專業(yè)英語上課課件emse chap5renewable energy materials and technology

Chap5.RenewableEnergyMaterialsandTechnologyUnit1IntroductionofUnit2InfluencesofEnergySourceUseonWiththeuseoftool,itmakeadvanceofhumanlabourefficiency.IntheWiththeuseoftool,itmakeadvanceofhumanlabourefficiency.Intheearly,Peoplehadasourceofpowerbytheirownmuscles.

Unit1IntroductionofWhatisenergy----EnergyIstheAbilitytoDoWeuseenergytodoworkandmakeallmovementsWhenweeatourbodiestransformthefoodintoenergytodoworkWhenwerunorwalkordosomeworkwe‘burn’energyinourbodiesCars boatsandmachineryalsotransformenergyintoworkWorkmeansmovingorliftingsomethingwarmingorlightingsomethingTherearemanysourcesofenergythathelptorunthevariousmachinesinventedbyman

DevelopmentinWiththeinventionengine,itbring revolution,woodwasquickly cedby inmost AnimalAnimalInthehunter-gatherersociety,peopleobtainnearlyalloftheirenergyfromthecollectionofwild ntsandInthehunter-gatherersociety,peopleobtainnearlyalloftheirenergyfromthecollectionofwild ntsandthehuntingof13.Categoryof3.Categoryof StoredandMovingStoredenergyiscalledpotentialMovingenergyiscalledkineticForWithapencil,trythisexampletoknowthetwotypesofenergy.（2）PrimaryenergyandSecondaryPrimary isenergythathasbeensubjectedtoanyconversionortransformationprocess.DirectenergySecondary isaenergywhichbeentransformedfromoneformtoanother.Electricityisthemostcommonexamplebeingtransfromedfromcoal,oil,naturalgas,wind,etc.Indirectenergy（3）RenewableandNon-renewable--anenergysourcethatcanbereplenishedinashortperiodoftimenon-renewable--anenergysourcethatweareusingupandcannotrecreateinashortperiodoftime.Renewableandnonrenewableenergysourcescanbeusedtoproducesecondaryenergysourcesincludingelectricityandhydrogen.Renewableenergysourcesincludesolarenergy,whichcomesfromthesunandcanbeturnedintoelectricityandheat.Wind,geothermalenergyfrominsidetheearth,biomassfrom nts,andhydropowerandoceanenergyfromwaterarealsorenewableenergysources.

However,wegetmostofourenergyfromnonrenewableenergysources,whichincludethefossilfuels--oil,naturalgas,andcoal.They'recalledfossilfuelsbecausetheywereformedovermillionsandmillionsofyearsbytheactionofheatfromtheEarth'scoreandpressurefromrockandsoilontheremains(or"fossils")ofdeadntsandAnothernonrenewableenergysourceistheelementuranium,whoseatomswesplit(throughaprocesscallednuclearfission)tocreateheatandultima yelectricity.2FormsofFossilNuclearsolarWindgeothermal

FossilFossilfuels,intermsofenergy,involvetheburningofcoalorhydrocarbonfuels,whicharetheremainsofthepositionof andanimals.Therearethreemaintypesoffossilfuels:coal,petroleum,andnaturalNaturehastaken60to300millionyearstomakethesefuels,butwemightusethemupin17to70yearsfromnow,dependingonfutureconsumption.

Coalisacombustibleblackorbrownish-blacksedimentaryrockcomposedmostlyofcarbonandHowisCoalHOWWEGETTRANSPORTINGCOALHowisCoalTheenergyincoalcomesfromtheenergystoredntsthatlivedhundredsofmillionsofyearsagowhentheearthwaspartlycoveredwithswampysFormillionsofyearsalayerofdeadntsatthebottomoftheswampswascoveredbylayersofwateranddirttraptheenergyofthedeadntsTheheatandpressurefromthetoplayershelpedthe ntremainsturnintowhatwetodaycall

