2022年內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)烏海市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總（含答案）

2022年內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)烏海市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總（含答案）學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.YoucangetevacuationdetailsthroughthewaysprovidedbythewebsiteofLasVegasthoughitdoesn'tdisclosethedetailsdueto______.

2.

InordertoargueagainstDr.Suddendorf,somecomparativepsychologistshavebeenconductingexperimentstoproveanimalscan______.

3.

CuttingbudgetforscienceresearchanddevelopmentfurthersmothersincentivesforAmericanstudentsto______.

4.

SalvadorDaliisafamoussurrealistpainter,whoseworksarehighlycontroversialfromthemodernismorevenpost-modernismperspective.

A.YB.NC.NG

5.

AmericareapedgreatgainsfromIraqwardespitethemuchpainfrombothsides.

A.YB.NC.NG

6.Dietandphysicalqualitieswhichpasseddownfromourparentsaffect______anaturalsubstanceintheliverblood.

7.

Wemustderivehydrogenfromrenewablesourceswithaviewtoapurehydrogeneconomy.

A.YB.NC.NG

8.

FromtheinformationgiveninPara.2,thecombinedpopulationoftheU.S.andCanadais______.

9.

WhenMr.TataleadsTata'sbigbusinesstotheworldoutsideIndia,hestill______.

A.conformstothecustom

B.doesgoodworksinIndia

C.refusestopaybribesandtreatsworkerswell

D.providesallworkers'childrenforfreeeducation

10.Theblack/whitetrickcanprovidepeoplewithmorethantwochoicesfortheirargument.

11.

Ifyouhavetenemployeessharingatypicalofficespace,youneedatleast______squarefeetofspace.

12.Fat

Adultfatrateshavealmostquadrupledinthelast25years.Not22%ofBritonsarefatandthree-quartersareoverweight.Thenumberoffattripledin20years.10%ofsixyearoldsarefat,risingto17%of15yearolds.Becomingfatcanleadtohealthproblems,includingarthritis,heartdiseaseanddiabetes;

WhatisFat?

Your"bodymassindex"orBMIisameasureof,bodyfatbasedonheightandweight.

ABMIof:

Under20=underweight

20-25=normal

25-30=overweight

30+=fat

So,accordingtotheformula,peopleareclassedasfatiftheyhaveabodymassindexover30.Theyareoverweightifitis25-30.

ReasonstoGetFat

Fatfunctionsasenergyreservoir.Itis1aiddownwhenfoodisplentifulandthenconvertedbacktoenergywhenneeded.Normallevelsoffatarenotaproblemforthebody.Infact,they'renecessaryforittofunctionsmoothly.

Onabasiclevel,peoplebecomefatwhentheircaloricintakeishigherthantheircalorieexpenditure.However,ahostoffactorscomplicatethispicture.Anindividual'sgenetics,metabolism,cultureandlifestyle.allhavearoletoplay.

WhereisFatStoredintheBody?

Mostfatisstoredundertheskin.Butthereisalsosomeontopofyourkidneysandinsideyourliverandmuscles.Otherbodypartsthatgatherfatdependonyourgender:

?adultmen:chest,waist

?adultwomen:breasts,waistandhips

Fattissueismadeupoffatcells.Theseareliketinyplasticbagsthatholddropletsoffat.Fatcellsareonlyformedinourchildhood.Theystartgrowingwhileweareinourmothers'pregnancy.Thenextstageofgenerationisduringpuberty(青春期),whenthesexhormonesaretriggered.Itdefinestheareasinwhichthefatcellsgrow.Theamountoffatthebodywantstostoreisthoughttobeproportionaltothetotalnumberoffatcells.

Afterpuberty,wedonotgrowanymorefatcells.Ourceilsjustexpandorshrinktoaccommodatethefatinsideourbodies.

TheproblemwithChildhoodFat

Ifachildbecomesfattheirbodyprocessescanchange.SomeofthesemayBedifficultorevenimpossibletoalterinadulthood.

