英語講義重點(diǎn)語法

重點(diǎn)語法}

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0

頁重點(diǎn)語法徐琪?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法}

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頁目錄重點(diǎn)語法講解2一、時態(tài)2（一）一般時態(tài)2（二）進(jìn)行時態(tài)7（三）完成時態(tài)10二、被動語態(tài)14三、從句17（一）名詞性從句17（二）形容詞性從句——定語從句28（三）副詞性從句——狀語從句35四、虛擬語氣38?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法

重點(diǎn)語法講解

主講：徐琪

重點(diǎn)語法

一、時態(tài)

二、被動語態(tài)

三、從句

四、虛擬語氣

一、時態(tài)

時態(tài)(tense)是表示行為、動作和狀態(tài)在各種事件條件下的動詞形式。因此，當(dāng)我們

說時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的時候，指的是相應(yīng)時態(tài)下的動詞形式。

時態(tài)的類型

（一）一般時態(tài)

（二）進(jìn)行時態(tài)

（三）完成時態(tài)

（一）一般時態(tài)

1.一般現(xiàn)在時

2.一般過去時

3

一般將來時

1.一般現(xiàn)在時

一般現(xiàn)在時是描述現(xiàn)在或經(jīng)常性的性質(zhì)、動作或狀態(tài)的時態(tài)。

1）一般現(xiàn)在時的基本用法：

I.

表

示

現(xiàn)

在

習(xí)

慣

性

的

、

經(jīng)

常

發(fā)

生

的

動

作

或

存

在

的

狀

態(tài)

，

常everyday,usually,always,often,sometimes,onSunday等連用。如：Weusuallygotoschoolat7:30.}

第

2

頁

?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?

重點(diǎn)語法The

food

tastes

good.They

visit

their

parents

once

a

month.II.表示客觀存在及普遍真理或表示格言或警句中。如：Summerfollowsspring.春天之后是夏天。Thesunrisesin

theeast.太陽從東方升起。Pridegoesbeforeafall.驕者必敗III.

用于報刊、新聞標(biāo)題、文學(xué)評論、藝術(shù)作品等。如：China

launches

a

space

satellite.（新聞標(biāo)題）中國發(fā)射了一顆太空衛(wèi)星。The

story

takes

place

on

an

island

during

the

Second

World

War.（故事敘述）這個故事發(fā)生在二戰(zhàn)時的一個島上。2）一般現(xiàn)在時的特殊用法I.在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。If

you

fail,

you

should

try

again.如果你失敗了，你應(yīng)該再試一次。Once

environmental

damage

is

done,

it

takes

many

years

for

the

system

torecover.一旦環(huán)境遭到破壞，將要花數(shù)年時間來修復(fù)它。

II.

在“see(to

it)/make

sure/make+that

分句”中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。如：See

that

you

finish

the

assignment

on

time.請務(wù)必按時完成任務(wù)。Make

sure

that

you

pick

me

up

at

five.你一定要在

5

點(diǎn)來接我。III.

一些表示轉(zhuǎn)移、移動的動詞，如

come,

go,

arrive,

leave,

start，可使用一般現(xiàn)在時，表示安排或計劃好的將來動作，這種安排不會輕易改變。如：The

train

starts

at

9

o’clock.火車

9

點(diǎn)發(fā)車。

}

第

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頁

?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法}

第

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頁Their

delegation

arrives

here

tomorrow.他們的代表團(tuán)明天到這里。IV.

一般現(xiàn)在時還可以用于

I

hope，I

bet

后面的

that

分句中，表示將來的時間。如：I

hope

you

have

a

good

time.我希望你玩得開心。I

bet

it

rains

tomorrow.我打賭明天會下雨。2.一般過去時表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)。這種動作或狀態(tài)可能只限于一次，也可能是經(jīng)常性的。如：He

went

to

town

yesterday.他昨天進(jìn)城了。(一次性動作)The

weather

was

warm

last

month.上個月天氣很暖和。When

I

was

Young

I

took

cold

baths

regularly.我年輕時常洗冷水浴。(經(jīng)常性動作)1）一般過去時的基本用法I.表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)

常帶有如

yesterday，two

days

ago，last

week，in

l958

等時間狀語以及由

when

等連詞引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。如：We

had

a

good

swim

last

Sunday.我們上星期天游泳游得真痛快。She

suddenly

fell

ill

yesterday.昨天她突然病倒。II.

