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基礎語法基本句型:簡單句&并列句1.簡單句的構成Myfatherislisteningtothepopularmusicinthegarden.Thehandsomeboyismybrother.主語謂語賓語定語狀語表語補語簡單句的五種形式:1)主語+謂語(不及物動詞);2)主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語;(3)主語+謂語+賓語+補語;(4)主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語;(5)主語+系動詞+表語。謂語實義動詞①及物動詞watch,see②不及物動詞sit系動詞①be動詞;②一些實義動詞用作系動詞:feel,taste,smell等;Heiscrying.ParentswatchTVeverynight.Myfathergavemesomeadvice.Wecanmakeourcountrybeautiful.Theboyisthetallestintheclass.2.并列句兩個簡單句并列在一起,中間用一些連接詞連接起來的句子。并列句不能只用逗號隔開,而要用連接詞連接。連接詞:1)并列關系句型:連接詞有and,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalsoeg:LastyearImetKateandwebecamefriends.Eithermyunclecandoit,ormyauntcandoit.2)轉折概念并列句型:轉折詞有buteg:Ithasnomouth,butitcantalk.3)對比關系的并列句型:eg:Helikedsports,whileIwouldrathercollectstamps.簡單句和并列句是復合句的基礎。主語——施動者或動作的主體賓語——受動者通常主語和賓語由名詞或代詞構成 Iloveyou.(一)名詞1.可數(shù)名詞有單復數(shù)之分,若名詞為單數(shù),通常前面要加冠詞a/an、the進行限定;若名詞為復數(shù),可以加上the,或者直接用復數(shù)名詞,或者加上數(shù)詞來進行限定。①不定冠詞:a/an,通常表示一,但是不強調數(shù)目,翻譯時注意;eg:GermanyisaEuropeancountry.②定冠詞:表示特定或特指eg:Isthisthebookthatyouarelookingfor?定冠詞還可以使用于一些比較獨特的語言現(xiàn)象:如指代地球或宇宙這種獨一無二的事物the+名詞:表示全部或者整體eg:Doyouknowwhoinventedthecomputer?用于樂器或專有名詞前,如playthepiano、theThames2.不可數(shù)名詞:通常是物質名詞或者抽象名詞 ,其前可以不加任何東西,若有特指,可以加 the.前面可以加單位詞,進行分類:常見單位詞:apieceof+advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse②abitof、anitemof、anarticleof名詞在翻譯中遇到的問題:( 1)不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞間的轉換形式:eg:water&waters(水域、海洋),sand&sands(沙灘),wood&woods(樹林),goods(商品),ash和ashes(廢墟)(2)名詞的格:’s以及of邏輯語義:Rachel:I’mCarol’sex-husband'ssister'sroommate.Doctor:I’myourroommate'sbrother'sex-wife'sobstetrician.產(chǎn)(科醫(yī)生)——老友記of:理清邏輯語義,翻譯方法: “AofB翻”譯成“B的A”Thecomingofageofpost-warbabyboombroughtremarkableinfluenceuponAmericansociety.特殊:Chinaisproudofitsfivethousandyearsofthehistoryandculture.(二)代詞1.人稱代詞第一、二、三人稱,主格、賓格、所有格I,you,he,she,it,me,you,him,her,it,my,your,his,her,its.物主代詞①形容詞性物主代詞:my,your,his,her,our,their,后面加名詞;②名詞性物主代詞:mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs,后面不能加名詞。eg:MayIborrowyourpen?Mineismissing.3.反身代詞:通過反身代詞指代主語,使動作發(fā)出者把動作在形式上反射到發(fā)出者本人。強調人稱問題。eg:ImyselftookMarytotheairport. Icookeditmyself.指示代詞:this,that,these,those不定代詞:some,someone,something,any,anyone,anything,no,noone,nothing,all,both,neither,either,each,every,everybody,everyone,everything.一些比較重要的不定代詞之間的區(qū)別(1)all,each,every:①all和every可以指代三個或三個以上的人或物;

all

可以表示所有東西的總和,是一個不可分割的整體;each只能表示兩個或兩個以上的人,側重個體;(2)everyone&everyoneeveryone等同于everybody,allpeople,指的是所有的人;eg:Everyonethinkstheyhavetherighttobehere.everyone既可以指人,也可以指物,強調一個個體,通常用everyoneof;eg:Everyoneofushasfaultsandshortcomings.Everyoneofthefilmswehaveshownthisyearhasbeenasucces(.3)noone&nonenoone只能指人,none既可以指人,也可以指物, none后面還可以接of;eg:Noonefailedtheexamination.Noneofthestudentsfailedtheexamination.it的用法(1)指代人,通常用于口語中;( 2)書面語:①it用來指代時間、距離、溫度、天氣等 eg:It'sthreeyearssinceIsawhim.it用來前指或者后指eg:I'velostmybook.Whereisit?Thereisnodoubtaboutitthathewasafineteacher.it做形式主語eg:Isitpossibletolearntypewritingveryquickly?it做形式賓語,通常放在謂語動詞和賓語補足語(形容詞)之間,真正的賓語放在賓補之后常見動詞有:feel,consider,find,believe,make,take,imagine,think,suppose,regardeg:Shethinksitnousetellingme.Hehasmadeitclearthathewouldn'tagreetotheplan.it用于強調句,構成句型It'sthat/who如何區(qū)分強調句中的it和形式主語中的it?eg:It'sclearthattheyhavewon.