Fatceilsarelaiddowninthefirstfewyearsoflife.Iffatisstoredquickly,morefatcellsarecreated.Soafatchildcanhaveuptothreetimesasmanyasanormalchild.Eventually,fatcellsstopmultiplyingandanadulthasafixednumberfortherestoftheirlife.Theexistingcellssimplyenlargeorshrinktoaccommodatemorefat.

Healthproblemsforkids—Fewhealthproblemsareobservedinobsesschildren.Buttheymaydevelopconditionsthatcauseproblemslaterinlife,suchashighbloodpressure.

Theymayalsosufferfrom"sleepapnoea(呼吸暫停)".Whenthishappens,softtissueinthethroatblockstheairwaysduringsleep.Thiscanstoptheirbreathingforuptoaminute.Thisprocesscanhappenhundredsoftimesanight,leadingtoheartdisease,memoryproblems,headachesandfatigue.

DiabetesriskSomefatchildrenmaydeveloptypeⅡdiabetes.Normallythisconditiononlystartsmuchlaterinlife.Whenitstrikes,thebodystopsbeingabletoprocesssugarproperlyandthecellsarestarvedofenergy.TypeⅡdiabetescannotbecured,butitcanbetreated.Itmayleadtocomplicationssuchasnervedamage,heartdisease,kidneydiseaseandblindness.Childrenwiththisconditionwillhavetolivewithitalltheirlives,increasingthechanceofcomplications.

WhatTreatmentsAreAvailable?

Newdrugs—Currentweigh-lossdrugsaremainlyamphetamine(安非他明，一種藥品)based.Theyincreasetheamountofsomehormonesintheblood,loweringhungerlevels.However,theyarenots

A.YB.NC.NG

13.

ResearchesinthewildfieldevaluatingthetwomostcommonBtcornplantsshowedthatthetoxinabsorbedwastoo______.

14.

Thesurveysuggeststhatrecenthighschoolgraduateslackskillslikeshowingrespectforothers,______.

15.

Oneofthesimilaritiessharedbyallthemethodsofalteringdreamsistoreduce______.

16.

Dr.PeterDiotbelievesthatitmaybeeffectivetouseARVsto______.

17.

Youcanjudgewhetheryou'vereachedyourcareerturningpointafteryou______.

18.

WhichisTRUEaboutIQtestaccordingtothepassage?

A.PeoplewhohasahigherIQisagenius.

B.IQtestmeasuresalimitedpartofaperson'sintelligence.

C.Hightestscoreshavelittletodowithrealgenius.

D.ThereisstillacontroversyonwhetherIQtestcantellallaboutthegenius.

19.

Suiciderateisparticularlyhighamongyoungaboriginalmenastheyhavetostruggleagainstnotonlypovertybutalso______.

20.

MarkHaywardshadshown______fromhisearlyteensbuthiscounselorshadfailedtowarnhisparentsaboutit.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.

【B7】

22.聽(tīng)力原文：M:Ifeeldepressed.Theweatherhasbeenterriblethisweek.

W:Youcansaythatagain.Dayafterdayofgrayskiesandrain.Iwonderhowmuchlongerit'sgoingtolast.

Q:Howhastheweatherbeenrecently?

(18)

A.Clearandwarm.

B.Cloudyandwet.

C.Coldandsnowy.

D.Hotanddry.

23.【B10】

24.聽(tīng)力原文：Americanwomenareusedtobeingindependent.Theyareusedtogoingplacesbythemselves,earningtheirownmoney,andoftenlivingalone.Sometimestheywillaskmenforhelp,buttheyusuallydon'twanttobeprotected.Sincethewomen'smovementstarted,it'snotalwaysclearwhetherwomenexpectmentoopendoorsorhelpthemintotheircoats.Americanwomenmaystartconversationswithmenorevenaskthemtodance.