HOWWEGETMiningtheCoalminersusegiantmachinestoremovecoalfromtheground.Theyusetwomethods:surfaceorundergroundmining.Modernminingmethodsallowustoeasilyreachmostofourcoalreserves.3COALCOALANDTHEMiningcandestroylandandpollutewater.Whencoalisburnedasfuel,itgivescarbondioxide,themaingreenhousegasislinkedwithglobalBurningcoalalsoproducesemissions,suchpollutetheairandThermalsulfurandnitrogenoxide(NOx),thatAftercoalisminedandprocessed,itisreadytobeshippedtomarket.Thecostof coalcancostmorethanthecostofminingit.Mostcoalistransportedbytrain,butcoalcanalsobetransportedbybarge,ship,truck,andevenpipeline.4HowWasOilOilwasformedfromtheremainsofanimalsand thatlivedmillionsofyearsagoinamarine(water)environmentbeforethedinosaurs OvertheyearstheremainswerecoveredbylayersofmudHeatandpressurefromtheselayershelpedtheremainsturnintowhatwetodaycallcrudeoilTheword"petroleum"means"rockoil"or"oilfromtheearth

WhatFuelsAreMadeFromCrudeAftercrudeoilisremovedfromthegrounditissenttoarefinerybypipelineshiporbargeAtarefinerydifferentpartsofthecrudeoilareseparatedintouseablepetroleumProductsMadefromaBarrelofCrude

HowDoesOilImpactThe----Exploringanddrillingforoilmaydisturblandandocean----ArefineryisafactorywherecrudeoilisprocessedintopetroleumproductsBecausemanydifferentpollutantscanescapefromrefineriesintotheairtheernmentmonitorsrefineriesandotherfactoriesmakesurethattheymeetenvironmental----WhenpetroleumproductsareburnedasfueltheygiveoffcarbondioxideagreenhousegasthatislinkedwithglobalwarmingTheuseofpetroleumproductsalsogivesoffpollutants-carbonmonoxidenitrogenoxidesparticulatematterandunburnedhydrocarbons-thathelpformairpollution

Natural5NUCLEARENERGY----ISENERGYFROMATOMS

Nuclearpowergenerationisawayusingtheheatreleasedbynuclearfission(核裂變)innuclearreactors(反應(yīng)堆)togenerateelectricity.Itisverysimilarwiththethermalpower(火力發(fā)電).Thedifferenceischemicalenergyoffossilfuels(礦物化學(xué)能)is cedbynuclearenergy(核裂變能

NUCLEAR ENERGYFROMNuclearenergyisenergyinthenucleus(core)ofanatom.Atomsaretinyparticlesthatmakeupeveryobjectintheuniverse.Thereisenormousenergyinthebondsthatholdatomstogether.Nuclearenergycanbeusedtomakeelectricity.Butfirsttheenergymustbereleased.Itcanbereleasedfromatomsintwoways:nuclearfusionandnuclearfission.Innuclearfusion,energyisreleasedwhenatomsarecombinedorfusedtogethertoformalargeratom.Thisishowthesunproducesenergy.Innuclearfission,atomsaresplitaparttoformsmalleratoms,releasingenergy.NuclearpowerntsusenuclearfissiontoproduceTheenergyreleasedbythenuclearreactionisaboutamilliontimesmorethanthatreleasedbyburningoffossilfuels.Thevolumeoffuelneededmuchlessthanthethermalpowernts(火力發(fā)電廠Example:nuclearpower ntsuseupto80tonsofnuclearfuel,onlytwostandardcontainer(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)貨柜cancarryitIfyouburnthecoaltogetenergy,5.15milliontonsofcoalisneeded,andyoushoulduse700trucks

性物質(zhì)existinthereactorofanuclearpowerecologicalenvironmentwillbedamagedifareleakedoutAnuclearpower wastes,althoughinsmallsize,theyrequirecarefultreatment.

NUCLEARFUEL-l----Thefuelmostwidelyusedbynuclear ntsfornuclearfissionisuraniumUraniumisnonrenewablethoughitisacommonmetalfoundinrocksallovertheworldNuclear ntsuseacertainkindofuraniumU-235asfuelbecauseitsatomsareeasilysplitapartThoughuraniumisquitecommonabout100timesmorecommonthansilverU-235isrelativelyrarel6Presenthasbeendevelo inaverylowspeedinthepast20years.60newnuclearpower ntswereputintooperationwhile40oldoneswereclosedbetween2000and2010.Tillendofntshavebeenintooperation,thetotal機(jī)總量)reached