如果It's和that去掉后,剩下的部分依然能構成完整的句子,就是強調句;否則,即為形式主語。(三)數(shù)詞數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞表示大約的詞匯:about,approximately,around,roughly,some,moreorless,orso;eg:About200peoplewerekilledinthecrash.Thetownis5Milesorsofromhere.表示多于的詞匯:above,morethan,over表示少于,不到的詞匯:almost,below,lessthan,undereg:It's2:57,andit'salmost3o'clock一些可以直接表示數(shù)字的單詞:dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million這些詞前面出現(xiàn)基數(shù)詞,表示確切的數(shù)時,不能加復數(shù);若不能表明確切數(shù)字,只是說大約有多少的時候,以上這些詞不可以加確切的基數(shù)詞,但是可以將其變?yōu)閺蛿?shù),后加of;eg:Therearemillionsofkindsofmatterintheworld.(四)形容詞和副詞形容詞還可以做表語,放在 be動詞之后;英語中有一些詞語作表語和作定語時,含義會有所不同:( 1)certain:作定語時,表示特定的:eg: AcertainMr.Wangjustcameheretolookforyou.作表語時,表示當然的,一定,相當于 besure;2)complete:作定語時,表示完全的:作表語時,表示完成的或完美的;3)ill:作定語時,表示壞的;作表語時,表示有病的;4)late:作定語時,表示已故的;作表語時,表示晚的、遲到的;5)ready:作定語時,表示現(xiàn)成的;作表語時,表示準備好的、愿意做;6)present:作定語時,表示目前的,相當于 current;作表語時,表示出席,參加;the+形容詞:表示一類人;eg:theold,thepoor,theblind,therich,theyoung,thewounded通常由副詞構成,副詞可以修飾動詞,形容詞,乃至整個句子;副詞通常是褒義的,有部分是有否定含義的,常見否定含義副詞有seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely;其它副詞通常是表示肯定的概念;形容詞和副詞的比較級:(1)一些沒有比較級的形容詞和副詞:①單詞本身的含義是表示比年長、比優(yōu)秀、比優(yōu)等時,沒有比較級概念;如supreme,inferior,junior,senior,prior,后面搭配的介詞一般是 to,而不用than.②有些單詞本身的含義即是最,獨一無二,沒有比較級概念;如absolute,entire,excellent,favorite,final.(2)同級比較和異級比較:①同級比較:as as / times as②異級比較:(倍數(shù)或修飾詞,表示多或少) +比較級+than常見的修飾比較級的詞有: much、still,even,byfar,abit,alittle,agooddeal或者倍數(shù);eg:ThephotographyofMarstakenbysatellitearemuchclearerthanthosetakenfromearth.③比較級特殊用法詞匯:more than: eg:Heismorecleverthanhonest.the+比較級:越來越 eg:Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwilllearn.謂語實義動詞①及物動詞watch,see②不及物動詞sit系動詞①be動詞;②一些實義動詞用作系動詞: feel,taste,smell等;簡單句的五種形式:(1)主語+謂語(不及物動詞);2)主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語;(3)主語+謂語+賓語+補語;(4)主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語;(5)主語+系動詞+表語。謂語動詞形式一:英語時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(1)表示經(jīng)常性、習慣性的動作;eg:Igetupat7o'clockinthemorning.Ileaveschoolforhomeat6everyevening.(2)客觀真理,客觀存在,科學事實;eg:Theteachertoldus:theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.一般過去時兩種變化形式:在動詞后加ed或不規(guī)則變化的動詞;在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài):常用時間狀語有:yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等;eg:DidyougotoShanghailastweek?補充:usedto/beusedto一般過去式和過去完成時的對比:( 1)過去完成時:過去的過去;eg:BeforeIcametoBeijing,IhadstayedinShanghai.①一個句子里有兩個謂語動詞,一個發(fā)生在前,一個發(fā)生在后,發(fā)生在前的用一般過去時,發(fā)生在后的用過去完成時;eg:Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.②表示意向的動詞,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用過去完成時表示"原本,卻未能"eg:Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.Wehadthoughtthathewouldtakepartinthecompetition,buthedidn't.一般將來時(1)shall/will, shall用于第一人稱,常被 will所代替;eg:WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst?2)begoingto+不定式,表示將來;表示要發(fā)生的事情有了預先的計劃、準備或有跡象表明要發(fā)生;eg:Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?Whatwillyoudothisafternoon?will表示純粹的將來;(3)be+不定式:表將來,按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事;eg:Weareto/willdiscussthereportnextSaturday.(4)beaboutto+不定式:意為馬上做某事,后面不可以接時間狀語;isabouttoleaveforBeijing.