TherearealotofAmericanswhodon'tsmokeordrink,andmanywhodon'twantpeopletodothosethingsintheirhouses.It'salwaysbesttoaskbeforeyoubringalcoholtoadinnerorbeforeyoulightupacigarette,ifyou'rewithpeopleyoudon'tknowverywell.Nonsmokershavebecomemoremilitantaboutsmokinginpublicplaces.Manyrestaurants,forinstance,haveestablishedspecialsectionsforsmokers.

Houseguestsmaybringgiftswhentheycometovisit,andtheyoftenoffertohelpinsomeway.Asaguest,youmaywanttoaskyourhostorhostessifthere'sanythingyoucandotohelpinthekitchen.Inmanycases,thegestureismoreimportantthanactualhelping.Youmayalsowanttotakeyourfriendsouttodinnerattheendofyourstay,butit'snotexpectedforyoutodoso

(30)

A.Theyareusedtoearningtheirownmoney.

B.Theyoftenlivealone.

C.Theydon'tstartconversationwithmen.

D.Theymayaskmenfordance.

25.聽(tīng)力原文：W:Sinceit'srainingsohard,let'sgoinandseethenewexhibit.

M:That'sagoodidea.MaryGusseiisoneofmyfavoritepainters.

Q:Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?

(19)

A.Atascienceexhibit.

B.Atanewsconference.

C.Nearanartmuseum.

D.Nearapaintstore.

26.

【B5】

27.(46)

28.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽(tīng)力原文：ItisagreatprivilegeformetobeinvitedtospeakatthetenthyearreunionofStateUniversity'sgraduatingclass.Whenyouarrivedoncampustoday,afteradecade,youwereprobablyimpressedbytwochangesatState:one,theabsenceofUniversityofTower,thefirstbuildingconstructedonthecampus,andahistoriclandmarkformanyyears;andtwo,thedisappearanceofparkinglotsonmaincampus.

TwoyearsagoUniversityTowerwasinspectedandfoundtobeunsafe.Inspiteofeffortstorestoreit,itwasnecessarytolevelthebuilding.Abelltowerwasconstructedonthesamesite,builtforthemostpartusingthegoodbrickthatwassavedfromtheoriginalbuilding.Theoriginalbellswerealsopreserved.Asfortheparkinglots,theyhavebeenreplacedbygrass,trees,andpedestrianwalkways.ParkingisnowlocatedinparkinggaragesontheNorthandWestsidesofthecampus.

Twomoresubtlechangeshaveoccurredwithinthepastdecade.OneisthecreationandexpansionoftheDivisionofContinuingEducationfortheCommunity,includingaSaturdayandsummerenrichmentprogramforchildren,andanafternoonandeveningspecialinterestprogramforadults.Theotheristheadditionofthestudentpopulationofmanyyoungpeoplefromabroad,especiallystudentsfromJapan,LatinAmerica,andtheMiddleEast.MostinternationalstudentsareenrolledintheCollegeofEngineeringandtheCollegeofBusiness.

Andso,Stateisadifferentplace,butlikeUniversityTower,itisbuiltofthesamebrick.Wearestillcommittedtothesameage-oldideals“qualityeducationforourcitizens”.butwehaveextendedourcommitmentbeyondthebordersofourstateandnationtoencompassthecitizensandnationsoftheworld.

(27)

A.Graduation.

B.Aclassreunion.

C.Thededicationofanewbuilding.

D.Thegroundbreakingceremonyforapedestrianwalkwayoncampus.

29.(34)

A.AwarbetweenBritainandtheUnitedStates.

B.AsmallbattlebetweentheAmericanandtheBritishtroops.

C.TalksbetweenGeneralScottandtheBritishGovernor.

D.AmeetingofGriffinandCulter.

30.(31)

A.Teachthestudentstherightwayofthinking,

B.Pointoutthestudents'mistakesandcorrectthem.

C.Givethestudentscorrectanswersandletthemworkontheirown.

D.Dosomeroutinework.

31.(25)

A.Itisverybeautifulwhenthesunrises.

