人教版高中英語(yǔ)必修五動(dòng)詞不定式

英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法（動(dòng)詞不定式）定義：動(dòng)詞不定式是一種非限制動(dòng)詞形式，即非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非限定動(dòng)詞是指不能單獨(dú)在句中充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括：動(dòng)詞不定式，-ing分詞和-ed分詞。動(dòng)詞不定式在語(yǔ)法功能上可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。2.不定式的用法1）不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ).Toseeistobelieve..Tofinishthattaskinsuchashorttimeisreallyachallenge.在上述情況下，如果不定式較長(zhǎng)，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將不定式放到后面。如：Itisreallyachallengetofinishthattaskinsuchashorttime.It's...forsbtodo.和It's...ofsbtodo.forsb.句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：例如：It'sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很難的。ofsb句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind,naughty,nice,silly,stupid。例如:It'sveryniceofyoutohelpme.你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。2）不定式作賓語(yǔ)不定式作賓語(yǔ)有兩種：一種是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶to的不定式，另一種是“及物動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+帶to的不定式。及物動(dòng)詞+帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：只能跟動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)的有:afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear,want,wish等。.Hemanagedtosolvethecomplicatedproblem..Thestrangerofferedtoshowmetheway.動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)代（副）詞+不定式：這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有advise,decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,see,remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder等。常見(jiàn)的疑問(wèn)代（副）詞有:what,when,where,which,how,whether等。.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart..Youcandecidewhethertocontinueortostop..Iwillshowyouhowtodealwithit.有時(shí)，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)：動(dòng)詞（如find,think,consider,feel等）+it+形容詞+不定式。.Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.2.Wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9o,clock.3）不定式做表語(yǔ)不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語(yǔ)。例如：1.Toseeistobelieve.另一種情況為主語(yǔ)是以aim,duty,hope,idea,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等名詞為中心的短語(yǔ)，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式表語(yǔ)對(duì)主語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用：；例如：.Hisaimistostudyabroadinthenearfuture..Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemabouttheprice..WhatIwanttosayistoforgetalltheunhappyexperience.4）不定式作定語(yǔ)第一種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。例如：.Therewasreallynothingtofear..Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread.如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面就得加相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：.Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith..Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout..Althoughthefilmhadbeenonfortenminutes,Istillwasnotabletofindachairtositon.第二種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)；例如：.Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?.Theactiontobetakeniscorrect.5）不定式作狀語(yǔ)1）目的狀語(yǔ)常用結(jié)構(gòu)為todo,inordertodo,soastodo,so（such）...asto…（如此…以便…）。例如：Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車(chē)。Icomeheretosaygood-byetoyou.我來(lái)是向你告別。2）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，可以表示沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果，不定式要放在句子后面。Iawoketofindmytruckgone.我醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見(jiàn)了。Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.他搜索了房間，沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。3）表原因I'mgladtoseeyou.見(jiàn)到你很高興。Shewepttoseethesight.她一看到這情形就哭了。4）表示理由和條件Hemustbeafooltosayso.Youwilldowelltospeakmorecarefully.不帶to的不定式的使用動(dòng)詞不定式通常帶to,但在有些搭配中不帶to,在另一些搭配中可帶to可不帶to。歸納起來(lái)，以下情況下使用不帶to不定式：在can/could,may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,need,dare等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。2）在感官動(dòng)詞，如see,feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe等后，或使役動(dòng)詞，如have,let,make等后，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。例如:oftenheardhimsaythathewouldstudyhard.2.Imusthavehimseehisownmistakes.但是，當(dāng)這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，后面的不帶to不定式一般轉(zhuǎn)換為帶to不定式。例如：1.Hewasoftenheardtosaythathewouldstudyhard.3）在動(dòng)詞help之后可用不帶to的不定式，也可用帶to的不定式。例如：1.Helptheoldlady（to）carrytheheavybox.4）在hadbetter,wouldrather,may/mightaswell最好還是，不妨，ratherthan,cannotbut不得不，等搭配之后，動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to。例如：1.Unlessyoufeeltoilltogoout,Iwouldrathernotstayathometonight.2.Shecouldnotbutcriticizehisfoolishbehaviour.5）在介詞but,except之后，如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，其后不定式一般不帶to,反之則必須帶to,表示“不得不，只能”。例如：.Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm..Therewasnothingleftfortheenemytodobutsurrender..Ihadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining.6）緊跟在why或whynot之后的動(dòng)詞不定式總是不帶to。但是，緊跟在who,what,which,whether等連接詞后的不定式帶to。例如：Whystandupifyoucansitdown?Whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudon'tunderstandthemeaning?Youneedn'tdecideyetwhethertostudyartsorscience.4.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)：（以todo為例）時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式TodoTobedone完成式TohavedoneTohavebeendone進(jìn)行式Tobedoing完成進(jìn)行式Tohavebeendoing1.Shefeelsrelaxedtohavefinishedwritingherthesisbeforethedeadline..TheVikingsarebelievedtohavediscoveredAmerica.Whenyoucalledmelastnight,Ihappenedtobeworkingonthecomputer..Thesnowwassupposedtohavebeenblownoffthemountain.不定式的否定形式否定形式是在不定式的標(biāo)志to前加not。例如：1.Idecidednottoaskhimagain.2.Pleaseremembernottoleavethelightsonwhenyouareout.I.單項(xiàng)選擇：Heseemstheoldlady.A.knowingB.tobeknowingC.toknowD.tobeknownTom_whentheyspokeillofhim.A.happenedtobepassedB.happenedtobepassingbyC.happenedpassingbyD.happenedtopassedWeallhope_scientists.A.becomeB.tobecomeC.becomingD.becameTheboyrefusedforclimbingthetalltree.A.topayB.tobepaidC.beingpaidD.payingIhappenedthearticlewhenheaskedmeaboutit.A.havingreadB.tohavereadC.tobereadD.readingwithhimisagreatpleasure.A.TotalkB.TalkC.TalkedD.TotalkingItisniceyourvoice.A.tohearB.hearC.heardD.tobehearing8.istostruggle. A.LivingB.LiveC.ToliveD.TobelivedHerwishisadoctor.A.becomingB.becomeC.tobecomeD.beingcomeIwasjustabouttheofficewhenthephonerang.A.leavingB.leaveC.toleaveD.toleavingIdidn,tituntilyouhadexplainedhow.A.managetodoB.managedtodoC.managetohavedoneD.managedoing12.Hefounditimportantthesituationallovertheworld.A.studyB.tostudyC.studiesD.tobestudiedAtlasttheenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttheirguns.A.tolaydown B.liedown C.layingdown