eg:He注意:(1)一般現(xiàn)在時有時也可表將來;eg:Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.①趨向性動詞come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現(xiàn)在時表將來,主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。eg:Whendoesthebusstar?Itstartsintenminutes.②在時間或條件句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來;eg:I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarriveinBeijing.(2)現(xiàn)在進行時也可表將來:通常用于口語,翻譯為打算 ;come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等詞可以用進行時表將來;Iamleavingforsomeimportantthing.OK,seeyou.現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài),其結果對現(xiàn)在造成影響。1)過去發(fā)生的動作發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在,剛剛完成;(2)從過去發(fā)生的動作,發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在,剛剛告一段落,但是后面會繼續(xù)發(fā)生;eg:Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.Ithasrainedfor3days.過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別:1)過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情,強調動作;現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的,強調過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響,強調的是影響。eg:IcametoBeijingin1995.IhavestayedinBeijingsince1995.2)過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與段的時間狀語連用,或無時間狀語;一般過去時常用時間狀語: yesterday,lastweek,ago,in1980,inOctober體時間)現(xiàn)在完成時常用時間狀語: for,since,sofar (長期的段時間)

(具eg:Hehaddinnerwithmeyesterday.Ihaveplayedbasketballfor3hours.(3)現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),動詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know;過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等;eg:Hegotmarriedtwoyearsago.IhavelivedinBeijingfor10years.用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句型(1)Itisthefirst/secondtime 結構.that中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在完成時。ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2)Thisisthethat結構,that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時.ThisisthebestfilmthatI've(ever)seen.Thisisthefirsttime(that)I'veheardhimsing.典型例題---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?---No,it'sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時,反意詞為 never,此兩詞常用于完成時。ThisisthelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中,從句要用完成時。since和for的用法:since用來說明動作起始時間, for用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長度 ;eg:Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.for后面多接一段時間,而since后面則接一個時間點,若since后面也出現(xiàn)時間段,則在時間段后加ago;eg:Ihavelivedheresincetwentyyearsago.錯句:Ihaveworkedheresincemanyyears.since句型:Itis+一段時間+since從句,since從句要用一般過去時;eg:ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.ItisthreeyearssinceIjoinedthearmy.進行時態(tài):一般進行時,過去進行時,將來進行時;現(xiàn)在完成進行時:have/has+been+doing現(xiàn)在完成進行時和現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別:eg:Ithasrainedfor3days.Ithasbeenrainingfor3days.現(xiàn)在完成時不強調某一動作在某段時間內持續(xù)發(fā)生,現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示某一時間段內某動作持續(xù)發(fā)生。eg:IhavebeenlearningEnglishfor5years.IhavebeenlearnedEnglishfor5years.謂語動詞形式二:被動語態(tài)be+動詞過去分詞; egForestshavebeencleared.Theyweregivenawarmsendoff.Theirweddingwillbeheldinthechurch.不強調施動者,而只強調受動者;eg:Thebookwaswritten20yearsago.主動形式表示被動意思①某些既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞用的動詞,在他們作不及物動詞用時,可以用主動形式表示被動意思,如write,wash,wear,sell,cut,tear(撕),burn,play等,常與它們連用的詞為well,easily,smoothly等。如Thecoatwasheswell這.件大衣很耐洗。