年春季四六級(jí)強(qiáng)化階段閱讀講義

SectionC（Globalwarmingmayormaynotbethegreatenvironmentalcrisisofthe21stcentury,butregardlessofwhetheritisorisn’t–wewon’tdomuchaboutit.Wewillargueoveritandmayeven,asanation,makesomefairlysolemn-soundingcommitmentstoavoidit.Butthemoredramaticandmeaningfulthesecommitmentsseem,thelesslikelytheyaretobeAlGorecallsglobalwarmingan“inconvenienttruth,”asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.Buttherealtruthisthatwedon’tknowenoughtorelieveglobalwarming,and–withoutmajortechnologicalbreakthroughs—wecan’tdomuchaboutit.From2003to2050,theworld’spopulationisprojectedtogrowfrom6.4billionto9.1billion,a42%increase.Ifenergyuseper andtechnologyremainthesame,totalenergyuseandgreenhousegasemissions(mainly,CO2)willbe42%higherin2050.butthat’stoolow,becausesocietiesthatgrowricherusemoreenergy.Weneedeconomicgrowthunlesswecondemntheworld’spoortotheirpresentpovertyandzeeveryoneelse’slivingstandards.Withmodestgrowth,energyuseandgreenhouseemissionsmorethandoubleby2050.Noernmentwilladoptrigidrestrictionsoneconomicgrowthand aldom(limitsonelectricityusage,drivingandtravel)thatmightcutbackglobalwarming.Still,politicianswanttoshowthey’re“ngsomething.”ConsidertheKyotoProtocol(議定書).Itallowedcountriesthatjoinedtopunishthosethatdidn’t.Butithasn’treducedCO2emissions(upabout25%since1990),andmanysignatories(簽字國)didn’tadopttoughenoughpoliciestohittheir2008-2012targets.Thepracticalconclusionisthatifglobalwarmingisapotentialdisaster,theonlysolutionisnewtechnology.Onlyanaggressiveresearchanddevelopmentprogrammightfindwaysofbreakingdependenceonfossilfuelsordealingwithit.Thetroublewiththeglobalwarmingdebateisthatithas eamoralproblemwhenit’sreallyanengineeringone.Theinconvenienttruthisthatifwedon’tsolvetheengineeringproblem,we’rehelpless.WhatissaidaboutglobalwarminginthefirstItmaynotproveanenvironmentalcrisisat B)ItisanissuerequiringworldwideC)Seriousstepshavebeentakentoavoidorstop D)VerylittlewillbedonetobringitunderAccordingtotheauthor’sunderstanding,whatisAlGore’sviewonglobalItisarealitybothpeopleandpoliticiansareunaware B)ItisaphenomenonthatcausesusmanyC)Itisaproblemthatcanbesolvedonceitis D)ItisanareaweactuallyhavelittleknowledgeGreenhouseemissionswillmorethandoubleby2050because economic B)thewideninggapbetweentherichandC)wastefuluseof D)therapidadvancesofscienceandTheauthorbelievesthat,sincethesigningoftheKyoto politicianshavestartedtodosomethingtobetterthefewnationshaveadoptedrealtoughmeasurestolimitenergyreductionsinenergyconsumptionhavegreatlycutbackglobalWhatisthemessagetheauthorintendstoGlobalwarmingismoreofamoralissuethanapracticalTheultimatesolutiontoglobalwarmingliesinnewThedebateoverglobalwarmingwillleadtotechnologicalPeoplehavetogiveupcertainmaterialcomfortstostopglobalInrecentyears,agrowingbodyofresearchhasshownthatourappetiteandfoodintakeareinfluencedbyalargenumberoffactorsbesidesourbiologicalneedforenergy,includingoureatingenvironmentandourperceptionofthefoodinfrontofus.Studieshaveshown,forinstance,thateatinginfrontoftheTV(orasimilardistraction)canincreasebothhungerandtheamountoffoodconsumed.Evensimplevisualcues,liketesizeandlighting,havebeenshowntoaffectportionsizeandAnewstudysuggestedthatourshort-termmemoryalsomayyaroleinappetite.Severalhoursafterameal,people’shungerlevelswerepredictednotbyhowmuchthey’deatenbutratherbyhowmuchfoodthey’dseeninfrontofthem—inotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.Thisdisparity(差異)suggeststhememoryofourpreviousmealmayhaveabiggerinfluenceonourappetitethantheactualsizeofthemeal,saysJeffreyM.Brunstrom,aprofessorofexperimentalpsychologyattheUniversityofBristol.