敘述過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的一件件事。如：He

got

up

early

in

the

morning,

fetched

water,

swept

the

yard

and

then

wentout

to

work.他早上起得很早，打水，掃院，然后出去勞動。III.也可以表示過去一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。如：When

my

brother

was

a

teenager,

he

played

table

tennis

almost

everyday.我弟弟十幾歲時，幾乎每天都打乒乓球。?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法}

第

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頁2)一般過去時的特殊用法I.在條件、時間狀語從句中，表示“過去將來時”

。They

said

they

would

let

us

know

if

they

heard

any

news

about

him.他們說如果聽到什么關(guān)于他的消息，就通知我們。He

promised

me

that

when

he

went

to

the

bookstore

he

would

get

me

a

copy

ofthe

Selected

Stories

of

Lu

Xun.他答應(yīng)我去書店的時候替我買一本《魯迅小說選》

。II.用于虛擬語氣中。A.在“would/had

rather,

would

sooner,

would

just

as

soon,

would

prefer(寧愿，但愿)”等后面的從句中，表示“愿望或委婉的責(zé)備”

。I’d

rather

you

did’t

take

those

important

documents

with

you.我寧愿你別帶這些重要文件。They’d

rather

I

gave

up

the

job.他們寧愿我放棄現(xiàn)在這個工作。B.在“It

is（high）time（that）

”后面的定語從句中，從句的謂語常用過去式，表示“該做而未做的事”It

is

time

we

made

a

decision.我們該做決定了。It

is

about

time

you

went

to

bed.你早該睡覺了。C.在

wish,

if,

only

后面的定語從句中，表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。I

wish

I

could

fly.但愿我能飛。If

only

I

were

ten

years

old

younger!要是我年輕十歲該多好?。II.表示委婉語氣，用于

want,

hope,

think,

wonder

等詞。I

hoped

you

would

give

me

a

helping

hand.我希望你能給我?guī)蛡€忙。I

wondered

if

you

could

tell

me

directly.不知道你能否直接告訴我。IV.當(dāng)主語的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時時，since

引導(dǎo)的從句用一般過去時。?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法}

第

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頁I

have

lived

in

the

house

since

I

came

to

the

city.自從我來到這個城市，我一直住在這個房子里。Great

changes

have

taken

place

since

I

visited

the

city.自我上次游覽以后，這座城市發(fā)生了巨大的變化。3.一般將來時一般將來時表示將來某一時刻的動作或狀態(tài)，或?qū)砟骋欢螘r間內(nèi)經(jīng)常的動作或狀態(tài)。1）表示意愿、決定、決心、此時不論主語是第幾人稱，皆用

will。He

will

come

to

see

you

the

day

after

tomorrow.他后天要來看你。He

will

go

to

the

technical

training

class

every

other

day.他將每隔一天到技術(shù)訓(xùn)練班去學(xué)習(xí)。2）表示說話者給予聽話者的將來的承諾。第一人稱用

will，第二、三人稱用

shall。Tell

her

that

she

shall

get

the

money

this

afternoon.告訴她今天下午她能拿到錢。3）表示“命令”

、

“警告”

、

“威脅”某一未來行為。第一人稱用

will，第二、三人稱用

shall。We

will

report

you

to

the

police

if

this

is

true.如果這是真的，我們要把你報告給警察。4）其他表示將來時的形式：A."be

going

+

動詞不定式''多用于口語中，常表示打算、即將、決心去做的事或可能要發(fā)生的事。如：We

are

going

to

visit

the

Museum

of

Chinese

History.我們要去參觀中國歷史博物館。(表打算)Little

Wang

studies

very

hard,

and

he

is

going

to

try

for

a

scholarship.小王學(xué)習(xí)非常努力，他將爭取獲得獎學(xué)金。(表決心)Look

at

those

clouds.

It's

going

to

rain.瞧那些云，要下雨了。(表估計可能)The

wall

is

going

to

collapse!

那墻要倒塌了?

