2016基礎(chǔ)詞匯講義

PartInEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogetherevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldcontinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoiceTheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalbroughttotheysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZo?Zysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanandvice-havesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,Duisenbergandi)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeoplearelillyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiacAkindofoverlookedAtypeofconspicuousAtypeofalAkindofbrandWhatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeInbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtoThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZo?Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies'SomeformofdiscriminationistoosubtletoThe4thparagraphsuggestsquestionsareoftenputtothemoreinligentalphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromteachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheirWhatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeoplearelillyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,ParagraphTheyaregettingTheyarenoisilydozingTheyarefeelingTheyarebusywithwordWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothePeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromThentoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytoPuttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentional2Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,”AmericansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingThisis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference”characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered‘vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite.”thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshopintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareothersforImmigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday’simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation；in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents；inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation－language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish“well”or“verywell”aftertenyearsofresidence.”ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.”HencethedescriptionofAmericaasagraveyard”forlanguage.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivebefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S-bornwhitesandblacks.”Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundworldarefansofsuperstarslikeAmoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepower.”AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica’sturbulentpast,today’ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobably [B] [C] [D]Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19th yedaroleinthespreadofpopularbecameintimateshopsforcommonsatisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableoweditsemergencetothecultureofThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S. areresistanttoexertagreatinfluenceonAmericanarehardlyathreattothecommonconstitutethemajorityoftheWhyareAmoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraphToprovetheirpopularityaroundtheTorevealthepublic’sfearofTogiveexamplesofsuccessfulToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanIntheauthor’sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansociety [B] [C] [D]3WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe"greatgame"ofespionage—spyingasa"profession".ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madepastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshaDonovan'svocationasThelastrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theworldwidewebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit"opensourceinligence,"andastheNetgrows,itisingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacalledOpen-SourceSolutions，whoseadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicAmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsshinthenewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateinligence-ysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.ManyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatStraifordGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster'sdream.Lastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisin."Assoonasthatreportruns,we'llsuddenlyget500newinternetsign-upsfrom,"saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor."Andwe'llhearbackfromsomeofthem."Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttolgoodinformationfrombad.That'swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.FriedmanreliesonaleanstaffinAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-inligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm'soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford'sbriefsdon'tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.TheemergenceoftheNethas receivedsupportfromfanslikeremoldedtheinligencerestoredmanycommonrevivedspyingasaDonovan'sstoryismentionedinthetextto introducethetopicofonlineshowhowhefoughtforthegiveanepisodeoftheinformationhonorhisuniqueservicestotheThephrase"makingthebiggestssh"(line1,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans causingthebiggestexertingthegreatestachievingthegreatestenjoyingthewidestItcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that Straitford'spredictionabouthasprovedStraitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsStraitford'sbusinessischaracterizedbyStraitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableStraitfordismostproudofits officialnonconformistefficientmilitary4Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-manicuristisn'tcutting,filingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.Mostofhersspend$12$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.