B.Apersonneedsexperiencetoappreciatethebeauty.

C.Itismorebeautifulwhenthereissomefogaroundit.

D.Itlooksveryromanticwhenyoudrivepastit.

32.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Largecompaniesneedawaytoreachthesavingsofthepublicatlarge.Thesameproblem,onasmalle【B1】______facespracticallyeverycompanytryingtodevelopnewproductsandcreatenewjobs.Therecanbelittle【B2】______ofraisingthesortofsumsneededfromfriendsandpeopleweknow,andwhilehanksmayagreetoprovideshort-term【B3】______,theyaregenerallyunwillingtoprovidemoney'ona【B4】______basisforlong-termprojects.Socompaniesturntothepublic,invitingpeopletolendthemmoney,ortakeashareinthebusinessin【B5】______forashareinfutureprofits.Theydothisby【B6】______stocksandsharesinthebusinessthroughtireStockExchange.Bydoingso,theycanputintocirculationthesavingsof【B7】______andinstitution,bothathomeandoverseas.Whenthesaverneedshismoneyhack,hedoesnothavetogotothecompanywithwhomhe【B8】______placedit.Instead,【B9】______.Manyoftheservicesneededbothbyindustryandbyeachofusareprovidedbythegovernmentorbylocalauthorities.Withouthospitals,roads,electricity,telephones,railways,thiscountrycouldnotfunction.【B10】______,requiringmoremoneythanisraisedthroughtaxesalone.Thegovernment,localauthorities,andnationalizedindustriestherefore【B11】______

【B1】

33.聽(tīng)力原文：W:Mr.Johnson,haveyouheardthemorningnewsreport?MillhasresignedhispostasPrimeMinister.

M:Ididn'tturnontheradiothismorning,butIdidseetheheadlines.Ifyouremember,hethreatenedtoleavetheofficeatthelastcabinetmeeting.

Q:HowdidMr.JohnsonlearnthatthePrimeMinisterhasresigned?

(19)

A.Hereadthecabinetreport.

B.Hereadthenewspaper.

C.Helistenedtoaradioreport.

D.He'ssecretarytelephonedhim.

34.(22)

A.Itdoesn'tmoveatall.

B.Itmovesmuchfasterthanregularlines.

C.It'snexttotheregularlines.

D.It'sherfavorite.

35.

【B2】

36.

【B4】

37.(39)

38.

【B3】

39.

【B9】

40.(36)

A.Asupporteroffreeglobaltrade.

B.AmemberoftheFoodCommission.

C.AsupporterofFirstWorldfoodmarkets.

D.Amemberofanenergydevelopmentgroup.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.Focusonwhatyoudobest.Thisage-oldstrategyhasworkedwellforRealNetworks,Microsoft'smaincompetitorinmultimediasoftwarefortheInternet.Now,thesmallerSeattle-basedfirmistryinganovelwaytocontainthesoftwaregiant.OnOctober29th,itreleasedtheunderlyingrecipe,orsource-code,ofitsRealPlayersoftwareandwillsoondothesameforitsotherprograms--givingawayabigchunkofitsintellectualproperty.

Thismaysoundlikeadesperateechoof1998,whenNetscape,strugglinginMicrosoft'schokeholding,publishedthesource-codeofitswebbrowser(aninitiativethatyieldedfewrealresultsuntilthisJune,whenthefirstseriousnewversionoftheopen-sourcebrowser,Mozilla,wasreleased).YetRealNetworksisnotplayingdefense.Itistryingtoencouragethecreationofacommonmultimediasoftwarestructureforeverykindoffileformatanddevice,thusdefeatingMicrosoft'sambitionsinthispromisingmarket.

Thefirmhopesthatothersintheindustry(volunteerprogrammers,mediafirmsandhardwaremakers)willtakethecode,calledHelixDNA,improveitandmakeitrunonnewdevices,suchasmobilephonesandhomestereos,turningRealNetworks'softwareintoanindustrystandard.Cleverlicensingtermsaresupposedtoensurethatthisstandarddoesnotsplitandthatthefirmstillmakesmoney.