“Hungerisn’tcontrolledsolelybythephysicalcharacteristicsofarecentmeal.Wehaveidentifiedanindependentroleformemoryforthatmeal,”Brunstromsays.“Thisshowsthattherelationshipbetweenhungerandfoodintakeismorecomplexthanwethought.”Thesefindingsechoearlierresearchthatsuggestsourperceptionoffoodcansometimestrickourbody’sresponsetothefooditselfIna2011study,forinstancepeoplewhodrankthesame380-calorie(卡路里)milkshakeontwoseparateoccasionsproduceddifferentlevelsofhunger-relatedhormones(),dependingonwhethertheshake’slabelsaiditcontained620or140calories.Moreover,theparticipantsreportedfeelingmorefullwhentheythoughtthey’dconsumedahigher-calorieshake.Whatdoesthismeanforoureatinghabits?Althoughithardlyseemspracticaltotrickourselvesintoeatingless,thenewfindingsdohighlightthebenefitsoffocusingonourfoodandavoidingTVandmultitaskingwhileeating.Theso-calledmindful-eatingstrategiescanfightdistractionsandhelpuscontrolourappetite,BrunstromWhatissaidtobeafactoraffectingourappetiteandfoodHowweperceivethefoodwe C)WhenweeatourWhatingredientsthefood D)HowfastweeatourWhatwouldhappenatmealtimeifyourememberedeatingalotinthepreviousYouwouldprobablybemorepickyabout B)YouwouldnotfeellikeeatingthesameC)Youwouldhaveagood D)YouwouldnotfeelsoWhatdowelearnfromthe2011Foodlabelsmaymisleadconsumersintheir B)Foodlabelsmayinfluenceourbody’sresponsetoC)Hungerlevelsdependonone’sconsumptionof D)PeopletendtotakeinalotmorecaloriesthanWhatdoesBrunstromsuggestwedotocontrolourTrickourselvesintoeating C)ConcentrateonfoodwhileChoosefoodwithfewer D)PickdishesoftherightWhatisthemainideaoftheEatingdistractionsoftenaffectourfood B)PsychologicalfactorsinfluenceourhungerC)Ourfoodintakeisdeterminedbyourbiological D)Goodeatinghabitswillcontributetoour答案：ADBCAsasocietywemightwanttorethinkthetimeandmoneyspentoneducation,sothattheseresourcescanbenefitagreaterpercentageofthepopulation.Ideally,bothhighschoolsandcollegescanprepareindividualsfortheever-changingrolesthatarelikelytobeexpectedofthem.Highschooldegreesofferfarlessinthewayofpreparationforworkthantheymight,orthanmanyothernationscurrentlyoffer,creatingagrowingskillsgapinoureconomy.Weencouragestudentstogoontocollegewhethertheyarepreparedornot,orhaveaclearsenseofpurposeorinterest,andnowhavethehighestcollegedropoutrateintheworld.Wemightlooktoothercountriesformodelsofhowhighschoolscanofferbettertraining,aswellasthedevelopmentofaworkethic(勤奮工作的美德)andtheinlectualskillsneededfor learninganddevelopment.I Harvard’s2011“PathwaystoProsperity”reportformoreattentiontothe“forgottenhalf”(thosewhodonotgoontocollege)andideasabouthowtoaddressthisissue.Simultaneously,theliberalarts emoreimportantthanever.Inaknowledgeeconomywhereprofessionalroleschangerapidlyandmanycollegestudentsarepreparingforpositionsthatmaynotevenexistyet,theskillsetneededisonethatpreparesthemforchangeand Learningtoexpressideaswellinbothwritingandspeech,knowinghowtofindinformation,andknowinghowtodoresearchareallsolidbackgroundskillsforawidevarietyofroles,andsuchtrainingismoreimportantthananyparticularmajorinaliberalartscollege.Weneedtocontinuetovaluebroadpreparationinthinkingskillsthatwillserveforalifetime.Studentsalsoneedtolearntoworkindependentlyandtomakeresponsibledecisions.Thelengtheningpathtoadulthoodappearsexacerbated()byparentalinvolvementinthecollegeyears.Giventherisinginvestmentincollegeeducation,parentalconcernisnotsurprising,butlearningwhereandwhentointervene(干預(yù))willhelpstudentstakemoreownershipof