定語從句 筆記整理

定語從句筆記整理定語從句筆記整理/NUMPAGES20定語從句筆記整理定語從句筆記整理定語從句授課人：Prof.WoodenPart1定語從句定義及概述什么是定語從句？(1)定語從句：在復(fù)合句中作定語修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。(2)先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞，叫做先行詞。(3)關(guān)系詞：分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一定成分。Eg.Iwillneverforgetthegirl（先行詞）that（關(guān)系詞）Imetyesterdayinthestreet（定語從句）.※定語從句兩個(gè)必須★先行詞在從句中必須作一個(gè)成分；★先行詞所作的成分必須空缺。Part2關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句項(xiàng)目關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞先行詞所指關(guān)系詞在從句中的作用關(guān)系代詞that人/物主語、賓語、表語which物/事主語、賓語、表語who人主語、賓語whom人賓語whose人/物定語as人/物/事情主語、賓語、表語1.關(guān)系代詞that的用法用法：既可指人也可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷浴?)Thisisthefactorythatproducescars.(作主語,指物)2)Thegirlthatspoketomejustnowismyclassmate.(作主語,指人)3)Thefilm(that)wesawyesterdayisinteresting.(作賓語，指物)※關(guān)系代詞that的特權(quán)和禁區(qū)1.特權(quán)：行使特權(quán)的條件：（1）限定性定語從句（即從句前無逗號）；（2）介詞沒有提前。2.禁區(qū)：有兩種情況下，關(guān)系代詞不會(huì)用that,指物時(shí)用which；指人時(shí)用who/whom。（1）非限定性定于從句（即從句前有逗號）；（2）介詞提前時(shí)。2.關(guān)系代詞which的用法用法：指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時(shí)常可省略。1)Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.(作主語)2)Thecar(which)myunclehadjustboughtwasdestroyedintheearthquake.(作賓語)※只用that不用which的情況：(1)先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾。ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.(2)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾。ThefirstbookthatIboughtwasabouthowtolearnEnglish.(3)先行詞是all,much,little,none,few等不定代詞或由some,any,every,no等詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞時(shí)）IdidallthatIcoulddoatthattime.Therewaslittlethatthedoctorcoulddoforthepatient.(4)當(dāng)先行詞被theonly,thevery修飾時(shí)。Theonlythingthathecandoistosaysorrytoher.(5)先行詞既有人又有物。Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?(6)主句已有疑問詞who/which時(shí)。Whichisthebookthatyoulike?Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?(7)當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系詞在從句中也作表語時(shí)。Heisnolongerthemanthathewastenyearsago.※只用which不用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況：(1)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)。Adesertisagreatplaininwhichnothingwillgrow.(2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)。Thestudentswaslateforclass7timesaweek,whichmadeherteachermad.(3)一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)，一個(gè)用that，另一個(gè)宜用which。(4)當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時(shí)。ThatwhichIhadknownaboutmadethemsurprised.3.關(guān)系代詞who的用法用法：指人，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。1)Iknowthemanwhospoketoyoujustnow.(作主語)2)Sheisnotthegirlwhoshewas.(作表語)4.關(guān)系代詞whom的用法用法：指人，who的賓格，在定語從句中作賓語，?？墒÷裕诳谡Z中可用who或that代替。1)Hereistheman(whom)youarelookingfor.2)Thewoman(whom)yousawjustnowisourEnglishteacher.※關(guān)系代詞who和whom的選擇Mr.Smithistheverymanwho/whomyouarelookingfor.Ihaveafriendwholikeslisteningtoclassicalmusic.Isthatthemanwithwhomyouarrivedyesterday?5.關(guān)系代詞whose的用法用法：可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作定語。1)Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownallovertheworld.(指人)2)Theroomwhosewindowsfacetheeastismine.