②在beworthdoing句型中表示被動含義,如Thebookisworthreading③在need,want,require等后的動名詞表示被動含義,如Theflowersneedwatering.④感官動詞如feel,taste,smell,look等主動形式表示被動含義,如Thefishtastesgood.⑤短語runout,wearout,giveout等主動形式表被動含義,如Mysockshavewornout.謂語動詞形式三:情態(tài)動詞+動詞情態(tài)動詞是指它含有一定的含意,可以表達某種感情和說話的口氣,但是它不可以單獨使用作謂語動詞。情態(tài)動詞主要包括can,could,may,might,must,oughtto,shall,should,will,would,dare,need,haveto,usedto,hadbetter,wouldrather等。情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形Icanswimacrosstheriver.Heshouldhelpthepoorintheremoteareas.You'dbettertakeyourparents'adviceifyouwanttofulfillyourdream.2.could/might+have+動詞過去分分詞※特殊語言現(xiàn)象:虛擬語氣would+have+過去分詞should+have+過去分詞英語復合句(一)定語從句:用于關系詞引導句子修飾名詞構成:定語從句的形式Iknowthegirl.ThegirlcomesfromBeijing.IknowthegirlwhocomesfromBeijing.定語從句三步驟①先找出兩個句子中相同的名詞②判斷名詞是人還是物,人 who/that物which/that③將who/that/which引導的句子放于相同的名詞后面Ilikereadingbooks.ThebookswerewrittenbyO.Henry.Ilikereadingbookswhich/thatwerewrittenbyO.Henry.不能用which,只能用that①前面的先行詞是不定代詞,包括all,anything,nothing,theone,much,little等;eg:HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Leehassaid?②如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了theonly,thevery等;eg:Thisistheonlywaythatwecanthinkout.③如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級;eg:ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.④如果先行詞中即有人,又有物;eg:Theyaretalkingabouttheschoolandtheteachersthattheyvisitedyesterday.謂語動詞(結構)和后面的介詞有兩種關系:關系緊密&關系疏遠look+for尋找關系緊密look+at看關系疏遠定語從句中如果謂語結構和介詞關系緊密,則介詞必須保留在謂語結構的后面,不能做任何位置的改動;如果謂語結構和介詞關系疏遠,介詞一般提到

which/who

的前面;Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.Thisisthebookatwhichyouarelooking.Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.Thisisthebookinwhichyouareinterested.Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor.關系代詞和關系副詞Beijingistheplace.Iwasbornintheplace.-BeijingistheplacewhichIwasbornin.-BeijingistheplaceinwhichIwasborn.定語從句中,如果介詞+which表示地點,則可以用 where替換;BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn.eg:Ican'tforgettheday.Ijointhearmyontheday.Ican’tforgetthedaywhichIjoinedthearmy.Ican’tforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy.(when)判斷關系代詞和關系副詞的方法1)不管是關系代詞還是關系副詞,都取決于從句中的謂語動詞;若該謂語動詞為及物動詞,則一定使用關系代詞;若該謂語動詞為不及物動詞,且其后沒有介詞,則一定使用關系副詞;eg:Iwillneverforgetthedays_____Iworkedtogetherwithyou.(onwhich/when)Iwillneverforgetthedays_____Ispentinthecountryside.(which)(2)通過判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分Isthisthemuseum(that)youvisitedafewdaysago? themuseum:充當visit的賓語Isthisthemuseum(inwhich/where)theexhibitionwasheld?關系代詞:前面句子里的先行詞也要在后面的句子里充當主語或者賓語的成分;介詞+which:恰好表示時間和地點,可以替換成when,where這樣的關系副詞;分類:限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句:先行詞(即名詞)后有一個逗號;Inourschool,therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia(.限定性定語從句)Inourschool,therewere8foreignteachers,whocomefromAustralia.(非限定性定語從句)限定性定語從句:定語從句和關系詞關系非常緊密,刪掉定語從句后,整個句子意思會改變;非限定性定語從句:定語從句和關系詞關系不是很緊密,刪掉定語從句后,整個句子意思不會改變,定語從句只起到補充說明的意義;Ihaveasisterwhoisanurse.Ihaveasister,whoisanurse.2)非限定性定語從句:①先行詞是前面的整句話;eg:Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.WewillspendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,whichwasdecidedlastyear.Thisisthehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth.②非限定性定語從句引導詞which/as:which引導非限制性定語從句只能放在后面,as則只能放在句子前面;eg:Smokingisharmfultoourheath,whichweknow.Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoourheath.eg:Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,_____cameasasurprise.A.ItB.thatC.asD.which定語從句的劃分Therearemanythousandsofstarsintheskythatarelikethesun.Spaceandoceansarethenewworldwhichscientistsaretryingtoexplore.Inourfactory,therearemanypeoplewhoaremuchinterestedinthenewinvention.Adriverwhoisdrivingthebusmustn?ttalkwithothersorbeabsent-minded.Thepoliceexplainedthatthedifficultieswhichtheyfacedweretoosevere.定語從句省略(分詞作定語)關系詞充當賓語的時候Iknowtheboywhotheteacherpraisedjustnow.Thepoliceexplainedthatthedifficultieswhichtheyfacedweretoosevere.關系詞充當主語Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematically.Hamiltonisn’ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.Careerexpertssaythatoneoftheways(that)jobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.職業(yè)專家說求職者用因特網(wǎng)找工作時保持安全的一個方法是隱瞞其真實身份。ThatarecausingcompaniestoInterestinpursuinginternationalcareershassoaredinrecentyears,enhancedbychronicpersonnelshortagessearchbeyondtheirhomebordersfortalent.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatannualrateof3.9percent,form800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.(二)名詞性從句:主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句及同位語從句;定義:在句子中起名詞作用的句子,且在句子中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等成分;1.同位語從句:對前面名詞的進一步解釋Iknowtheman,thepresidentoftheNewOrientalSchool.英語中的簡單句:陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句。Eg:Heisastudent.Areyouastudent?Whoisastudent?同位語從句:關系詞不再和前面的名詞有關系,而是取決于后面的從句;eg:Iknowthefact.Heisastudent.Iknowthefactthatheisastudent.eg:Ihaveaquestion.Areyouastudent?Ihaveaquestionwhetheryouareastudent.eg:Ihaveaquestion.whoisastudent?Ihaveaquestionwhoisastudent.同位語從句的構成①從句仍然接在名詞之后,名詞有可能為answer,belief,concept,explanation,fact,hope,message,news,promise,question,thought等形式:名詞+從句;連接詞取決于后面的從句是什么樣的形式;如果是陳述句,直接加that引導;一般疑問句:先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序,然后在其前加上whether或者if;特殊疑問句:直接保留特殊疑問詞,后面的句子變成陳述句語序;Thenewssoonspreadthewholeschool.Theyhadwonthegame.Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadthewholeschool.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別That在后面的從句中充當成分,為賓語從句,不充當成分,為同位語從句。區(qū)分:Thesuggestionthatsheshouldstayintheroomisgood.Thesuggestionthatshehasgiveninthemeetingisgood.Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation'smoralclimate,saysthisethicsprofessorattheUniversityofChicago,isthereasontohopethatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit.2.賓語從句從句部分的連詞取決于從句時一般疑問句、特殊疑問句還是陳述句;eg:Wemustfindoutwhodidallthese.Iwanttoknowweatherhewillcome.Ihopethathewillcome.賓語從句的時態(tài):如果賓語從句前的動詞是過去式,則賓語從句的時態(tài)應相應變成過去時態(tài);例如Myteachertoldthatwewouldgothere.如果賓語從句是客觀事實或真理,不管賓語從句前的動詞時什么時態(tài),賓語從句都用一般現(xiàn)在時;例如Myteachertoldthattheearthisround.賓語從句后接陳述句用that引導,that一般可以省略,例如Ithink(that)youareright.賓語從句如果謂語動詞是doubt,后面接的一般疑問句通常用whether或if引導;如果前面的謂語動詞是don'tdoubt,則后面從句的連接詞一定是that;賓語從句如果謂語動詞是wonder,句型為Iwonderif,后面的連接詞不能用whether;賓語從句的否定轉移:think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉移到主句中,即主句的謂語動詞用否定式,而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式;3.表語從句若從句為陳述句,直接加 that;若從句為特殊疑問句:直接保留特殊疑問詞,后面的句子變成陳述句語序;若從句為一般疑問句:先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序,然后在其前加上whether或者if;Chinaisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.Thequestioniswhoisresponsibleforwhathashappened.2002text3)Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatithasn’toccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand(.2000)Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams.4.