Individualdevelopers,universitiesandothernon-profitorganizationscanmodifythesoftwareastheyplease,andevenredistributeitforfree,solongastheyalsopublishthesource-codefortheirchanges.Thisisasortofpaymentinkind,forRealNetworksisthenallowedtousethesecontributions.Finns,ontheotherhand,mustpayroyaltyfeesiftheydistributemomthanlmcopiesofthecode.TheyalsohavetomakesurethattheirsoftwareworkswithotherHelixDNAproducts.Thesoftware'sdevelopmentcommunityalreadyhas2,000members.Andseveralhardwaremakersbacktheeffort.Buttherearerisks.Afraidofpiracy(盜版),mediagroupsaresuspiciousofanythingthatmightberelatedtohackers(althoughtheyalsodonotwanttodependon,andpayfor,technologycontrolledbyMicrosoft).Theself-createdcompetitioncouldalsohurtRealNetworksifcustomersdecideitscommercialproducts,whichwillbebasedontheopensource-codebutwithextrafeatures,arenotworthpayingextrafor.

RealNetworks'moveisanothersignthatthesoftwareindustryisgoinghybrid.Mixingelementsofproprietarysoftware,wherethesource-codeistightlycontrolled,withopen-sourceprogramsenablesfirmstoexpandamarket,harvesttheideasofothersand,theyhope,stillmakemoney.EvenMicrosoftisedgingthisway:itrecentlyannouncedthatpartnerscannowlookat--butnotmodifyorre-use--thesource-codeforPassport,itscontroversialdigital-identityservice.

BywhatwaydoesRealNetworksattempttopreventMicrosoft'sambitions?

A.Publishingthesourcecode.

B.UsingRealNetworks'achievements.

C.Protectingintellectualproperty.

D.AccusingofMicrosoft.

42.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Africanelephantshavebeenslaughteredatalarmingrateoverthepastdecade,largelybecausetheyaretheprimarysourceoftheworld'sivory.Theirpopulationhasbeendwindledfrom1.3millionin1979tojust625,000today,andtherateofkillinghasbeenacceleratinginrecentyearsbecausemanyoftheolder,biggertuskedanimalshavealreadybeendestroyed."Thepoachersnowmustkilltimesasmanyelephantstogetthesamequantityofivory,"explainedCurtisBohlen,Seniorvice-presidentoftheWorldWildlifeFund.

Thoughitsrecordontheenvironmenthasbeenspottysofar,thegovernmentlastweektooktheleadinamajorconservationissuebyimposingabanonivoryimportsintotheUS.Themovecamejustfourdaysafteraconsortiumofconservationgroups,includingtheWorldWildlifeFundandWildlifeConservationInternational,calledforthatkindofaction,anditmadetheUSthefirstnationtoforbidimportsofbothrawandfinishedivory.Theban,saysBohlen,sendsaveryclearmessagetotheivorypoachersthatthegameisover.

InthepastAfricannationshaveresistedanivoryban,butincreasinglytheyrealisedthatthedecimationoftheelephantherdsposesaseriousthreattotheirtouristbusiness.LastmonthTanzaniaandseveralotherMricancountriescalledforanamendmenttothe102nationConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesthatwouldmaketheivorytradeillegalworldwide.TheamendmentisexpectedtobeapprovedatanOctobermeetinginGenevaandtogointoeffectnextJanuary.Butbetweennowandthen,conversationistscontend,poachersmaygoonarampage,killingelephantswholesale,sonationsshouldunilaterallyforbidimportsrightaway.TheUSgovernmentbroughtthatargument,andbyweek'sendthetwelvenationEuropeanCommunityhadfollowedwithitsownban.

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.AfricanElephantsandtheIvoryTrades.

B.ABidtoSavetheElephants.