esoftheseincreasinglycostlyeducations.WhatkindofeducationdoestheauthorthinkisItbenefitsthegreatmajorityofthegeneralpopulation.B)ItpreparesstudentstomeetthefutureneedsofC)Itencouragesstudentstolearnthroughouttheir D)Itensuresthatstudents’expectationsaresuccessfullyWhatdoestheauthorsayistheproblemwithpresenthighschoolIgnoringtheneedsofthosewhodon’tgoto B)TeachingskillstobeusedrightaftergraduationC)Givinglittleattentiontothosehavingdifficultylearning.D)CreatingthehighestdropoutrateinthedevelopedWhatcharacterizesaknowledgeeconomyaccordingtothePeoplehavetoreceivehighereducationtoqualifyforaprofessionalStudentsmajoringinliberalartsusuallyhavedifficultysecuringaNewpositionsareconstantlycreatedthatrequirepeopletokeepCollegesfindithardtoteachstudentshowtocopewiththechangingWhatdoestheauthorthinkaliberalartscollegeshouldfocusSolidbackgroundknowledgeinaparticular B)PracticalskillsurgentlyneededincurrentC)Basicskillsneededforchangeandlifelong D)UsefulthinkingskillsforadvancedacademicWhatsuggestiondoestheauthoroffertoRethinkingthevalueofhigher B)Investingwiselyintheirchildren’sC)Heltheirchildrentobringtheirtalentintofully.D)Avoidingtoomuchinterventionintheirchildren’sPassageWhat'stheonewordofadviceawell-meaningprofessionalwouldgivetoarecentcollege ??HowaboutWhentheCommerceDepartmentreportedlastweekthatthetradedeficitinJuneapproached$50billion,itsetoffanewroundofeconomicdoomsaying.Imports,whichsoaredto$200.3billioninthemonth,aresubtractedinthecalculationofgrossdomesticproduct.Thelargerthetradedeficit,thesmallertheGDP.Shouldsuchimbalancescontinue,pessimistssay,theycouldcontributetoslowergrowth.Butthere'sanotherwayoflookingatthetradedata.Overthepasttwoyears,thefiguresonimportsandexportsseemnottosignaladouble-diprecession–areneweddeclineinthebroadlevelofeconomicactivityintheUnitedStates–butaneconomicexpansion.Therisingvolumeoftrade--moregoodsandservicesshuttlinginandoutoftheUnitedStates--isgoodnewsformany andlogistics(物流)haveallbeenreportingbetterthanexpectedresults.Therisingnumberssignifygrowingvitalityinforeignmarkets--whenweimportmorestuff,itputsmorecashinthehandsofpeoplearoundtheworld,andU.S.exportsarerisingbecausemoreforeignershavetheabilitytobuythethingsweproduceandmarketTherisingtideoftradeisalsogoodnewsforpeoplewhoworkintrade-sensitivebusinesses,especiallythosethatproducecommoditiesforwhichglobaldemandsetstheprice–agriculturalgoods,mining,metals,oil.Andwhileexportsalwaysseemtolag,U.S.companiesare ingmoreinvolvedintheglobaleconomywitheachpassingmonth.GeneralMotorssellsasmanycarsin asinAmericaeachmonth.Whilethatmaynotdomuchforimports,itdoeshelpGM'sbalancesheet–andhencemakesthejobsofU.S.-basedexecutivesmorestable.OnegreatchallengefortheU.S.economyisslackdomesticconsumerdemand.Americansarepayingdowndebt,savingmore,andspendingmorecarefully.That'stobeexpected,givenwhatwe'vebeenthrough.Butthere'sabiggerchallenge.CanU.S.