年代80初中英語第六冊

年代80初中英語第六冊年代80初中英語第六冊/NUMPAGES36第36頁年代80初中英語第六冊年代80初中英語第六冊初中英語課本第六冊LESSON1DRILLS（句型練習(xí)）1(1)ManypeoplespeakEnglish.Englishisspokenbymanypeople.(2)WeoftenusearecorderinourEnglishclass.ArecorderisoftenusedinourEnglishclass.(3)Theyshowslidesonceaweekintheirclass.Slidesareshownonceaweekintheirclass.(4)TheypublishEnglishtextbooksinthatpublishinghouse.Englishtextbooksarepublishedinthatpublishinghouse.2A:IsthiskindoftelephonebicycleTVsetrecordermadeinGuangzhou?B:No,itisn’t.A:Whereisitmade?B:It’smadeinShanghai.DIALOGUE（對話）ENGLISHISWIDELYUSEDPing:Dad,Igota“C”inEnglishagain.Itriedmybest.Dad:Well,don’tgiveup.Englishmaybehard,butit’ssouseful.Ping:HowwidelyisEnglishused?Dad:Verywidely.Englishisoneoftheworkinglanguagesatinternationalmeetings.It’sprobablythemostwidelyusedatthosemeetings.AnddoyouknowmostinternationalbusinesslettersarewritteninEnglish?Ping:Really?IsEnglishunderstoodbypeopleoutsideEnglandandtheUnitedStates?Dad:Yes.IspokeEnglishwhenIwasinJapan.Manypeopleunderstoodme.Ping:Howaboutothercountries?Dad:Well,IknowthatinSwedenandFrancealotofpeopleunderstandEnglish.Ping:IsEnglishthelanguagespokenbythelargestnumberofpeopleintheworld?Dad:No.Ping:ThenChinesemusthavethelargestnumberofspeakers.Dad:Right.ButChineseisspokenbyfewpeopleoutsideChina.Ping:Dad,didpeopleinChinastudyEnglishalongtimeago?Dad:Notsoverylongago.InChinathefirstEnglishtextbookswerepublishedinthelatenineteenthcentury.Ping:DidmanypeopleinChinastudyEnglishatthattime?Dad:No,notmany.Butbyandby,moreandmorepeoplebegantostudyEnglish.Later,Englishwasrequiredforstudyinmanyschools.Ping:It’srequiredinourschoolnow.But,Dad,Englishissohard!Dad:Itishard,butwhenyou’velearnedit,you’llfinditabridgetosomuchknowledge.Andyou’llfindyoucanenjoysomanymorebooks,ifyouknowEnglish.Ping:Well,I’lltryharder.GRAMMAR（語法）被動(dòng)語態(tài)(ThePassiveVoice)(Ⅰ)1、主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)，即主動(dòng)語態(tài)（TheActiveVoice）和被動(dòng)語態(tài)（ThePassiveVoice）。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。例如：ManypeoplespeakEnglish.（主動(dòng)語態(tài)）Englishisspokenbymanypeople.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）2、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣?，F(xiàn)將動(dòng)詞ask的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的肯定式、否定式及疑問式列表如下：肯定式否定式疑問式IamYouareHeisasked…SheWeYouareTheyIamYouareHeisnotasked…SheWeYouareTheyAmIAreyouIshesheasked…?weAreyouthey3、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用于下列情況：1）當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。例如：A)Lettersarecollectedfromthispost-boxat7:30everymorning.（主要說明每天早晨七點(diǎn)半鐘開郵筒收集信件，至于是誰來收集信件，沒有必要說明。）B)ColourTVsaresoldinthatshop.（主要說明彩色電視機(jī)在那個(gè)商店出售，至于由誰售貨，沒有必要說明。）2）需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者而不是執(zhí)行者時(shí)。例如：A)Thiskindofbikeisnotmadeinourfactory.B)Footballisplayedinmostmiddleschools.4、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的方法把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)改為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要作如下變動(dòng)：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語；主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動(dòng)詞有主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)；主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語，組成介詞短語，放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語動(dòng)詞之后。