C.ThePoachers.

D.ElephantsinDanger.

43.

Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthattheauthor______.

A.ispessimisticaboutthedimfuture

B.isoptimisticaboutthebrightfuture

C.isfascinatedabouttheunknownfuture

D.isscaredabouttheunknownfuture

44.

WhichgroupdoesJohnHofsessbelongto?

45.

Thereisalwaysa"shadow"behindtheuncloakedobjectbecause______.

46.Ifthedrugproveseffectiveinhumantrials,itcouldenhancetheeffectivenessofexistingAIDSdrugsin

47.Ina21st-centuryworkplace,whatisusedbythebosstomonitorhisemployees'computers?

48.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

AstheEnglishlanguagehaschangedatafastspeedinthiscentury,sohastheuseoftheEnglishlanguage.

AftertheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC)wasfoundedin1927,theparticularstyle.ofspeechoftheBBCannouncerswasrecognizedasStandardEnglishorReceivedPronunciation(RP)English.Now,mostpeoplestillconsiderthatthepronunciationanddeliveryofBBCannouncersistheclearestandmostunderstandablespokenEnglish.

Englishhashadastrongassociationwithclassandsocialstatus.However,sincetheSecondWorldWartherehasbeenaconsiderablechangeofattitudetowardsspeechsnobbery,andhallmarksofclassdistinctionsuchasstylesofspeechhavebeengraduallydiscarded,especiallybytheyoungergeneration.

Astheneedhasarisen,newwordshavebeeninventedorfoundfromotherlanguagesandincorporatedintoEnglish.Similarly,oldwordsandexpressionshavebeendiscardedastheirusefulnesshasdiminishedorthefashionshavepassed.Thisalsohappenstostylesandmodesofspeechwhichbecamefashionableataparticulartimeandinspecificcircumstances.

Bytheendofthe1960sitbecameapparentthatitwasnotnecessarytospeakStandardEnglishorevencorrectgrammartobecomepopular,successfulandrich.Thefashionablespeechofthedaywasnolongertheprerogativeofaprivilegedclassbutratheradefiantexpressionofclasslessons.

ThegreatestsingleinfluenceoftheshapingoftheEnglishlanguageinmodemtimesistheAmericanEnglishOverthelast25yearstheEnglishusedbymanypeople,particularlybythoseinthemedia,advertisingandshowbusiness,hasbecomemoreandmoremid-Atlanticinstyle,deliveryandaccent.

Inthe1970s,fashionfavoredstresslesspronunciationandalanguagefullofjargon,slangand"in"words,muchofitquiteincomprehensibletotheoutsideworld.WhatisconsideredmodernandfashionableinBritaintodayisoftennotthekindofEnglishtaughtinschoolsandcolleges.

Whichoneofthefollowingis.NOTtrue?

A.TheuseoftheEnglishlanguagehasnotchangedmuchinthiscentury.

B.TheBBCannouncersspeakStandardEnglish.

C.Englishhasnoassociationwithclassandsocialstatusnow.

D.YoungpeopleallspeakEnglishinthesameway.

49.

【C6】

50.Accordingtoestimates,whatistherecyclerateofwaterbottles?

51.

Inthispassagetheauthorreallyconcerns______.

A.theethicalbehavior.weneedintheworld

B.thenecessityofensuringthetrafficsafety

C.therelationbetweentrafficaccidentsandethics

D.whoshouldtaketheresponsibilityforunsafe

52.

Whatdoes"infrastructure"mean?

53.

Theprinciplediscoveryinthiscenturyshows______.