“I’magoodeconomicindicator,”shesays.“Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.”SoSperoisdownscaling,shopatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.“Idon’tknowifothersaregoingtoabandonme,too,”shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,“there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.“Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,”saysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,tooGettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.By“EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet”(Line1,Paragraph1).TheauthorSperocanhardlymaintainherSperoistoomuchengagedinherSperohasgrownoutofherbadSperoisnotinadesperateHowdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomic [B][C]Care [D]Whenmentioning“the$4millionto$10millionrange”(Lines3-4,Paragraph3),theauthoristalkinggold [B]real[C]stock [D]ventureWhycanmanypeoplesee“silverlinings”totheeconomicTheywouldbenefitincertainThestockmarketshowssignsofSuchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaThepurchasingpowerwouldbeTowhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoAnewboom,ontheTightenthebelt,thesingleCautionallright,panicThemoreventures,themore5Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustinnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyinligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedlerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobo-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsButifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge."Whileweknowhowtolarobottohandleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,"wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense'toreliablyinctwithadynamicworld."Indeedthequestfortrueartificialinligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslayhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediaydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin theuseofmachinestoproducesciencethewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingtheinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangeroustheelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringTheword"gizmos"(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans [B] [C] [D]Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbraininctwithhumanbeingshavealittlecommonrespondindependentlytoachangingBesidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso makeafewdecisionsfordealwithsomeerrorswithhumanimprovefactorycultivatehumanTheauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalabletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediafarlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantbestusedinacontrolledUseofComparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentofevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22 the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24 oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25 up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading26 throughtheegraph,theephone,radio,andmotionpictures27 the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairne.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin28.ItisimportanttodoItisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediay32.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“al”too,aswellas33,withdisy ingsharperandstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas38bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutceandtime,buttherehavebeen39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits”havebeenweighed40“harmful” es.Andgeneralizationshaveproved21.A)B)C)D)22.A)B)C)D)23.A)B)C)D)24.A)B)C)D)25.A)B)C)D)26.A)B)C)D)27.A)B)C)D)28.A)B)C)D)29.A)B)C)D)30.A)B)C)D)31.A)B)C)D)32.A)B)C)D)33.A)B)C)D)34.A)B)C)D)35.A)bymeansB)intermsC)withregardD)inline36.A)B)C)D)37.A)B)C)D)38.A)B)C)D)39.A)B)C)D)40.A)B)C)D)ReadingPartYouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingandatextaboutintheacademiccommunity.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(4~5).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouransweronANSWER1.(10[A]Whattodoasa[B]Variousdefinitionsof[C]Ideasshouldalwaysbesourced[D]Ignorancecanbeforgiven[E]isequivalenttotheft[F]TheconsequencesofScholars,writersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanother'sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,thetermisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone'sideas.Simplystated,is“thewrongfulappropriationorpurloining,andpublicationasone’sownoftheidea,ortheexpressionofideasofanother.”Thepenaltiesfor varyfromsituationtosituation.Inmanyuniversities,thepunishmentmanyrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliryworld,wherewritesareprotectedfrombyinternationalcopyrightlaws,thepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwriters,throughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandlirycommunities,isarelativelyrecentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequireswriterstogivescrupulousattentiontoationoftheirsources.Students,asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves,mustavoidvarioustypesofbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholar’sideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords,otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofasitisrevealedinstudents’inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyarebyaccident,byignorance,andbybyaccident,oroversight,sometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongago,hearditinalecturesinceforgotten,oracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalsohavedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatnoreferencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofmustbeguardedagainst,itistheleastseriousand,iflessonslearned,canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished.throughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesforationnote-taking,quoting,footnoting,listingbibliography–areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.Although“thereisnocopyrightinnews,orinideas,onlyintheexpressionofthem,”thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged.Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisbyintention.Thewriter,limitedbyhislazinessanddullness,copiesthethoughtsandlanguagesofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlysteals,hetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoral,dishonest,offensive,anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofbyintention.Theoppositeofisacknowledgement.Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources.Students,asdeveloscholars,writers,teachers,andprofessionalleaders,shouldrecognizeandassumetheresponsibilitytoallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarship,theywilladmirethehumilityandhonestyPartspecspectspicspise adj.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanwhois A. B.C.respectable D.talented a.恭敬的，尊敬的 a. a. ad. n.回顧，追溯vt.vi.….raisingachildcanbringhappinessinretrospect…..(2011text4) n.前途；預(yù)期vt.(for)勘探，勘察Theprospectseemsremote. (2010.Text1). a.預(yù)期的，未來的 n.Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality. (2006Text4-40B) adj.預(yù)期的；預(yù)料的…theworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit. n.期待，期望 adj. n. n.；觀點(diǎn)；遠(yuǎn)景fromthemiddle-classfamily… vt.鄙視，看不起n.adj.v.懷疑；猜想 n.1.2. a1.2. a. n.1.場(chǎng)面2.景象3.[pl.]眼鏡 a.壯觀的n.驚人之舉 n.觀眾，旁觀者 vi.2.vt. n. a. n.1.2.3. n.1.光譜2.n.錄相帶a.的 n.1.2.vt. n. n.參觀者，者，來 a. n./vt.1.2.復(fù)習(xí)3.評(píng)論4. supervisorn. adj, leadasolitarylife,過著獨(dú)居的生活 荒涼的，使荒涼。 claimclamcryouttoshouttocall) vt1.2.n.1. vt.向…n. v.呼喊，驚叫 n.感嘆，感嘆語 vt.1.，顯示 n.，公告 vt1.2.3.voc，voke，vot，vow（=tosound；call）喊 n.1.嗓音2.發(fā)言權(quán)vt.說（話） vt.擁護(hù)n.擁護(hù)者 ad為強(qiáng)調(diào) v.1.將奉獻(xiàn)給2.宣誓給予 vt. vt1.2. n./v.2. n. n.詞（匯） a.n.pl.]caphead頭 n.,資本,a.例句Therailroadindustry...stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.(2003Text3） 例句AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury“enterprise”capitalism?(1993閱讀Text2） n.1.2. n.1.2.capcopcupcab n.1.（實(shí)際）2.3. ...lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomers’demands.（2001閱讀Text4） n.1.容量，容積2.才能3.，職例句:...theybecame“al”too,aswellasinstitutional,withdisy ingsharperandstoragecapacityincreasing...(2002知識(shí)運(yùn)用） n.1.膠囊（劑）2. n.俘 Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmore...(2003閱讀Text3） vt.迷住，迷惑 vt.1.2.n.例句OtherstandardizedtestssuchastheScholasticAssessmentTestSAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.(2007閱讀Text2） vt.1.占領(lǐng)，占，占用2例句:Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey’lldobetter.（2006Text2） n.1.2.（人）3. n.1.出租汽車2.室，駕駛室3.輕便馬 n.1.2. n.,（海底）電報(bào)vt.demdemothepeople) 例句：Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyanddom.一方面，它為分析像公正、以及自由這樣的概念提供機(jī)會(huì)（2007翻譯）technocracy技術(shù) v. n.主義 socialist者typist打字員novelist adj.n. n. n.1.王國2.領(lǐng)域，界n.1.領(lǐng)域，范圍2.領(lǐng)地 a.1.國內(nèi)的2.家用的3.馴養(yǎng)的 Gross~ vt.1.占首要地位2.支配vi.擁有優(yōu)勢(shì) n.1.，管轄2.，版圖predominanta.占主導(dǎo)地位的，顯著的yarolein在… vt&vi.1.vt2.承認(rèn), vt.1.2.2. n. n.1.思想，2.構(gòu)想3.懷孕 例句:Madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania.(2007閱讀Text1) conj./prep.1.除了2.要不是，只是 n.1.例外2. a.1.優(yōu)越的2.例外的 vt.1.先于…2.預(yù)感,例句:...theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.…（2004閱讀Text4） vt.1.感知2.認(rèn)識(shí)到 vt.&vi.1.收到2.接納 n.1.收條2.[pl.]收入3.收到 n.1.招待會(huì)2.接受3.接待 n.1.食譜2.方法 a.1.易受影響的2.過敏的ject vt.1.2.噴射3.彈 vt.1.給…注射2. n. n.1.物體2.目的3賓語.4.vi.（to） n.目標(biāo)a.客觀的 n.1.,2.對(duì)象3.a.（to）1.受…支配 impartial; n.1.方案2.課題vt.1.投射vi.伸出 vt.n.被拒貨divide（使） v.1.(使)分開2.除以n.;分水嶺 a.單獨(dú)的,獨(dú)特的n.個(gè)人;例句Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism.（2008Text3）clos，clud v.1.關(guān)閉2.結(jié)束3.接近a.的 排除 n.1.結(jié)論，推論2.結(jié)尾 v.1.推斷出2.結(jié)束 vt.1.圍住2.把…裝入信封 n.1.圍場(chǎng)2.（信中的）附件tract，treat拉，牽，引 vt.1.查出2.描摹n.1.痕跡，少許 n.小路，跑道vt.，追蹤 v.下垂，n.1.小路，小 n.1.2.v.（受） n.例句:Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurely trainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.（2008翻譯） n. . vt.吸引，引起… adj.吸引的，有 n.；具有的事物（或人 n.合同v.1.收縮 2.訂合同3（疾病 vt.1.取出2.提取，提煉n.1.摘錄2.提取物 vi.1.撤退n.退卻，規(guī)避 n.1.2.大片（土地或森林 rupt a.1.突然的2.唐突的魯莽的 n.突然分離,斷裂， a.的vt.腐蝕，使 vi.1.噴發(fā)2.（、等）爆 vt.1.打斷2.中止,vi.打斷,打擾 vt.，n.禍根，遺graph，gram寫 n.自傳例句:Inhisautobiography，Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisinlectualpowerswithextraordinary（2008翻譯 a.1.生動(dòng)的，形象的2.繪畫的，文字 n.，相photographica.1.照相的2.像 n.1.攝影2.攝影術(shù)3.一組 n.1.程序2.計(jì)劃v.[計(jì)]給……編寫程序 n. n.1.2.電報(bào)v. 電視 <1>scribe n.1.描寫2.種類，性質(zhì) n.1.劇本2.文字體系3.筆記 n.1.手稿，原稿，底稿2.手寫本 n.1.處方2.開處方3.計(jì)劃，建議 例句:…aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath（2002Text4） n.1.訂購2.簽署3.訂閱費(fèi) a..復(fù)雜的n.1.綜合體2.情結(jié) n.復(fù)雜的事物，復(fù)雜性 n.品a.完全一樣的vt. n.1.含意，2.卷入 a.1.不言明的,含蓄的2.（in）固有的 a.復(fù)合的n.倍數(shù) pos=put vt.1.造成2.提出vi.1.擺姿 n.1.位置2.3.見解vt.安放， a.1.確實(shí)的2.積極的3.正的 n.1.標(biāo)桿2.職位vt1.郵寄2.貼出 vt.1.組成2.創(chuàng)作3.使平靜 de-1 decode分解 depaturetime3.down，向下<1v.儲(chǔ)蓄，存放n.<3>在社會(huì)科學(xué)文章里,n.保證金v. idealism理想主義，唯心主義materialism唯物主義，拜金主義 a.混合成的n. n.1.構(gòu)成2.結(jié)構(gòu)3.創(chuàng)作，作曲 vt.1.2.（to） n.1.2.揭發(fā) vt.1.（on）把強(qiáng)加于2.征（稅等 n. n. n. n.1.2.看法vi.擺 n. v.1.2.3. n.1.2.用途3.效果pur- sup-=sub-在…下面，次集 集cedeceedcess，it,ced n.1.2.機(jī)會(huì)或權(quán)利v.到達(dá)；使例句:Theinternet...ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.（2008閱讀Texthave/gainaccessto有機(jī)會(huì)接近，得到 v1.（勉強(qiáng)地）23. n.1.承認(rèn)2.讓步，妥協(xié) n.1.2.過分的a. v1.走在……2.在…… adj.的，在先 n.1.2. v.1.2. n.1.，過程2. n.1.v.1.2.3. n. v.退卻，退走；2.（）變模