(即將)B."be

about

+

動詞不定式"表示即將發(fā)生的動作。如：The

English

evening

is

about

to

begin.?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法}

第

7

頁英語晚會即將開始。We

are

about

to

leave，so

there

is

no

time

to

visit

him

now.我們就要離開了，所以現(xiàn)在沒有時間去看他。C.

"be

+

動詞不定式"表示安排或計劃好了的動作等，如：The

boys

are

to

go

to

school

next

week.這些男孩子下周要上學(xué)了。He

and

I

are

to

meet

at

the

Shanghai

Railway

Station.他和我約定在上?；疖囌疽娒妗'm

to

be

home

before

midnight.我午夜前回家。（二）進(jìn)行時態(tài)1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時2.過去進(jìn)行時3.將來進(jìn)行時1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時主要用來表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作或行為。1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示此時此刻(說話人說話時)正在進(jìn)行的動作，

它并不表明這一動作從什么時候開始，

到什么時候結(jié)束。

漢語常用"(正)在"或"著"來表示這種時間關(guān)系。如：What

are

you

doing?－I'm

doing

some

washing.你在干什么?--我在洗衣服。Look!

It

is

snowing.瞧!下著雪哩。She

is

drawing

a

map.她在畫一張地圖。2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時可表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行著的動作，

雖然此時此刻這個動作可能并不在進(jìn)行。如：He

is

working

on

a

paper.他在寫一篇論文。They

are

compiling

a

dictionary.?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法}

第

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頁他們在編一本詞典。3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時有時可表示將來發(fā)生的動作，

有"意圖"或"打算"的含義(用于

go，

come，stay，1eave，start

等表示移動的動詞)。如：He

is

coming

to

see

you

tomorrow.他明天要來看你。They

are

taking

the

children

to

the

zoo

on

Sunday.他們星期天要帶孩子們?nèi)游飯@。What

are

you

doing

next

Sunday?

I'm

going

on

a

picnic

with

my

wife

and

daughter.這個星期天你要干什么?我要和妻子和女兒去野餐。2.過去進(jìn)行時1）表示在過去某一時刻或某一段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作，這一特定的時間往往須用時間狀語來表示。如：She

was

reading

an

English

magazine

when

I

came

in.我進(jìn)來時她在看一本英文雜志。It

was

getting

dark.天黑了。We

were

cleaning

the

auditorium

from

7

to

9

last

night.昨晚七點(diǎn)到九點(diǎn)我們在打掃大禮堂。2）敘述在過去的同一時間都在進(jìn)行的幾個動作I

was

studying

at

college

while

my

brother

was

teaching

at

university.我在上大學(xué)，我哥哥在大學(xué)任教。3）過去進(jìn)行時可用來描寫故事發(fā)生的背景。如：It

was

a

dark

night.

The

wind

was

blowing

hard

and

the

rain

was

falling

heavily.A

young

woman

suddenly

appeared

on

the

riverbank.

it

was

Xier.

She

had

justescaped

from

Huang

Shiren's

house.那是一個漆黑的夜晚。風(fēng)刮得很厲害，雨下得很大。一個年輕婦女突然出現(xiàn)在河岸上。

這就是喜兒。

她剛從黃世仁的家里逃了出來。4）was/were

going

to

表示過去進(jìn)行時的用法。I.表示過去已經(jīng)決定或安排要做的事情，或根據(jù)跡象預(yù)測某事可能發(fā)生。The

sun

was

going

to

shine

when

we

started.我們動身的時候太陽就要出來了。II.敘述過去決定或安排要做的事，但未能成為事實(shí)。I

was

going

to

call

on

you

last

night,

but

my

father

phoned

to

come.我昨晚打算去看望你，但是我爸爸打電話說要來。?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法}

第

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頁3.將來進(jìn)行時將來進(jìn)行時主要表示將來某一時間正在進(jìn)行的動作，或表示要在將來某一時間開始，并繼續(xù)下去的動作。1）現(xiàn)在將來進(jìn)行時I.表示在將來某一時刻或某段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作。如：This

time

tomorrow

I

shall

be

flying

to

Guangzhou.明天這個時候我將在飛往廣州的途中。What

will

you

be

doing

at

eight

tomorrow

morning?明天上午八點(diǎn)鐘你將做什么?We'll

be

watching

television

all

evening.我們整個晚上都將看電視。II.表示將來被客觀情況所決定的動作或者按照安排將要發(fā)生的動作。如：We'll

be

having

tea

after

dinner

as

usual.像通常一樣，我們晚飯后將要喝茶。The

leaves

will

be

falling

soon.樹葉很快就會脫落。I'll

be

seeing

him

in

the

office

tomorrow.我明天在辦公室會見他。III.可以表示委婉的語氣，常附有其他信息。I’ll

be

finishing

the

report.