在動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者無須說明或不必強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，by短語可以省略。例如：ManypeoplespeakEnglish.Englishisspokenbymanypeople.B)WeoftenusearecorderinourEnglishclass.→Arecorderisoftenused(byus)inourEnglishclass.LESSON2DRILLS（句型練習(xí)）1(1)ThePLAliberatedmyhometownin1949.Myhometownwasliberatedin1949.(2)Thevillagersbuiltsomenewhousesthemselves.Somenewhouseswerebuiltbythevillagersthemselves.(3)JoeHillledastrikeinSaltLakeCityin1915.AstrikewasledbyJoeHillinSaltLakeCityin1915.(4)Thepianistgavethepupilssomeadvice.Thepupilsweregivensomeadvicebythepianist.2A:WhenwastheChineseCommunistPartytheChinesePeople’sLiberationArmythepeople’sRepublicofChinafounded?B:ItwasfoundedonJuly1,1921.August1,1927.October1,1949.TEXT（課文）JOEHILLYoumayknowthesongaboutJoeHill.Butdoyouknowthatthesongwaswrittenaboutarealperson?HereisthestoryofJoeHill.HewasborninSwedenin1879.WhenhewasinhistwentieshewenttotheUnitedStatesandbecameaworker.Atthattime,thingswerehardfortheworkers.Joetookanactivepartin(積極參加)theworkers’strugglesforbetterpayandbetterconditions.Hehelpedtoformtradeunions.Hespokeatmeetingsandorganizedstrikes.Joewasagoodmusicianandatthemeetingshesangandplayedthepiano.Hehimselfwrotethewordsandmusicofthesongs.Manyofthesesongscalledon(號(hào)召)theworkerstotakeupthestruggle(從事斗爭).JoeHillwasatall,thin,good-lookingman.Hehadfairhairandblueeyes.Hiscomradeslikedhim,butthebosseshatedhim,becausetheywereafraidofhisworkamongtheworkersandafraidofhissongs.Hewasafearlessfighterfortheworkingclass.In1915JoeHillledastrikeinSaltLakeCity.ThebossesknewthatJoewasthesoulofthestrikeanddecidedtogetridof(除掉，去掉)him.Theyneedanexcuseandtheysoonfoundone.Onedayamanwasmurdered.Thebossesthenbroughtout(提供，推出)amanwhosaidthatJoewasthemurderer.Joewastriedandsentencedtodeath.HewasshotonNovember19,1915.Evenwhilehewasinprison,JoeHillwentonwritingsongstokeepup(堅(jiān)持；不使斗志等低落)theworkers’fight.Justbeforehewaskilled,hesentamessagetohiscomradesalloverthecountry.Thesewerehislastwords:“Don’twastetimemourning.Organize.”O(jiān)nthedayhewaskilled,aspeakeratabigmeetingsaid:“JoeHillisn’tdead!Hewillneverdie!”Tothisday(直到今天)hisnameisrememberedbyfightingworkersintheUnitedStates.GRAMMAR（語法）被動(dòng)語態(tài)(ThePassiveVoice)(Ⅱ)5、一般過去時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的肯定式、否定式和疑問式（以動(dòng)詞ask為例）肯定式否定式疑問式IwasYouwereHewasasked…SheWeYouwereTheyIwasYouwereHewasnotasked…SheWeYouwereTheyWasIWereyouWashesheasked…?weWereyouthey6、含有直接賓語和的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以將其中一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)。一般是主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語。例如：Thepianistgavethepupilssomeadvice.