NUCLEARPOWERANDTHEComparedtoelectricitygeneratedbyburningfossilfuelsnuclearenergyiscleanNuclearpower producenoairpollutionorcarbondioxidebutasmallamountofemissionsresultfromprocessingtheuraniumthatisusedinnuclearreactorsLikeallindustrialprocessesnuclearpowergenerationhasby-productwastes:spent(used)fuelsotherradioactivewasteandheatMostnuclearwasteislow-levelradioactivewasteOntheotherhandthespentfuelassembliesarehighlyradioactiveandmustinitiallybestoredinspeciallydesignedpoolsresemblinglargeswimmingpools(watercoolsthefuelandactsasaradiationshield)orinspeciallydesigneddrystorageSolarSolarEnergy--EnergyfromtheSolarenergycanbeconvertedtothermal(orheat)energyusedHeatwater–foruseinhomes,buildings,orswimmingHeatspaces–insidegreenhouses,homes,andotherSolarenergycanbeconvertedtoelectricityintwoPhotovoltaic(PVdevces)or“solarcells”–changedrectlyintoelectricity.PVsystemsareoftenusedinlocationsthatarenotconnectedtotheelectrcgrid.Theyarealsousedtopowerwatches,calculators,andlightedroadSolarSolarpower7SolarEnergy--EnergyfromtheSolarPower nts-ndirectlygenerateelectricitywhentheheatfromsolarthermalcollectorsisusedtoheatafluidwhich thatisusedtopowergenerator.Outofthe15knownsolarelectrcgeneratingunitsoperatngntheUnitedStatesattheendof2006,10oftheseareinCalifornia,and5inArizona.Nostatisticsarebeingcollectedonsolarntsthatproducelessthan1megawattofelectrcity,sotheremaybesmallersolarntsinanumberofotherstates.

ThemajordisadvantagesofsolarenergyTheamountofsunlightthatarrivesattheearth'ssurfaceisnotconstantItdependsonlocationtimeofdaytimeofyearandweatherconditionsBecausethesundoesn'tdeliverthatmuchenergytoanyoneceatanyonetimealargesurfaceareaisrequiredtocollecttheenergyatausefulrate

方向SOLARENERGYANDTHESolarenergyis ,andits sareunlimited.Usingsolarenergyproducesnoairorwaterpollutionbutdoeshavesomeindirectimpactsontheenvironment.Forexample,manufacturingthephotovoltaiccellsusedtoconvertsunlightintoelectricity,consumessiliconandproducessomewasteInaddition,largesolarthermalfarmscanalsoharmdesertecosystemsifnotproperly

WindEnergy--EnergyfromMovingWindissimpleairinmotionItiscausedbytheunevenheatingoftheearthsurfacebythesunSincetheearthsurfaceismadeofverydifferenttypesoflandandwateritabsorbsthesunheatatdifferentratesTodaywindenergyismainlyusedtogenerateelectricityWindiscalledarenewableenergysourcebecausethewindwillblowaslongasthesun Distributionof 8世界規(guī)模最大的風(fēng)

WINDANDTHEWindenergyisaneconomicalpowerresourceinmanyareasofthecountry.Windisacleanfuel;windfarmsproducenoairorwaterpollutionbecausenofuelisburned.Themostseriousenvironmentaldrawbackstowindmachinesmaybetheirnegativeeffectonwildbirdpopulationsandthevisualimpactonthelandscape.Adnon-pollutionDisunstable;locationlimited;lowefficiency;Large

GeothermalEnergy--EnergyfromtheEarth'sCoreWHATISGEOTHERMAL----Geothermalenergyisheatfromwithintheearth.Wecanusethe hotwaterproducedinsidetheearthtoheatbuildingsorgenerateelectricity.----Geothermalenergyisarenewableenergysourcebecausethewaterisreplenishedbyrainfallandtheheatiscontinuouslyproducedinsidetheearth.