（附帶信息：過一會兒你便可以拿走了）IV.與一般將來時連用，表示在將來動作之后要做的事。My

summer

vacation

will

end

soon.I’ll

be

having

classes.暑假很快就要結(jié)束

了，我要上課了。2）過去將來進(jìn)行時I.表示在過去的將來某一時刻或某段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作。如：He

asked

me

what

I

should

be

doing

at

ten

the

next

day.他問我第二天十點(diǎn)鐘我將干什么。They

said

that

they

would

be

expecting

us

the

next

week.他們說他們下個星期等我們?nèi)ァI.表示在過去某一時間之后即將或按計劃進(jìn)行的動作。如：He

said

he

could

not

come

because

he

would

be

having

a

meeting.他說他不能來，因?yàn)橐_會。?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法}

第

10

頁（三）完成時態(tài)所謂完成時就是已經(jīng)完成的時態(tài)。

包括：1.現(xiàn)在完成時2.過去完成時3.將來完成時1.現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時指過去發(fā)生并且已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或后果，過去某一時間開始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在完成時由動詞“have

(has)

+

過去分詞”構(gòu)成。1）現(xiàn)在完成時的基本用法I.過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果，著眼點(diǎn)在現(xiàn)在。常與以下幾類表示時間的狀語連用：A.不確定的時間狀語：just,

before,

recently,

once,

already

等。B.表示頻度的時間狀語：often,

ever,

never,

sometimes,

always

等。C.包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的時間狀語：now,

today,

this

month,

this

year

等。D.但不能同特定的過去時間狀語連用，如：last

year,

just

now

等。I

haven’t

seen

him

for

many

days.我好幾天都沒見過他了。He

has

already

mailed

the

letter.他已經(jīng)把這封信寄出了。The

twin

brother

have

been

in

the

army

for

three

years.這對雙胞胎兄弟已經(jīng)參軍三年了。II.表示從過去某個時間開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去的動作，通常與下面表示一段時間的狀語連用：A.“for+一段時間”和“since+某一時間點(diǎn)”

。但

since

連接的從句中常用表短暫動作的一般過去時。如：I

have

worked

here

for

twenty

years.我在這兒工作有

20

年了。It

has

been

five

years

since

he

joined

the

army.?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法}

第

11

頁他參軍已經(jīng)有

5

年了。B.包括說話時刻在內(nèi)的一段時間狀語，如

until/till

now,

by

now,

up

to

now,

sofar

等。如：So

far

she

has

written

five

books.到現(xiàn)在為止，她已經(jīng)寫

5

本書了。In

the

past

few

years,

China

has

changed

dramatically.在過去的幾年，中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。How

many

pages

have

you

covered

these

days?這些天你看了多少頁書？2）現(xiàn)在完成時的特殊用法I.用在在條件、時間狀語從句中，表示將來做某事之前先要完成的動作。強(qiáng)調(diào)從句完成的動作完成在主句動作之前。如：I'll

go

with

you

when

I

have

finished

my

home

work.我做完作業(yè)后就和你一塊去。We'll

wait

here

until

you

have

Written

the

letter.我們將在這里等你寫完信。Perhaps

I'll

know

more

English

after

I

have

learnt

it

for

two

years.我學(xué)完兩午后，懂的英語或許就會多些了。II.現(xiàn)在完成時在

“It

be

the

first

time(that)...”中的應(yīng)用（time

可以用

day,

week,year

替換）A.在“It

be

the

first

time(that)...”這樣的句型中，如果主句動詞表示的是將來時間或現(xiàn)在時間，that

分句中的動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：It

is

the

second

time

that

I’ve

visited

Hang

Zhou.這是我第二次游覽杭州。It

will

be

the

first

time

I’ve

spoken

in

public.這是我第一次在公眾面前講話。B.如果主句動詞表示的是過去時間，從句動詞通常用過去完成時。如：It

was

the

first

time

that

he

had

been

scolded

by

his

father.這是他第一次被父親責(zé)備。It

was

the

first

week

she

had

overworked.這是她工作過度的第一周。?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法}

第

12

頁III.在“It

is(has

been)...since”結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時，也可用一般時。但是在

since

后面要用過去式。如：We

have

been

good

friends

since

we

met

in

1980.從

1980

年認(rèn)識以來，我們一直是好朋友。It

is/has

been

over

40

years

since

I

left

the

city.我離開這個城市已經(jīng)