→(間接賓語)（直接賓語）Thepupilsweregivensomeadvice(bythepianist).Someadvicewasgiventothepupils(bythepianist)LESSON3DRILLS（句型練習(xí)）1A:You’rejustbackfromyourhometown,aren’tyou?B:Yes.A:Howarethingsthere?B:Excellent.Greatchangeshavetakenplacethelasttwoyears.AnewschoolAbigbuildingAnewroadhasbeenopenedputupbuiltinmyhometown2A:Hastheplaythisprogrammethissongbeenputonatthistheatre?shownonTV?taughtontheradio?B:Yes,itwasputonshowntaughtlastweek.A:Willitbeputonshowntaughtagain?B:Yes,Ithinkso.(I’msorryIdon’tknow.)TEXT（課文）DUSTMENONSTRIKEItisThursdaymorning.NodustmencometotheTurners’road.Theyarestillonstrike.Andtherubbishhasnotbeencollectedforweeks.TheTurnersaresittingatthebreakfasttable.MrTurnerisreadingthenewspaper.ItistimeforRoberttogotoschool.Robert:I’dbetterbegoing.’Bye.MrsTurner:Oh,Robert,takethebagofrubbishouttothedustbin,please.Robert:ButwherecanIputit?Thedustbinisfull,Mum.MrsTurner:Hasn’titbeenemptiedyet?Well,justputitnearthedustbin,then.Robert:Allright.’Bye.MrsTurner:Thisreallyistoobad.Thedustbinshaven’tbeenemptiedforthreeweeks.MrTurner:Hm?MrsTurner:Allthedustbinsarefull,andtherearebagsofrubbisheverywhere.Thewholestreethasbeenturnedintoonebigrubbishdump.Itsmellsterrible.MrTurner:Anditcanbringmoretrouble.MrsTurner:Moretrouble?MrTurner:Yes,we’vebeenwarnedtobecarefulofrats.MrsTurner:Aren’tthedustmengoingbacktoworkyet?MrTurner:No,theyaren’t.Look,there’sareporthereinthenewspaper,withpictures.I’llreadittoyou.(reads)STRIKEGOESONThingsaregettingworse.Norubbishhasbeencollectedsincethedustmenwentonstrikethreeweeksago.Dustbinsarefull,andplasticbagsfullofrubbishhavebeenpiledinthestreets.Thesmellisterrible.Insomeplacesratshaveevenbeenseen,andpeoplehavebeenwarnedtobecareful.Thepublicwantstoknow:whyhasn’tanythingbeendonetoendthestrike?Thedustmensaytheyarebadlypaidandtheywantmoremoney.Theyarenotgoingbacktoworkuntiltheygetit.Butthatisnotall.Theywanttomakeitcleartothepublicthattheydoanimportantandnecessaryjob.MrsTurner:That’strue.Theirjobisimportantandnecessarytousall.MrTurner:Somethingmustbedonetoendthestrike.GRAMMAR（語法）被動(dòng)語態(tài)(ThePassiveVoice)(Ⅲ)7、一般將來時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)1）一般將來時(shí)Iwill(shall)YouHewillShebeasked…Wewill(shall)YouTheywill2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)IhaveYouHehasbeenasked…SheWeYouhaveThey8、短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般來說，只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，因?yàn)橹挥屑拔飫?dòng)詞才可能有動(dòng)作的承受者。但有許多由不及物動(dòng)詞加介詞構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞，相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，可以有賓語，因而也可以有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但應(yīng)注意：短語動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不可丟掉構(gòu)成短語動(dòng)詞的介詞或副詞。例如：Theworkershaveputupabigbuildinginmyhometown.→Abigbuildinghasbeenputupinmyhometown.Theytookgoodcareofthechildren.