(指物）※關(guān)系代詞whose的選擇Themanwhosewalletwasstolencalledforthepoliceforhelp.TheboywhosefatherisateacherhasbeenadmittedtoOxfordUniversity.Thehousewhosewindowsaremostlybrokenbelongstomyuncle.Thetreewhosebranchesarebasicallybaredatesbackto200yearsago.6.關(guān)系代詞as的用法用法：既可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語。它常用在thesame…as…,such…as…,as…as…等句型中,as不能省略。1)SuchteachersasknowTomthinkhimbright.(指人，作主語)2)I’llbuythesamedictionaryasyouhave.(指物，作賓語)※關(guān)系代詞as的選擇(1)當(dāng)先行詞中有so,such等修飾語時(shí)；如：ThisissogoodabookasIcanhardlytearmyselfawayfrom.Neverpromisesuchthingsasyoucan’tachieve.Thisissogoodamovie__as__weallwishtosee.Thisissogoodamovie__it__weallwishtoseeit.(2)當(dāng)定語從句置于句首時(shí)；如：Asisknowntoall,theearthtravelsaroundthesunonceeveryyear.Aswehadexpected,thestudentswhohadcheatedintheexamswerepunished.(3)當(dāng)先行詞中有thesame修飾時(shí)，有時(shí)用that也有時(shí)用as來引導(dǎo)定語從句。二者意思稍有不同。如：ThisisthesameshirtasIworeyesterday.(這件襯衣和我昨天穿的那件一樣。意思是說并不是同一件。)ThisisthesameshirtthatIworeyesterday.(這是我昨天穿的那件衣服。同一件衣服。)ThestudentsinNewYorkareusingthesametextbooksasweareusing.※關(guān)系代詞的省略有兩個(gè)條件：(1)限定性定語從句；(2)作賓語或表語。E.g.Women_______drinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeadayhaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanthose________don’t.（2006北京高考）A.who;不填 B.不填;who C.who;who D.不填;不填Part3關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞先行詞所指在句中所作成分When時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語where地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語why原因原因狀語※特別提醒：when,where既能引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，也能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，而why通常引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句。如：Thatisthedaywhenhegotmarried.Thatisthetimewhenallofuslivedtogetherasafamily.ThatisthefactorywhereIusedtowork.Thatisthehospitalwheremysonwasborntenyearsago.Thatisthereasonwhyhewasfired.(1)表示時(shí)間的先行詞除了time之外，還有：day,morning,afternoon,evening,night,week,month,year等；(2)表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞除了place之外，還可以是desk,table,spot,room,house,school,street,town,country等。(3)表示原因的先行詞一般只有reason一個(gè)。1.關(guān)系副詞使用的幾種變化1)關(guān)系副詞通常也可以用“that+介詞后置”代替或省略；2_在正式文體中，也可以使用“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)。ThatistheriverwhereIusedtoswim.(關(guān)系副詞)ThatistheriverthatIusedtoswimin.(that+介詞后置)ThatistheriverIusedtoswimin.(省略)ThatistheriverinwhichIusedtoswim.(介詞+which)2.介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞選擇問題1)介詞與先行詞之間的搭配關(guān)系；Istillrememberthetimewhen(atwhich)Ifirstbecameahighschoolstudent.Thereareseveralareasinthecitywhere(inwhich)youcanbuyclothesinfashion.2)介詞與從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的搭配關(guān)系。Isawthestampofwhichmyfatherwasveryproud.Hereissomemoneywithwhichyoucanbuysomebooks.Therewasnobodyinthefamilytowhomhecouldturnforhelp.(固定短語turntosb.向某人求助)TheplayinwhichIplayedanimportantrolewasagreatsuccess.(toplayaroleintheplay就不是固定短語。)2.抽象的先行詞帶來的關(guān)系副詞的選擇問題It’shelpfultoputchildreninasituation___theycanseethemselvesdifferently.A.thatB.whenC.whichD.whereIhavereachedapointinmylife______Iamsupposedtomakedecisionsofmyown.A.which 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D.whereShe’llneverforgetherstaythere____shefoundhersonwhohadgonemissingtwoyearsbefore.