthorarotdiseaseresistancebreeding;relyoncroprotationprevention.Peliosisandblackspotdiseasedamagegrain,Yaojibanzhongprevention.bacterialdiseases:scabandspotteddisease,andsomeareavailablepreventionandcontrolofdiseaseresistancebreeding.(3)virusdisease:manykindsoftheYangtzeRiverinChinaandtheHuang-Huaiplainmosaicviruswidelypopularheavydamage.Theseedvirus,theeradicationoftheinsectvector,andthepreventionandcontrolofdiseaseresistancebreeding.④soybeancystnematode,,root-knotnematodedisease:therotationsystemandthepreventionandcontrolofdiseaseresistancebreeding.Majorpestmoth,meadowmoth,podborer,beanstalkfliesthebeanstalkblackmaggot,spidermitesandaphids,chemicalcontrol.DodderdamageevenintheHuang-HuaiPlainofintensecleaningseed,preventionandcontrolofbiologicalcontrolandcroprotation.SoybeanRustSoybeanRustDiseasehavebeenfoundmorethan30species,mostfungaldiseases,viruses,mainlysoybeanmosaicvirus,thenematodecystnematodeandroot-knotnematodes.Soybeanrust,anthracnose,bacterialrashdiseasessuchasoccurredinthesouthheavier.TheNorththespringsoybeanDistrictdownymildew,grayleafspot,bacterialspot,,cystnematodeoccursgenerally.SoybeanvirusdiseasehaveoccurredinsoybeancultivationareaInfestationofsoybeanseedpodPeliosistheCercosporakikuchii,ringrotAscochytaglycinesscabofFusariumavenacearum(ofFusariumroseum,Fusariumsemitectum)thepodsblightMacrophomamame,anthracnoseColletotrichumglycines,anthracnoseSphacelomaglycines.Leafdisease:DownymildewPeronosporamanshurica,grayspotdiseaseCercosporasojina〃browngraindiseaseSeptoriaglycines,blackspotofAlternariabrassicae,var.phaseoliofAlternariafasciculateAlernariatenuissimarustPhakopsorapachyrhizi,powderymildewErysiphepolygoniofPseudomonasglycinea,bacterialspot,bacterialspotexanthemaXanthomonasphaseolivar.sojense,soybeanmosaicvirusSoybeanmosaicvirus(SMV).StemMinistryofdiseaseshave?.SclerotiniaSclerotiniasclerotiorumblackspotdiseasethePhomopsissojac(Diaporthephaseolorum),sheathblightPelliculariasasakii.Rootdiseases:BlightRhizoctoniasolani,damping-offdiseasePythiumdebaryanum,towilttheFusariumbulbigenum(F.oxysporum).PeliosisPeliosisPeliosisTherecystnematodeHeteroderaglycinesoccursmainlyinHeilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning,InnerMongolia,Hebei,Shandong,Henanandotherprovinces(autonomousregions).TherootsblightPhytophthoramagaspermavar.sojaeisamajordiseaseintheUnitedStates,Chinahasnotyetfound.Quarantineobjects.Soybeandiseasepreventionandtreatmentresistantvarietiesbasedcomprehensivepreventionandcontrolmeasures.Chemicalcontrol:30kindsofsoybeandiseasesbyseedinfectionaccountedforabout60%oftheinitialinfectionsource,Yaojibanzhongcanreducethesourceofinfectionofthedisease,,butalsocontroleffectonseedlingdiseases.Thiram0.3%ofseed,againstsoybeandownymildewandgrayleafspot.Leafdiseasessuchasdownymildew,grayleafspot,rootdiseasessuchascystnematode,etc.,canbeusedPharmacyeffectivepreventionandtreatment;theagriculturemeasurestoprevent,totakereasonablerotation,suchasthepreventionandtreatmentofsoybeancystnematode,theimplementationofsoybeansandcerealcropsornon-parasiticcrops3-5ringsasreduceinsectsource.Speciesbyselection;establishdisease-freeseedfields,thefightagainstdownymildewpeliosis,grayleafspotdiseaseofsoybeanmosaicvirusbetter,,Cultivating,weeding,excludewaterinfield,canreducetheoccurrenceofofsoybeanthedissatisfieddiseaseandrootdiseases.Organicfertilize：timelyirrigationcanreducecystnematodeinfestation.Cleartheweedsinthefield,andalsoreducesoybeanmosaicvirusdisease.PreventionandcontrolmeasuresSoybeanpestposesseriousthreattothenormalgrowthofthesoybean,severecutslossesamountingtomorethan30%.Diseasesofsoybean:soybeanrootrot,nematodes,grayleafspot,browngraindisease,downymildew,peststhelatentrootfly,soybeanaphids,borerandother.Preventionmeasures:①priorprevention,,selectionofdisease-freefinevar