→Thechildrenweretakengoodcareof.LESSON4DRILLS（句型練習(xí)）1A:Canthislockthiskindofkeythisradioberepairedmadefixedhere?B:Yes,itcanberepairedmadefixedintwodays.tenminutes.threedays.2A:Whenmustthecompositionthedrawingthemoneyfortheticketsbehandedin?B:Itmustbehandedinafterclass.fivedaysbeforetheexhibition.sometimebeforeFriday.TEXT（課文）WATER,STEAMANDICEWehaveallplayedwithsnowandice.Whenapieceoficeistakenintoawarmroom,itbecomessmallerandsmaller,untilintheenditdisappearscompletely.Wherehasitgone?Ithasbeenturnedintowaterbytheheat.Inwinter,whenclothesarewashed,theydon’tdryeasily.Theyareoftenhungupnearafire.Soonsteamcanbeseenrisingfromthewetclothes.Thewaterinthemisbeingturnedintovapour,andtheygetdrieranddrier.Whennomoresteamcomesout,theymustbetakenawayfromtheheatofthefire,ortheymightgetburnt.Ifyouholdamirrorcloseinfrontofyourmouthandblowonit,youwillfindtheglasscoveredatoncewithlittledropsofwater.Thewarmwatervapourinyourbreathhasbeenchangedintowateronthecoldglass.Nowstopblowing,andsoonyouwillfindtheglassclearagain–thelittledropsofwaterhavedisappearedbecausetheyhaveagainbeenturnedintovapourbythewarmairaroundthem.Leaveabasinofwateroutsideinfreezingweather,anditwillsoonbecoveredwithice.Ifitisnottakeninsidetheroom,soonerorlaterthewholebasinofwatermaybeturnedintoablockofice.Mostmatterhasthreestates:solid,liquidandgas.Solidscanusuallybeturnedintoliquidsandliquidsintogasesifweraisetheirtemperatureshighenough.Ontheotherhand,gasescanoftenbeturnedintoliquidsandliquidsintosolidsiftheyaremadecoldenough.Thischangeofstateisaphysicalchangeandnotachemicalone.Ifapieceofwoodisheatedtoahightemperature,itbeginstoburn.Lightandheataresentout,togetherwithheavysmoke,andsoononlyblackcharcoalisleft.Thatiscalledachemicalchange.GRAMMAR（語法）被動(dòng)語態(tài)(ThePassiveVoice)(Ⅳ)9、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+being+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如：Thewaterisbeingturnedintovapour.10、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如：Thislockcanberepairedintwodays.Thecompositionmustbehandedinafterclass.Abasinofwatermaybeturnedintoablockoficeinfreezingweather.11、被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)小結(jié)時(shí)態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)I+amHe(She)+is+p.p.*(+介詞或副詞)You(We,They)+are一般過去時(shí)I(He,She)+was+p.p.(+介詞或副詞)We(You,They)+were一般將來時(shí)I(We)+will(shall)+be+p.p.(+介詞或副詞)You(He,She,They)+will情態(tài)動(dòng)詞canI(He,She,We,You,They)+may+be+p.p.(+介詞或副詞)must現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)I(We,You,They)+have+been+p.p.(+介詞或副詞)He(She)+has現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)I+amHe(She)+is+being+p.p.(+介詞或副詞)You(We,They)+are*p.p.=pastparticiple過去分詞LESSON5TEXT（課文）COMPUTERSThecomputerisawonderfulmachine.Itisthemostimportantinventioninmanyyears.Todayitisusedagreatdealinmanyways.Bytheyear2,000thecomputerwillprobablytouchthelivesofeveryone,evenpeopleinfarawayvillages.Theoldestkindofcomputeristheabacus,usedinChinacenturiesago.Intheseventeenthcenturyanaddingmachinewasinvented,butthefirstlarge,moderncomputerwasbuiltin1946.Acomputerthencoulddo5,000addingproblemsinonesecond.Nowcomputerscanworkmillionsoftimesfaster.Todaymostcomputershaveamemory.Thatmeansinformationcanbestoredinthemandbetakenoutanytimeneeded.Computersaregettingsmallerandsmaller,andcomputingfasterandfaster.Eveninalargecomputer,thepartthatdoesthecomputingisnowonlyaboutasbigastheendofafinger.Computerscandomanykindsofwork.Forexample,whensomeonebuyssomethinginabigshop,informationaboutthesaleisputintoacomputer.Duringthenightthecomputerworksontheinformationfromallthesalesthatday.Thenextmorning,themanagerhasareportoneverythingthatwassoldandalsooneverythingthatwillsoonbesoldout.Inresearchaboutthemoon,alotofinformationisputintocomputers.Ascientistcanthen“ask”thecomputerquestions,andthecomputer“answer”onthescreen.Itisalmostliketalkingtoanotherscientist.Anothercomputerprogrammehasinformationaboutdifferentillnesses.Adoctorcantalktothecomputerandexplainwhatiswrongwithaperson.Thecomputerwillthentellwhattodo.Ifthedoctoraskswhy,thecomputergoesthroughitsmemoryandgivesthereason.Insomelargefactoriesthereareveryfewpeople.Robotsdomostofthework.Forexample,inacarfactory,whenadifferenttypeofcarcomesalongtheline,therobotchangesitswork,justasahumanwoulddo.Howdoestherobotknowthis?Acomputer“tells”itwhattodo.Inthelastfewyearstherehavebeengreatchangesincomputers.Theynowcandomostofthethingspeoplecando,thoughmostscientistsagreethatcomputerscannotcompletelytaketheplaceofhumans.Whoknowswhatthecomputersoftomorrowwillbelike?Willtheymakelifebetter,orwilltheybringsufferingtopeople?Thestudentsoftodaywillhavetodecidehowtousethecomputersoftomorrow.LESSON7DRILLS（句型練習(xí)）1A:HaveyouseenZhaoHaitoday?B:Yes,Ihave.A:Doyouknowwhyheisn’tcomingthisevening?B:Hetoldmehehadanimportantmeetingtoattend.someexercisestodo.acompositiontowrite.severalletterstoanswer.2A:Haveyoustartedwritingyourcompositionyet?B:No,Ireallydon’tknowwhattowriteabout.whichtopictochoose.howtobegin.TEXT（課文）ALESSONFROMNATURENotmanyyearsago,somefarmerswereworriedbecausehawksweretakingmanyoftheirchickens.Thefarmersdidnotknowwhattodo.Finallytheywenttotheofficialsandaskedforhelp.“Killthehawks,”theofficialssaid.“We’llevenpayyouforthem.”Sothefarmersbegantothinkofwaystokillhawks.Thefarmerskilledmanyhawks.Beforelongtheydidn’thavetoworryabouttheirchickens.Btutheynowhadanewworry.Fieldmicewereeatingupalotofthefarmers’grain.Howdidthishappen?Hawkseatnotonlychickensbutalsofieldmice.Theyeatmorefieldmicethanchickens.Butthefarmersdidnotknowthis.Whentheykilledalotofhawks,theychangedthebalanceofnature.Whenpeoplemoveintoanewplace,theyoftendestroymanywildplants.Manyoftheseplantsarefoodfortheanimals.Iftheanimalscannotfindenoughplantstoeat,theywillstarveorhavetoleavetheplace.InonepartoftheUnitedStates,forexample,thedeerthereliketoeatacertainkindofwildrose.Themountainlionsthereeatthedeer.Thenumberofdeer,mountainlions,andwildrosesdoesnotchangemuchifpeopleleavethingsastheyare.Butpeoplekilledmanymountainlionsinordertoprotectthedeer.Soonthereweresomanydeerthattheyateupallthewildroses.Thenthedeerbegantoeatthegreenleavesofyoungtrees.Thesetreeswereimportanttothefarmers.Sothefarmersthoughtofwaystoprotecttheirtrees.Nowthedeerhadnothingtoeat,andmanyofthemdied.Thiswasanotherlessonfromnature.Itisimportantforustokeepthebalanceofnature.Thisisthelessonweshouldremember.GRAMMAR（語法）動(dòng)詞不定式(TheInfinitive)(Ⅱ)1、動(dòng)詞不定式（或短語）的用法（續(xù)）動(dòng)詞不定式（或短語）具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，因此，在句子中可以做主語、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語和狀語。在第三冊第13課已歸納過動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和狀語的用法，本冊繼續(xù)歸納動(dòng)詞不定式作定語、主語和表語的用法。