-basedbusinesses,largeandsmall,figureouthowtogetapieceofgrowingglobaldemand?Unlessyouwanttopickupandmoveto,orBrazil,or,thebestwaytodothatisthroughtrade.Itmayseemobvious,butit'snolongerenoughsimplytodobusinesswithourfriendsandneighborshereathome.Companiesandindividualswhodon'thaveastrategytoexportmore,ortogetmoreinvolvedinforeignmarkets,ortoyaroleinglobaltrade,areshuttingthemselvesoutofthelion'sshareofeconomicopportunityinourworld.HowdopessimistsinterprettheU.S.tradedeficitinItsignifiesachangeinAmericaneconomicItistheresultofAmerica'sgrowingfocusondomesticItcouldleadtoslowergrowthofthenationalWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthetradedataofthepasttwoItindicatesthateconomicactivitiesintheU.S.haveItshowsthatU.S.economyisslipfurtherintoItsignalsdecreasingdomesticdemandforgoodsandItreflectsthefluctuationsintheinternationalWhoparticularlybenefitfromtherisingvolumeofPeoplewhohaveexpertiseininternationalConsumerswhofavorimportedgoodsandProducersofagriculturalgoodsandrawRetailersdealinginforeigngoodsandWhatisoneofthechallengesfacingtheAmerican C)SlacktradePeople'sreluctanceto D)DecreasingWhatistheauthor'sadvicetoU.S.companiesandToimportmorecheapgoodsfromdeveloTomovetheircompaniestowherelaborisToincreasetheirmarketshareTobealerttofluctuationsinforeignPassageArecurringcriticismoftheUK'suniversitysectorisitsperceivedweaknessintranslatingnewknowledgeintonewproductsandservices.Recently,theUKNationalStemCellNetworkwarnedtheUKcouldloseitsceamongtheworldleadersinstemcellresearchunlessadequatefundingandlegislationcouldbeassured.Weshouldtakethisconcernseriouslyasuniversitiesarekeyinthenationalinnovationsystem.However,wedohavetochallengetheunthinkingcomintthatthesectordoesnotdoenoughintakingideastomarket.ThemostrecentcomparativedataontheperformanceofuniversitiesandresearchinstitutionsinAustralia,Canada,USAandUKshowsthat,fromarelativelyweakstartingposition,theUKnowleadsonmanyindicatorsofcommercializationactivity.Whenviewedatthenationallevel,theinterventionsofthepastdecadehavehelpedtransformtheperformanceofUKuniversities.EvidencesuggeststheUK'spositionismuchstrongerthanintherecentpastandisstillshowingimprovement.Butnationaldatamaskstheverylargevariationintheperformanceofindividualuniversities.Theevidenceshowsthatalargenumberofuniversitieshavefallenoffthebackofthepack,afewperformstronglyandtherestchasetheleaders.ThistypeofunevendistributionisnotpeculiartotheUKandismirroredacrossothereconomies.IntheUK,researchisconcentrated:lessthan25%ofuniversitiesreceive75%oftheresearchfunding.ThesesameuniversitiesarealsotheinstitutionsproducingthegreatestshareofPhDgraduates,sciencecitations,patentsandlicense e.Theeffectofpoliciesgeneratinglong-termresourceconcentrationhasalsocreatedadistinctivesetofuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledandcommerciallyactive.ItseemsclearthattheconcentrationofresearchandcommercialisationworkcreatesdifferencesbetweenThecoreobjectiveforuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledmustbetoisetheimpactoftheirresearchefforts.Theseuniversitiesshouldbegeneratingthewidestrangeofsocial,economicandenvironmentalbenefits.Inreturnforthescaleofinvestment,theyshouldsharetheirexpertiseinordertobuildgreaterconfidenceinthesector.PartoftheeconomicrecoveryoftheUKwillbedrivenbythenextgenerationofresearchcommercialisationspillingoutofouruniversities.TherearethreedozenuniversitiesintheUKwhichareactivelyengagedinadvancedresearchtrainingandcommercialisationwork.Iftherewasagreatercoordinationoftechnologytransferofficeswithinregionsandasimultaneousinvestmentinthescaleandfunctionsofourgraduateschools,universitiescould,andshould,yakeyroleinpositioningtheUKforthenextgrowthWhatdoestheauthorthinkofUKuniversitiesintermsofTheyfailtoconvertknowledgeintoTheydonotregarditastheirTheystillhaveaceamongtheworldTheyhavelosttheirleadingpositioninmanyWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthenationaldataonUKuniversities'performanceinItmasksthefatalweaknessesofernmentItdoesnotrankUKuniversitiesinascientificItdoesnotreflectthedifferencesamongItindicatestheirineffectiveuseofernmentWecaninferfromParagraph5that"interventions"(Line1,Para.4)refers