40

年了。IV.

“have(has)

been

to”與“have(has)

gone

to”的用法比較：“have(has)

been

to”表示“去過某地”或“去干某事”

，說話時此人很可能不在那里，側(cè)重經(jīng)歷；“have(has)

gone

to”表示“已經(jīng)去某地了”或“去干某事了”

，說話時此人已不在這里，很可能到達(dá)那里，也有可能在路上。He

has

been

to

Beijing.

他去過北京。He

has

gone

to

Beijing.

他去北京了。2.過去完成時1）表示在過去某一時刻或動作之前已完成的動作，即“過去的過去”

。這個過去的時刻常用時間狀語來表示，也可以用一個過去的動作或上下文來表示。When

we

got

there,

the

football

match

had

already

started.在我們趕到時，足球比賽已經(jīng)開始了。（以

we

got

there

這一過去的動作作為時間的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）2）表示過去某一時間以前的經(jīng)歷。I

had

worked

in

a

car

factory

for

two

years

before

I

came

here.我來這以前在一家汽車廠工作了兩年。3）hope,

wish,

plan,

want,

intend,

attempt,

expect

等表示“打算”

、

“計劃”

、“希望”

、

“試圖”等的動詞用于過去完成時時表示“本打算做而未做到”

。I

had

hoped

to

come

to

your

party,

but

I

was

too

busy.我本打算參加你的晚會，但是太忙了。3.將來完成時將來完成時用來表示在將來某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成或一直持續(xù)的動作。經(jīng)常與before+將來時間或

by+將來時間連用，也可與

before

或

by

the

time

短語引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在時的從句連用。By

the

end

of

this

week，

I

shall

have

finished

the

book.到本周末，我將讀完這本書。?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?}

第

13

頁

重點(diǎn)語法By

this

time

tomorrow

they

will

have

repaired

the

machine.明天這時候，他們將修好這臺機(jī)器。The

children

will

have

gone

to

sleep

by

the

time

We

get

home.到我們回家時，孩子們將已睡了。時態(tài)真題練習(xí)1.—You

haven’t

said

a

word

about

my

new

coat，Brenda.Do

you

like

it?—I’m

sorry

I

________

anything

about

it

sooner.I

certainly

think

it’s

prettyon

you.A.wasn’t

sayingC.won’t

sayB.don’t

sayD.didn’t

say2.

I

wonder

why

Jenny

________us

recently.We

should

have

heard

from

her

bynow.A.hasn’t

writtenC.won’t

writeB.doesn’t

writeD.hadn’t

written3.——When

will

you

come

to

see

me，Dad?—I

will

go

to

see

you

when

you

________

the

training

course.A.will

have

finishedC.are

finishingB.will

finishD.finish4.

——How

long

________

at

this

job?—Since

1990.A.were

you

employedC.had

you

been

employedB.have

you

been

employedD.will

you

be

employed5.

By

the

end

of

last

year，another

new

gymnasium

________

in

Beijing.A.would

be

completedC.has

been

completedB.was

being

completedD.had

been

completed6.

The

little

girl

________her

heart

out

because

she

________

her

toy

bearand

believed

she

wasn’t

ever

going

to

find

it.A.had

cried;

lostC.has

cried;

has

lostB.cried;

had

lostD.cries;

has

lost7.

——Excuse

me，sir.Would

you

do

me

a

favor?—Of

course.What

is

it?—I

________

if

you

could

tell

me

how

to

fill

out

this

form.A.had

wonderedC.would

wonderB.was

wonderingD.did

wonder8.