1）作定語A)Hesaidhehadanimportantmeetingtoattend.B)Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourself?C)Thefishermanhadnothingtotakehomethatmorning.D)Thefarmersthoughtofwaystoprotecttheirtrees.E)DrBethunehadnotimetothinkaboutrest.It的用法（TheUseof“It”）1、代詞it可用來指除人以外的一切生物和事物。例如：a)Where’sthedog?It’sinfrontofthehouse.b)Isthisjacketyours?Yes,itis.2、代詞it在某種情況下也可以指人。例如：a)Whoisit?It’sme.b)“I’msorry,”theguardsaidtoLenin.“Ididn’t’knowitwasyou.”3、代詞it有時(shí)不特指某件東西，而代表前面提到的整個(gè)事情。例如：Don’treadinthesun.It’stoobright.It’sbadforyoureyes.4、代詞it可以指時(shí)間、距離和自然現(xiàn)象，在句子中作主語。例如：a)Whattimeisit?It’ssixo’clock.（指時(shí)間）b)It’sSeptember,andwe’rebackatschool.（指時(shí)間）c)It’snotfarfromheretothebusstop.（指距離）d)It’scoldtoday,isn’tit?（指自然現(xiàn)象）e)Ihopeitwillbefinetomorrow.（指自然現(xiàn)象）f)ItwasrainingwhenIgottoschoolyesterday.（指自然現(xiàn)象）g)Itdidnotsnowmuchlastwinter.（指自然現(xiàn)象）LESSON8DRILLS（句型練習(xí)）1A:Doyougetupearlyinthemorning?B:Why,yes!A:Whatdoyouusuallydoafteryougetup?B:Idomorningexercises.somereadingaloud.somecleaning.It’sgoodtohaveplentyofexercise.toreadaloudoften.tohelpwiththehousework.2A:Whataregoodmannersinyourcountry?B:It’sgoodmannerstowaitinline.toeatquietly.nottoshoutinpublic.A:Isee.Butwhatarebadmanners?B:It’sbadmannerstoberudetopeopletospitinpublic.tocomelatetoclassorameeting.TEXT（課文）GOODMANNERSMannersareimportanttohappyrelationsamongpeople.Everyonelikesapersonwithgoodmanners.Noonelikesapersonwithbadmanners.Butwhataregoodmanners?Howdoesoneknowwhattodoandwhatnottodo?Well,herearesomeexamples.Apersonwithgoodmannersneverlaughsatpeoplewhentheyareintrouble.Instead,hetriestohelpthem.Heisalwayskindtoothers.Whenpeoplearewaitingforabus,hetakeshisturn.Hedoesnotpushtothefrontoftheline.Onthebushegiveshisseattoanolderpersonorapersonwithaveryyoungchild.Ifheknocksintosomeone,orgetsinhisway,hesays“Excuseme”or“I’msorry”.Hesays“Please”whenheasksforsomethingand“Thankyou”whenhereceivessomething.Hestandsupwhenheisspeakingtoanolderperson,andhedoesnotsitdownuntiltheotherpersontakeshisseat.Hedoesnotinterruptotherpeoplewhentheyaretalking.Hedoesnottalktoomuch.Hedoesnottalkloudlyorlaughloudlyinpublic.Whenheiseatinghedoesnotspeakwithhismouthfulloffood.Heusesahandkerchiefwhenhesneezesorcoughs.Hedoesnotspitinpublic.Asastudent,itisbadmannerstocomelatetoclass.Ifyouarelateyoushouldmakeanapologytotheteachereitheratthetimeorafterclass.Itisalsobadmannerstokeepsilentwhentheteacherasksyouaquestion.Ifyoudonotknowtheanswer,saysoimmediately.Ifyoudoknow,answerinaloudenoughvoicesothatalltheclassmayhear.Itispoliteforthestudentstohelptheteacher.Sometimesstudentscanhelptheirteacherstocleantheblackboard,tocloseoropenthedoororwindows.Sometimestherearepaperstocollectortohandout.Thiskindofhelpisalwaysappreciated.Ideasofwhataregoodmannersarenotalwaysthesameindifferentcountries.Butinallcountriesitisimportanttobekindandhelpful.GRAMMAR（語法）動(dòng)詞不定式(TheInfinitive)(Ⅲ)1、動(dòng)詞不定式（或短語）的用法（續(xù)）2）作主語Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.在現(xiàn)代英語中，更為普遍的是用it來開始一個(gè)句子，作形式主語，而把真正的主語動(dòng)詞不定式（或短語）放在后面。例如：a)It’snoteasytolearnaforeignlanguage.b)I