fairdistributionoffundingforuniversitiesandresearchconcentrationofresourcesinalimitednumberofWhatdoestheauthorsuggestresearch-leduniversitiesPublicisetheirresearchtowininternationalFullyutilisetheirresearchtobenefitallsectorsofGenerouslysharetheirfacilitieswiththoseshortofSpreadtheirinfluenceamongtopresearchHowcantheuniversitysectoryakeyroleintheUK'seconomicByestablishingmoreregionaltechnologytransferByaskingtheernmenttoinvestintechnologytransferBypromotingtechnologytransferandgraduateschoolByincreasingtheefficiencyoftechnologytransferPassageAmongtheernment’smostinterestingreportsisonethatestimateswhatparentsspendontheirchildren.Notsurprisingly,thecostsaresteep.Foramiddle-class,husband-and-wifefamily(averagepretax ein2009:$76,250),spendingperchildisabout$12,000ayear.Withinflationthefamily’sspendingonachildwilltotal$286,050byage17.Thedrystatisticsoughttoinformtheongoingdeficitdebate,becauseabudgetisnotjustacatalogofprogramsandtaxes.Itreflectsasociety’sprioritiesandvalues.Oursocietydoesnot—despiterhetoric(說辭)tothecontrary—putmuchvalueonraisingchildren.Presentbudgetpoliciestaxparentsheavilytosupporttheelderly.Meanwhile,taxbreaksforchildrenaremodestIfdeficitreductionaggravatesthesebiasesmoreAmericansmaychoosenottohavechildrenortohavefewerchildren.Downthatpathlieseconomicdecline.Societiesthatcannotrecetheirpopulationsdiscourageinvestmentandinnovation.Theyhavestagnant(的)orshrinkingmarketsforgoodsandservices.Witholderpopulations,theyresistchange.Tostabilizeitspopulation—discountingimmigration—womenmusthaveanaverageoftwochildren.That’safertilityrateof2.0.Manycountrieswithstrugglingeconomiesarewellbelowthat.Thoughhavingachildisadeeplyaldecision,it’sshapedbyculture,religion,economics,andernment.“Noonehasagoodanswer”astowhyfertilityvariesamongcountries,sayssociologistAndrewCherlinofTheJohnsHopkinsUniversity.ErodingreligiousbeliefinEuropemaypartlyexinloweredbirthrates.InJapanyoungwomenmayberebellingagainsttheirmothers’isolatedlivesofchildrearing.Generaloptimismandpessimismcount.HopefulnessfueledAmerica’sbabyboom.AftertheSovietUnion’scollapse,saysCherlin,“anxietyforthefuture”depressedbirthratesinRussiaandEasternInpoorsocieties,peoplehavechildrentoimprovetheireconomicwell-beingbyincreasingthenumberoffamilyworkersandprovidingsupportsforparentsintheiroldage.Inwealthysocieties,thelogicoftenreverses.ernmentnowsupportstheelderly,diminishingtheneedforchildren.Bysomestudies,thesafetynetsforretireeshavereducedfertilityratesby0.5childrenintheUnitedStatesandalmost1.0inWesternEurope,reportseconomistRobertSteininthejournalNationalAffairs.Similarly,somecouplesdon’thavechildrenbecausetheydon’twanttosacrificetheirownlifestylestothelimeandexpenseofafamily.YoungAmericansalreadyfaceableaklabormarketthatcannotinstill(注入)confidenceabouthavingchildren.Pilingonhighertaxeswon’thelp,“Ifhighertaxesmakeitmoreexpensivetoraisechildren,”saysNicholasEberstadtoftheAmericanEnterpriseInstitute,“peoplewillthinktwiceabouthavinganotherchild.”Thatseemslikecommonsense,despitethemultipleinfluenceson ingparents.Whatdowelearnfromtheernment