He

will

have

learned

English

for

eight

years

by

the

time

he

________

fromthe

university

next

year.A.will

graduateC.graduatesB.will

have

graduatedD.is

to

graduate9.

I

feel

it

is

your

husband

who

________for

the

spoiled

child.A.is

to

blameB.is

going

to

blame

?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法C.is

to

be

blameD.should

blame10.He

has

been

writing

the

composition

the

whole

morning

and

he

still

________.A.has

beenC.hasB.doesD.is11.If

city

noises

________

from

increasing，people

________

shout

to

be

heardeven

at

the

dinner

table

20

years

from

now.A.are

not

kept;

will

have

toC.do

not

keep;

will

have

toB.are

not

kept;

have

toD.do

not

keep;

have

to12.The

price

________，but

I

doubt

whether

it

will

remain

so.A.went

downC.has

gone

downB.will

go

downD.was

going

down13.—How

long

________

each

other

before

they

________

married?—For

about

a

year.A.have

they

known;

getC.do

they

know;

are

going

to

getB.did

they

know;

getD.had

they

known;

got14.You

can’t

move

in

right

now.The

house

________.A.has

paintedC.is

being

paintedB.is

paintedD.is

painting15.—Hey，look

where

you

are

going!—Oh，I’m

terribly

sorry.________.A.I’m

not

noticingC.I

haven’t

noticedB.I

wasn’t

noticingD.I

don’t

notice二、被動語態(tài)

語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，用以說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系。英語的語態(tài)共有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態(tài)是動詞的一種特殊形式，一般說來，只有需要動作對象的及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。漢語往往用"被"、"受"、"給"等詞來表示被動意義。（一）情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)情態(tài)動詞被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞。如：The

environment

should

be

improved.環(huán)境應(yīng)當(dāng)改善。This

point

must

not

be

neglected.這一點(diǎn)不容忽視。（二）動詞短語的被動語態(tài)動詞短語構(gòu)成的固定詞組。如

depend

on,turn

off,

go

on

with,

make

use

of

等應(yīng)作為一個整體來看待，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時不能丟掉構(gòu)成動詞短語的介詞、副詞等。如：

}

第

14

頁

?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法}

第

15

頁The

old

man

is

looked

after

by

a

girl.有個女孩在照顧那位老人。Women

were

looked

down

upon

in

the

past.婦女過去受人輕視。（三）

“It+be+過去分詞+that

”從句的被動語態(tài)在這個慣用結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用的動詞有：say,

report,

expect,

suppose,

suggest

等。It

is

reported

that

gold

has

been

found

there.據(jù)報導(dǎo)那里發(fā)現(xiàn)了黃金。It

is

expected

that

prices

will

go

down.預(yù)計物價將會下跌。（四）表示感覺、感官系動詞的被動語態(tài)一些表示感覺、感官的系動詞，常用主動形式表示被動動作，如

sound,

feel,

smell,taste,

look

等。I

tasted

the

wine

and

it

tasted

wonderful!我嘗了嘗這酒，味道棒極了。That

soup

tastes

very

delicious.那湯味道真好。（五）某些不及物動詞后加副詞的主動語態(tài)表示被動意義英語中有些“不及物動詞+副詞”可表示被動意義。常用的這類動詞有

sell,

wash,write,

open,

shut,

lock,

close

等。常用的副詞有

easily,

well,

badly,

properly等。The

pen

writes

smoothly.

這支筆寫起來流暢。The

book

sells

good.

這本書很暢銷。（六）某些動詞后接動名詞的主動語態(tài)表示被動意義這類動詞有：表“要求、需要”含義的動詞，如

need,want,require

等。表“值得，應(yīng)得”含義的動詞，如

be

worth,deserve

等。如：The

novel

is

worth

reading.

這本小說值得一讀。The

point

deserves

mentioning.

這一點(diǎn)值得提到。（七）動詞不定式的主動形式表被動含義1）當(dāng)不定式與它所修飾的詞之間有動賓關(guān)系，并且與句子的主語在意思上有主謂關(guān)系時，用主動形式表示被動意義。如：?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法

We

have

many

problems

to

solve.