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.whenPart4限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句1.非限定性定語從句的由來TomistheonlystudentwhohasbeenadmittedtoHarvardinmyclass.湯姆是我們班唯一一個(gè)已經(jīng)被哈佛大學(xué)錄取的學(xué)生。Theprincipal,whowasseatedonmyright,deliveredanexcitingspeech.校長發(fā)表了一個(gè)令人振奮的演講，當(dāng)時(shí)他就坐在我右邊。2.限定性與非限定性定語從句的意義區(qū)別Theoldmanhastwosonswhoserveinthearmy.老人有兩個(gè)當(dāng)兵的兒子。Theoldmanhastwosons,whoserveinthearmy.老人有兩個(gè)兒子，都當(dāng)兵。※非限定性定語從句有時(shí)可以像一個(gè)并列句，例如：Hehasawalkafterdinnereveryevening,whichisgoodforhishealth.=Hehasawalkafterdinnereveryevening,andthisisgoodforhishealth.Helikesreadingbooks,whichIamdelightedtohear.=HelikesreadingbooksandIamdelightedtohearthat.※非限定性定語從句還可以從意義上像一個(gè)狀語從句，表示原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等。例如：Thenewengineer,whohasreadtheinstructions,failedintheproject.※歸納總結(jié)

限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句意義起限定作用，是主句不可缺少的成分起補(bǔ)充說明作用，省去后不影響主句的意思形式與先行詞間無逗號常用逗號與主句分開翻譯常譯成前置定語常譯成并列的分句4.非限定性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞的問題一般來說，除了關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why，其他定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞均可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。例如：Hisspeech,whichinspiredeveryone,waswellreceived.Astudent,whowasadmittedtoanordinaryuniversity,wasgreatlydisappointed.Thecinema,whoseroofwasdamagedinthestorm,willbebroughtdown.TheywillflytoNewYorknextFriday,wheretheyhaveplannedtostayforafewweeks.Youcancomenextweekend,whenthebookswillbereadyforyou.5.as、which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句as和which在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)的相同點(diǎn)和區(qū)別：1)相同點(diǎn)：as和which都可以指代整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容。Themeetingwasputoff，which/aswasexactlywhatwewanted.這次會(huì)議延期了，這正是我們所希望的。2)不同點(diǎn)：as引導(dǎo)的從句既可以位于主句前，也可位于主句后，主從句沒有前后邏輯關(guān)系，常表示“正如……”；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能位于主句后，主從句常有一定的因果關(guān)系或前后順序，常表示“這一點(diǎn)……”，相當(dāng)于andthis或andthat。Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝@就叫做蒸發(fā)。Aseveryoneknows，allthatglittersisnotgold.=Allthatglitters，aseveryoneknows，isnotgold.=Allthatglittersisnotgold，aseveryoneknows.眾所周知，并不是所有發(fā)光的東西都是金子。Part5定語從句使用的注意事項(xiàng)1.分析成分的能力和意識(1)如果空白后面緊跟著動(dòng)詞的，明顯缺少的是主語。Mr.GoodmanhastobeawayonbusinessonFeb.8th,________happenstobehiswife’sbirthday.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.onwhich(2)及物動(dòng)詞后必然有賓語，即如果及物動(dòng)詞后面沒有賓語，先行詞就是作動(dòng)詞的賓語。TheScienceMuseum,______wevisitedduringarecenttriptoBritain,isoneofLondon’stouristattractions.【2008江蘇高考】A.which B.what C.that D.where(3)不及物動(dòng)詞后沒有賓語，在不缺少主語的情況下，先行詞則通常作狀語等成分。Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?Right,justtheone______youknowIusedtoworkforyears.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.what(4)介詞后面通常要跟賓語，如果介詞后面沒有賓語，則先行詞通常作這個(gè)介詞的賓語。Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourselves?Yes，there’sonepoint________wemustinsistonA．whyB．whereC．howD．/2.并列連詞的陷阱Tomhastwobrothers,bothofwhomlovesports.Tomhastwobrothersandbothofthemlovesports.(簡單的并列連詞：and,but,so,or,yet)3.way意為“方式，方法”，作先行詞時(shí)的關(guān)系詞的選擇問題1)用“介詞+which”引導(dǎo)定語從句；例如：Idon’tlikethewa