GeothermalEnergy--EnergyfromtheEarth'sCore9USESOFGEOTHERMALSomeapplicationsofgeothermalenergyusetheearth'stemperaturesnearthesurfacewhileothersrequiredrilling intotheearthThethreemainusesofgeothermalenergyare:DirectUseandDistrictHeatingSystemswhichusehotwaterfromspringsorreservoirsneartheElectricitygenerationinapower ntrequireswateror atveryhightemperature(300to700degreesFahrenheit)Geothermalheatpumpsusestablegroundorwatertemperaturesneartheearth'ssurfacetocontrolbuildingtemperaturesaboveground

GEOTHERMALENERGYANDTHETheenvironmentalimpactofgeothermalenergydependsonhowitisbeingused.Directuseandheatingapplicationshavealmostnonegativeimpactontheenvironment.Geothermalpower ntsdonotburnfueltogenerateelectricity,sotheiremissionlevelsareverylow.Theyreleaselessthan1percentofthecarbondioxideemissionsofafossilfuel

BIOMASS--RenewableEnergyntsandBiologicalenergyisbasedonbiology,itcomesdirectlyorindirectlyfromthephotosynthesisof thesolarenergy( 能)isstoredintheformofchemicalenergy.Thereisahugereserveofbio-energyonearth,whichcanbeconvertedintoaconventionalsolid,liquidandgaseousfuels.BIOMASS--RenewableEnergyntsandBiomassisorganicmaterialmadefrom ntsandanimalsBiomasscontainsstoredenergyfromthesunThechemicalenergyin ntsgetspassedontoanimalsandpeoplethateatthemBiomassisarenewableenergysourcebecausewecanalwaysgrowmoretreesandcropsandwastewillalwaysexistSomeexamplesofbiomassfuelsarewoodcropsmanureandsomegarbageWhenburnedthechemicalenergyinbiomassisreleasedasheatIfyouhaveafirecethewoodyouburninitisabiomassfuelWoodwasteorgarbagecanbeburnedtoproduce formakingelectricityortoprovideheattoindustriesand

),isenvironmentalBio-energyprovidecheapenergy,whichcanusedinsteadofoilandcoal.Uselessorganicmaterial(有機(jī)物)canbeconvertedintofueltoreduceenvironmental

ofsolarenergyintoorganicmatter.oflandislimited. BIOMASSANDTHEEachofthedifferentformsandusesofbiomassimpacttheenvironmentinadifferentway:Burningwood–smoke，carbonmonoxideandparticulatematterBurningMunicipalSolidWaste(MSW)orWoodWaste- ntsthatburnwastetomakeelectricitymustusetechnologytopreventharmfulgasesandparticlesfromcomingoutoftheirsmokestacksCollectinglandfillgasorbiogas-Manylandfillsfinditcheapertojustburn-offthegasthattheycollectbecausethegasneedstobeprocessedbeforeitcanbeputintonaturalgaspipelinesEthanol-WhenburnedethanoldoesreleasecarbondioxideagreenhousegasButgrowing ntsforethanolmayreducegreenhousegasessince usecarbondioxideandproduceoxygenastheygrow

PresentInrecentyears, hasdevelopedavarietyofmachinesusingstraw(秸稈),sawdust(木屑),ricehusks(稻殼)andtreebranches(樹枝asrawmaterialstoproducenearly20millioncubicmeterseveryyear.potential(資源潛力)in

Waterenergy--HydroelectricHydroelectric水力發(fā)Peoplehavelongusedwatertopoweravarietyofmachines.Aswaterflowsfromahigherlevertoalowerone,itcanbeusedtogenerateelectricity.Theriverflowscontinuallyandprovidesaconstantsourceofenergy.Oncebuilt,thesupplyofelectricityisrelativelycheap. Theriverflowscontinuallyandprovidesaconstantsourceofenergy.Oncebuilt,thesupplyofelectricityisrelativelycheap.AgoodsiteforahydroelectricschemesuchasamountainousregionisnotalwaysneartownsThebuildingoflargedamsfloodslargeareasandcausesdamagetoexistinghabitatsChangingtheflowofariverwillaffectthewatersupplytolandsnearertheseaThismaycauseproblemsofirrigationforcrops TidalGeneratingTidalGenerating5.Uses5.UsesofSourcesofEnergyUsedforIndustryandHowEnergyisUsedin

Unit2InfluencesofEnergySourceUseonEnvironment1.UseofEnergyandEnvironmentalAir----Whenfuelisburned,carbondioxide,sulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxidesarereleasedandagreenhousegas,canalsobeemittedintotheair.