B)RaisingchildrenisgettingC)Budgetreductionisaroundthe Whatissaidtobetheconsequenceofashrinking C)EconomicIncreased D)SocialWhataccountedforAmerica’sbabyOptimismforthe C)Religious D)EconomicWhydopeopleinwealthycountriesprefertohavefewerTheywanttofurtherimprovetheireconomicwell-TheycannotaffordthetimeandexpensesofrearingTheyareconcernedaboutthefutureofthecomingTheydon’trelyontheirchildrentosupporttheminoldWhatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingtheToinstillconfidenceintheyoungaboutraising B)ToadvisecouplestothinktwicebeforehavingToencouragetheyoungtotakecareofthe D)ToappealfortaxreductionforraisingSectionA選詞填空（大約用時(shí)Thepopularnotionthatolderpeopleneedlesssleepthanyoungeradultsisamyth,scientistssaidWhileelderlypeople47tosleepforfewerhoursthantheydidwhentheywereyounger,thishasa(n)48effectontheirbrain'sperformanceandtheywouldbenefitfromgettingmore,accordingtoresearch.SeanDrummond,apsychiatrist心理醫(yī)生attheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiego,saidolderpeoplearemorelikelytosufferfrombrokensleep,whileyoungerpeoplearebetteratslee49straightthroughthenight.Moresleepinoldage,however,is50withbetterhealth,andolderpeoplewouldfeelbetterandmore51iftheysleptforlongerperiods,hesaid.“Theabilitytosleepinonechunk(整塊時(shí)間)overnightgoesdownasweagebuttheamountofsleepweneedto52welldoesnotchange,”DrDrummondtoldtheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceconferenceinSanDiego.“It's53amyththatolderpeopleneedlesssleep.Themorehealthyanolderadultis,themoretheysleepliketheydidwhentheywere54.Ourdatasuggeststhatolderadultswouldbenefitfrom55togetasmuchsleepastheydidintheir30s.That's56from ,buttheamountofsleepwehadat35isprobablythesameamountasweneedat75.” I) J) K) L) M) N) O)Withtheworld’spopulationestimatedtogrowfromsixtoninebillionby2050,researchers,businessesandernmentsarealreadydealingwiththeimpactthisincreasewillhaveoneverythingfromfoodandwatertoinfrastructureanjobs.Underlyingallthis47 willbethedemandforenergy,whichisexpectedtodoubleoverthenext40years.Findingtheresourcestomeetthisdemandina ,sustainablewayisthecornerstoneofournation’ssecurity,andwillbeoneofthemajor49 ofthe21stcentury.Alternativeformsofenergybio-fuels,windandsolar,tonameafeware50 beingfundedanddeveloped,andwillyagrowing51 intheworld’senergysupply.Butexpertssaythat,evenwhen52 ,alternativeenergysourceswilllikelymeetonlyabout30%oftheworld’senergyneedsby2050.Forexample,evenwith53 investments,suchasthe$93millionforwindenergydevelopment54 intheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct,importantalternativeenergysourcessuchaswindandbio-fuels55 about1%ofthemarkettoday.Energyandsustainabilityexpertssaytheanswertoourfutureenergyneedswilllikelycomefromalotof56 bothtraditionalandalternative.ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOGlobalwarmingisatrendtowardwarmerconditionsaroundtheworld.Partofthewarmingisnatural;wehaveexperienceda20,000-year-longwarmingasthelasticeageendedandtheice36away,However,wehavealreadyreachedtemperaturesthatarein37withotherminimum-iceperiods,so warmingislikelynotnatural.Weare38toapredictedworldwideinincreaseintemperatures39betweem1℃and6℃overthenext100years.Thewarmingwillbemore40insomeareas,lessinother,andsomecesmayevencooloff.Likewise,the41ofthiswarmingwillbeverydifferentdependingonwhereyouare-coastalareasmustworryaboutrisingsealevels,whileSiberiaandnorthernCanadamayemorehabitable(宜居的)and42forhumansthantheseareasareThefactremains,however,thatitwilllikelygetwarmer,on 