我們有許多問題要解決。

His

sister

bought

him

a

bike

to

ride.他姐姐給她買了一輛自行車騎。

2）當(dāng)不定式作表語（或賓語）形容詞的狀語，又與句中的主語（或賓語）有邏輯上

的動賓關(guān)系時，用主動形式表示被動意義。如：

Some

problems

are

not

easy

to

solve.

有些問題難以解決。

They

consider

the

question

hard

to

answer.

他們認(rèn)為這個問題難以回答。

被動語態(tài)真題練習(xí)(

)

1

The

People's

Republic

of

China

__

on

October

1,

1949.A.

found

B.

was

founded

C.

is

founded

D.

was

found()

2

English

____

in

Canada.A.

speaksB.

are

spoken

C.

is

speaking

D.

is

spoken()

3

This

English

song___

by

the

girls

after

class.A.

often

singsB.

often

sangC.

is

often

sang

D.

is

often

sung()

4

This

kind

of

car

___

in

Japan.A,

makes

B.

made

C.

is

making

D.

is

made(

)

5

New

computers

___

all

over

the

world.A.

is

used

B.

are

using

C.

are

used

D.

have

used(

)

6

Our

room

must

___

clean.A.

keep

B.

be

kept

C.

to

be

kept

D.

to

keep(

)

7-I'd

like

to

buy

that

coat.-I'm

sorry.

___.A.

it

soldB.

it's

selling

C.

It's

been

sold

D.

it

had

been

sold(

)

8

A

new

house

___

at

the

corner

of

the

road.A.

is

buildingB.

is

being

built

C.

been

built

D.

be

building(

)

9

The

key

___

on

the

table

when

I

leave.A.

was

leftB.

will

be

left

C.

is

left

D.

has

been

left(

)

10

Doctors

___

in

every

part

of

the

world.A.

needB.

are

needing

C.

are

needed

D.

will

need()

11

Now

these

magazines__

in

the

library

for

a

long

time.

}

第

16

頁

?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?

重點(diǎn)語法A.

have

kept

B.

are

keeping

C.

have

been

keeping

D.

have

been

kept()

12

The

pot

___

for

___

hot

waterA.

used;

keeping

B.

was

used;

keeping

C.

is

used;

to

keep

D.

are

used;

keep(

)

13

Tea

___

in

the

south

of

China.A.

grows

B.

is

grown

C.

were

grown

D.

will

grow()

14

The

bridges___

two

years

ago.A.

is

built

B.

built

C.

were

built

D.

was

built()

15

Wet

clothes

are

often

___

up

near

a

fire

in

rainy

weather

A.

hang

B.

hanged

C.

hanging

D.

hung三、從句（一）名詞性從句

1.主語從句

2.賓語從句

3.表語從句

4.同位語從句（二）形容詞性從句——定語從句（三）副詞性性從句——狀語從句（一）名詞性從句1.主語從句定義：用作主語的從句叫做主語從句。構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：1）從屬連詞

that.如：That

they

were

in

truth

sisters

was

clear

from

the

facial

resemblance

betweenthem.

很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。2）從屬連詞

whether.如：

}

第

17

頁

?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法}

第

18

頁Whether

he’ll

come

here

isn’t

clear.他是否會來這里還不清楚。3）連接代詞

who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever連接副詞

where，when，how，why.如：What

she

did

is

not

yet

known.她干了什么尚不清楚。How

this

happened

is

not

clear

to

anyone.這事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰也不清楚。Whoever

comes

is

welcome.

不論誰來都?xì)g迎。Wherever

you

are

is

my

home

——

my

only

home.你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。形式主語

it

替代主語從句的用法：1）主語從句能用

it

作形式上的主語。常以

it

作形式主語的句型有：A.

It+be+形容詞（obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.）+that

從句。如：It

is

certain

that

she

will

do

well

in

her

exam.毫無疑問她考試成績會很好。It

is

probable

that

he

told

her

everything.很可能他把一切都告訴她了。B.

It+be+名詞詞組（no

wonder,

an

honor,

a

good

thing,

a

pity,

no

surprise,etc.）+that

從句。如：It’s

a

pity

that

we

can’t

go.很遺憾我們不能去。It’s

no

surprise

that

our

team

should

have

won

the

game.我們沒贏這場比賽真意外。C.