A.manhasoverthrownNewton'slawsofphysics

B.manhassolvedanewsetofgiganticpuzzles

C.manhaslostmanyscientificdiscoveries

D.manhasgivenupsomeoftheonceacceptedtheories

54.【S7】

55.Dieting,accordingtoanoldjoke,maynotactuallymakeyoulivelonger,butitsurefeelsthatway.Nevertheless,evidencehasbeenaccumulatingsincethe1930sthatcalorierestriction-reducingananimal'senergyintakebelowitsenergyconsumption—extendslifespananddelaystheappearanceofage-relateddiseasesinrats,dogs,fishandmonkeys.Suchresultshaveinspiredthousandsofpeopletoputupwithconstanthungerinthehopeoflivinglonger,healthierlives.Theyhavealsoledtoasearchfordrugsthatimitatetheeffectsofcalorierestrictionwithoutthepainofgoingonanactualdiet.

Astudy,knownasCALERIE(ComprehensiveAssessmentofLong-termEffectsofReducingIntakeofEnergy),wassponsoredbyAmerica'sNationalInstitutesofHealth.Ittook48menandwomenagedbetween25and50andassignedthemrandomlytoeitheracontrolgrouporacalorie-restrictionregime.Thoseinthesecondgroupwererequiredtocuttheircalorieintakeforsixmonthsto75%ofthatneededtomaintaintheirweight.

TheCALERIEstudyisalandmarkinthehistoryofthefield,becauseitssubjectswereeitherofnormalweightoronlyslightlyoverweight.Previousprojectshaveusedindividualswhowereclinicallyobese(肥胖的),thusconfusingtheunquestionablebenefitstohealthofreducingobesitywiththepossibleadvantagesofcalorierestrictiontotheotherwisehealthy.

Atamolecularlevel,CALERIEsuggeststheseadvantagesarereal.Forexample,thoseonrestricteddietshadshoweddropsinbodytemperatureandblood-insulin(胰島素)levels—bothphenomenathathavebeenseeninlong-lived,calorie-restrictedanimals.DrRattandoubtswhethercalorierestrictionwillextendmaximumhumanlifeexpectancy.Hearguesthattheconceptsofageingandlongevity(長(zhǎng)壽)mustbeseparated.Itmay,indeed,bepossibletoreduceoreliminateparticularage-relateddiseases,andthatwouldincreaseaveragelifespaninthewaythateliminatingotherdiseaseshasdoneinthepast.Butthisisnotthesameasslowingdownagingitself,andthusincreasingmaximumlifespan.Longevityisamorecomplextraitthananyindividualdisease,and,inhisopinion,itwillnotbealteredsoeasily.

CynthiaKenyon,aresearcherlookingintoanti-agingdrugs,believesthatsomemoleculesarelikelytobeapprovedinthenextfivetotenyears,forguardingagainstage-relateddiseases.Peoplethenwillstarttakingthem,andahugenaturalexperimentwillgetunderway.IfDrRattaniswrong,maximumlifespanaswellasaveragelifespanwillincrease.Ifheisright,atleastpeoplewillenjoyahealthieroldage.

Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat______.

A.aneffectivecalorierestrictioninvolvestakinglittlefoodwhiledoingmuchexercise

B.calorierestrictionisprovedtobeeffectiveinpreventingillnessinsomeanimals

C.somedrugsaretakenbypeopletolivelongerwithoutsufferingfromstarvation

D.beforethe1930s,peopledidnotbelieveinthepositiveeffectinextendinglifespan

56.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Letussupposethatyouareinthepositionofaparent.Wouldyouallowyourchildrentoreadanybooktheywantedtowithoutfirstcheckingitscontents?Wouldyoutakeyourchildrentoseeanyfilmwithoutfirstfindingoutwhetheritissuitableforthem?Ifyouranswertothesequestionsis"yes",thenyouareeitherextremelypermissive.Ifyouransweris"no",thenyouamexercisingyourrightasaparenttoprotectyourchildrenfromwhatyouconsidertobeundesirableinfluences.Inotherwords,byactingasacensoryourself,youareadmittingthatthereisastrongcaseforcensorship.

Now,ofcourse,youwillsaythatitisonethingtoexercisecensorshipwherechildrenareconcernedandquiteanothertodothesameforadults.Childrenneedprotectionanditistheparents'responsibility