WaterResource tiesofwaterarefrequentlyneededtoremoveimpuritiesfromcoalatthemine.Inaddition,coal-firedpower ntsuselargetiesofwaterforproducing andforcooling.Whencoal-firedpower ntsremovewaterfromalakeorriver,fishandotheraquaticlifecanbeaffected,aswellasanimalsandpeoplewhodependontheseaquaticresources.WaterPollutantsbuildupinthewaterusedinthepowerntboilerandcoolingsystem.Ifthewaterusedinthepower ntisdischargedtoalakeorriver,thepollutantsinthewatercanharmfishandnts.Further,ifrainfallsoncoalstoredinpiles堆outsidethepower nt,thewaterthatrunsoffthesepilescanflushheavymetalsfromthecoal,suchasarsenic砷andlead,intonearbybodiesofwater.Coalminingcanalsocontaminatebodiesofwaterwithheavymetalswhenthewaterusedtocleanthecoalisdischargedbackintothe

SolidWasteTheburningofcoalcreatessolidwaste,calledash,whichiscomposedprimarilyofmetaloxidesandalkali堿.Onaverage,theashcontentofcoalis10percent.Solidwasteisalsocreatedatcoalmineswhencoaliscleanedandatpower whenairpollutantsareremovedfromthestack堆gas.Muchofthiswasteisdepositedinlandfills填埋andabandoned被拋棄的mines,althoughsomeamountsarenowbeingrecycledintousefulproducts,suchascementandbuildingmaterials.

2.EnergyConsumption(1)EnergyConsumptionTrendsintheWorld世BiologicalEnergySourceineveryecosystem,thesunprovidesthatEnergy.IncreaseduseofWithindustrialrevolution,fossilfuelswidelyhavebeenusedcoal,oilandgasect.Unit3SustainableProductionandDevelopmentinEnergyEnergyProductionandConsumption中國能源生產(chǎn)和消 isthesecondlargestenergyconsumerintheworld,followingtheUnitedStates. rapidlygrowingeconomywilldriveenergydemandgrowthofabout4to5percentannuallythough2015(comparewithgrowthofabout1percentintheindustrialized consumes10percentoftheworld’senergyandaccountsabout10percentoftheworld’senergy

(2).In2000,coalaccountfor70percentof’sprimaryenergyproduction. electricityisgeneratedoverwhelminglybycoal(about70percent).Highcoaluse(3)Thedemandforfuelwoodinmanyregionshasresultedinthedestructionofs,thisisamajorcauseof hasshownthatarapidlydevelonationwithabold粗放energyconsumption.Thecountryhasalargepopulationbaseitsper-capita總averageofenergyislow.hasbeenanetimporterofoilsince1993.’soilimportscouldexceed2millionbarrelsdailyby2003.

2.MeasureandMeasureandAction 中國的Improvingenergy提高能源利用效率，節(jié)約能源Developmentofnewenergy，improvementofenergystructure積極開發(fā)優(yōu)質(zhì)能源、發(fā)展新能源和可再生能源，努力改善能源結(jié)構(gòu)。Weneedtolimitourhumanpopulation堅(jiān) 政策，控制人口增長

Topic2SavingEnergy-conservation,efficiency,andWhatCanIDotoSaveAllofususeenergyeverydayortransportation,cooking,heatingandcoolingrooms,manufacturing,lightng,andentertainment.Therearemanythingswecandotouselessenergyanduseitmorewisely.Twomainwaystosaveenergyareenergyconservationandenergyefficiency.Manypeoplethinkthesetermsmeanthesamethng,buttheyaredifferent.Energyconservationisanybehaviorthatresultsintheuseoflessenergy.Turnngthelightsoffwhenyouleavetheroomandrecyclingaluminumcansarebothwaysofconservingenergy.EnergyefficiencyistheuseoftechnologythatrequireslessenergytoperformthesameHowCanRecyclingSave Recyclingmeanstousesomethingagain.Newspaperscanbeusedtomakenewnewspapers.Glassjarscanbeusedtomakenewglassjars.RecyclingoftensavesenergyNaturalresourcesarerichesprovidedcourtesyofMotherNature.Naturalresourcesincludeland, nts,minerals,andwater.Byusingmaterialsmorethanonce,weconservenaturalresources.Inthecaseofpaper,recyclingsavestreesandwater.Makingatonofpaperfromrecycledstocksavesupto17treesanduses50percentless

WhyRenewable1-LimitedSourcesofFossilFuelonthe(Oil,CoalandNatural-IncreasedemandinginEnergyAllOverthe EnvironmentChallenges:Pollution&CO2FossilEnergyatendFossilFossilEnergyatendWorldprim