It+be+過去分詞（said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.）+that

從句。如：It

is

said

that

Mr.Green

has

arrived

in

Beijing.據(jù)說格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。It

is

reported

that

China

has

sent

another

man-made

earth

satellite

intoorbit.據(jù)報道中國又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。D.

It+seem,

happen

等不及物動詞及短語+that

從句。如：It

seems

that

Alice

is

not

coming

to

the

party

at

all.Alice

似乎不來參加晚會。It

happened

that

I

was

out

that

day.碰巧我那天外出了。E.It+doesn’t

matter（makes

no

difference，etc.）+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語從句。如：It

doesn’t

matter

whether

she

will

come

or

not.她是否來這無關(guān)緊要。?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?

重點(diǎn)語法

It

makes

no

difference

where

we

shall

have

the

meeting.我們在哪里開會毫無區(qū)別。F.當(dāng)

that

引導(dǎo)的主語從句出現(xiàn)在疑問句中時，要以

it

作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。如：

Is

it

true

that

the

scientist

will

give

us

a

lecture

next

week？下周那位科學(xué)家將給我們作報告是真的嗎？

Does

it

matter

that

they

will

not

come

tomorrow？他們明天不來很要緊嗎？G.當(dāng)主語從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時，要以

it

作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。如：How

strange

it

is

that

the

children

are

so

quiet！

孩子們這么安靜真奇怪！2）注意連接代詞

whoever，whatever，whichever

等引導(dǎo)主語從句的含義。

Whoever

comes

will

be

welcome.（whoever=the

person

who）來的人將受到歡迎。

Whatever

he

did

was

right.（whatever=the

thing

that）他所做的事情是正確的。Whichever

of

you

comes

in

will

receive

a

prize.（whichever=anyone

of

you

who）你們當(dāng)中不論哪個進(jìn)來將會得到獎主語從句真題練習(xí)1.________

makes

mistakes

must

correct

them.A.

WhatB.

ThatC.

WhoeverD.

Whatever2.

It

worried

her

a

bit

____

her

hair

was

turning

grey.A.

whileB.

thatC.

ifD.

for3.When

and

why

he

came

here

________

yet.A.

is

not

knownC.

has

not

knownB.

are

not

knownD.

have

not

known4.

________

is

no

reason

for

dismissing

her.A.

Because

she

was

a

few

minutes

lateB.

Owing

to

a

few

minutes

lateC.

The

fact

that

she

was

a

few

minutes

late

D.

Being

a

few

minutes

late5.

________

Tom

liked

to

eat

was

different

from

________.A.

That…that

you

had

expected

B.

What

…that

you

had

expectedC.

That…what

you

had

expected

D.

What…what

you

had

expected6.________

we

go

swimming

every

day

________

us

a

lot

of

good.A.

If...doC.

If...doesB.

That...doD.

That...does7.It

________

Bob

drives

badly.

}

第

19

頁

?D1ú??·?DDò챨????μμ×êá?重點(diǎn)語法A.

thinks

thatB.

is

thought

whatC.

thought

thatD.

is

thought

that8.It's

uncertain

________

the

experiment

is

worth

doing.A.

ifB.

thatC.

whetherD.

how9.________

the

boy

didn't

take

medicine

made

his

mother

angry.A.

ThatB.

WhatC.

HowD.

Which10.____

we

can't

get

seems

better

than

____

we

have.A.

What,

whatB.

What,

thatC.

That,

thatD.

That,

what11.____

you

don't

like

him

is

none

of

my

business.A.

WhatB.

WhoC.

ThatD.

Whether12..____

we'll

go

camping

tomorrow

depends

on

the

weather.A.

IfB.

WhetherC.

ThatD.

Where2.賓語從句定義：用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：1）從屬連詞

that.如：

He

told

us

that

he

felt

ill.他對我們說他感到不舒服。

I

know

he

has

returned.我知道他已經(jīng)回來了。注：

that

在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能省略:A.

Everybody

could

see

what

happened

and

that

Tom

was

frightened.（and

連接兩個賓語從句，that

賓語從句放在

and

的后面時，that

不能省略。）

大家都會看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道

Tom

非常害怕。B.I

know

nothing

about

him

except

that

he

is

from

the

south.（that

引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作介詞賓語時，that

不能省略。）

對他我一無所知，只知道他是南方人。C.

That

he

ever