43,everywhere.Scientistsareingeneralagreementthatthewarmerconditionswehavebeenexperiencingareatleastinparttheresultofahuman-inducedglobalwarmingtrend.Some 44thatthechangesweareseeingfallwithintherangeofrandom(無規(guī)律的)variation-someyearsarecold,otherswarm,andwehavejusthadanunremarkablestringofwarmyears45--butthatis inganincreasinglyrareinterpretationinthefaceofandincreasingwarmconditions. I) J) K) L) M) N) O)Someperformanceevaluationsrequiresupervisorstotakeaction.Employeeswhoreceiveaveryfavorableevaluationmaydeservesometypeofrecognitionorevenapromotion.Ifsupervisorsdonotacknowledgesuchoutstandingperformance,employeesmayeitherlosetheir36andreducetheireffortorsearchforanewjobatafirmthatwill37themforhighperformance.SupervisorsshouldacknowledgehighperformancesothattheemployeewillcontinuetoperformwellintheEmployeeswhoreceiveunfavorableevaluationsmustalsobegivenattention.Supervisorsmust38thereasonsforpoorperformance.Somereasons,suchasafamilyillness,mayhaveatemporaryadverse39_onperformanceandcanbecorrected.Otherreasons,suchasabadattitude,maynotbetemporary.Whensupervisorsgiveemployeesanunfavorableevaluation,theymustdecidewhethertotakeany40actions.Iftheemployeeswereunawareoftheirowndeficiencies,theunfavorableevaluationcanpinpoint()thedeficienciesthatemployeesmustcorrect.Inthiscase,thesupervisormaysimplyneedtomonitortheemployees andensurethatthedeficienciesarecorrected.Iftheemployeeswerealreadyawareoftheirdeficienciesbeforetheevaluationperiod,however,theymaybeunableorunwillingtocorrectthem.Thissituationismoreserious,andthesupervisormayneedtotakeaction.Theactionshould withthefirm’sguidelinesandmayincludereassigningtheemployeestonewjobs, 43_themtemporarily,orfiringthem.Asupervisor’sactiontowardapoorlyperformingworker theattitudesofotheremployees.If45_isimposedonanemployeeforpoorperformance,otheremployeesmayreactbyreducingtheirproductivityasH)Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.PassageIntotheTheworldhasneverseenpopulationageingbefore.CanitUntiltheearly1990snobodymuchthoughtaboutwholepopulationsgettingolder.TheUNhadtheforesighttoconvenea“worldassemblyonageing”backin1982,butthatcameandwent.By1994theWorldBankhadnoticedthatsomethingbigwashappening.Inareportentitled“AvertingtheOldAgeCrisis”,itarguedthatpensionarrangementsinmostcountrieswereForthenexttenyearsasuccessionofbooks,mainlybyAmericans,soundedthealarm.TheyhadtitleslikeYoungvsOld,GrayDawnandTheComingGenerationalStorm,andtheirmessagewasblunt:health-caresystemswereheadingfortherocks,pensionersweretakingyoungpeopletothecleaners,andsoontherewouldbeintergenerationalwarfare.Sincethenthedebatehas elessemotional,notleastbecausealotmoreisknownaboutthesubject.Books,conferencesandresearchpapershavemultiplied.InternationalorganisationssuchastheOECDandtheEUissueregularreports.Populationageingisoneveryagenda,fromG8economicconferencestoNATOsummits.TheWorldEconomicForumnstoconsiderthefutureofpensionsandhealthcareatitsprestigiousDavosconferenceearlynextyear.Themedia,includingthisnewspaper,aregivingthesubjectextensivecoverage.Whetherallthatattentionhastranslatedintosufficientactionisanotherquestion.ernmentsinrichcountriesnowacceptthattheirpensionandhealth-carepromiseswillsoon eunaffordable,andmanyofthemhaveembarkedonreforms,butsofaronlytimidly.Thatisnotsurprising:politicianswithaneyeonthenextelectionwillhardlyrushtointroduceunpopularmeasuresthatmaynotbearfruitforyears,perh