主語從句Thatthecollegewilltakeinmorestudentsistrue.Weatherhewillcomeornothasn'tbeendecided.Whyheisn'thereisnotcleartoeveryone.it做形式主語的情況1)Itis+名詞+主語從句;eg:Itisapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.2)Itis+形容詞+主語從句;eg:Itisclearthatthewholeprojectisduetofailure.如果是Itisnecessary/important/strange/natural+that引導的主語從句,從句中的謂語動詞一定要用should+動詞原形;eg:Itisnecessarythatoneshouldmastertheskillsofoperatingcomputer.Itis+過去分詞+主語從句;Itissaid/planed/expectedeg:ItissaidthatPresidentBushwillvisitourschoolnextweek.It+不及物動詞+形容詞表語形式+主語從句eg:Itseemedcertainthathewillwintheprize.從句判別Whethershewillcomeornotisunknown.Itisunknownwhetherhewillcomeornot.Idon'tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.Thequestioniswhetherhewillcomeornot.Thequestionwhetherhewillcomeornotisnotsettled.__________(很多人沒有意識到的)isthatSimonisaloverofsports,andfootballinparticular.(Whatmanypeopledon'trealize)Inmysixties,onechangeInoticeis___________我(比以前更容易累了).(thatIfeeltiredmoreeasilythanbefore)Yourresumeshouldattractawould-beboss'sattentionbydemonstrating為(什么你是某個特定職位的最佳人選).(whyyouwouldbethebestcandidateforacertainposition)SincemychildhoodIhavefoundthat________沒(有什么比讀書對我更有吸引力 ).(nothingismoreattractive/appealingtomethanreading)Agreatmanypeopleholdtheidea_______.中(文學起來其實很有趣)(thatChineseisactuallyinterestingtolearn)(三)非謂語動詞作主語作表語作賓語1)todo(2)+doingacknowledge,admit,advocate,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,delay,escape,deny,consider,mind,miss,finish,resist,imagine,postpone,practice,suggest,prevent,keep,quit(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別1)forget 2)stop 3)remember4) regret5)try6)mean(4)+do1)在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶 to。feel覺得observe注意到,看到overhear聽到watch注視listento聽perceive察覺,感知notice注意see看見hear聽Onseeingtheyoungchildfellintothelake,Ericsprangtohisfeet,andwentontherescue.2)另一類是某些使役動詞,如make,let,have等。固定句型1)Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime...等)名詞+doingsth.Itisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.Itisnogoodobjecting.Itisagreatfunplayingfootball.Itis+useless(nice,good,interesting,expensive等形容詞)+doingsth.Itisuselessspeaking光.說沒用。Itisniceseeingyouagain.真高興又遇到了你。Itisgoodplayingchessaftersupper.晚飯后弈棋挺好。(四)狀語從句狀語從句:兩個獨立的句子中間用一些含義不同的連接詞連接;狀語從句用來表達兩個句子之間的邏輯關系;分成原因狀語、條件狀語、結果狀語、時間狀語、地點狀語、讓步狀語、目的狀語、比較狀語、方式狀語等九大類型;eg:Igotuplate. Iwaslateforschool.BecauseIgotuplate,Iwaslateforschool(.原因狀語從句)Igotuplate,soIwaslateforschool.(結果狀語從句)地點狀語從句通常由where,wherever,everywhere引導;eg:WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.Whereveryouwork,youwillgainmuchvaluableexperienceaslongasyouarewillingtowork.Wherever=nomatterwhereEverywheretheywent,theywerewarmlyreceived.where:不能翻譯成在地方時,通常翻譯為如果,表示在條件下;eg:Whereyouareconfident,youwillsucceed.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.eg:Wherepreviouslythebankhadconcentratedonthebiginfrastructureprojects,suchasdams,roadsandbridges,itbegintoswitchtoprojectswhichdirectlyimprovedthebasicservicesofcountry.2、方式狀語從句方式狀語從句通常由as,asif,asthough,theway引導(1)as從句帶有比喻的含義,意思是"正如","就像"eg:WhenyouenterRome,doastheRomansdo.(2)asif/though:“仿佛似的”,“好像似的”有;時用虛擬語氣,有時不用;eg:Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.(與事實相反,謂語用虛擬語氣。)Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.(與事實相反,謂語用虛擬語氣。)Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.(實現(xiàn)的可能性較大,謂語用陳述語氣。)eg:AlGorecallsglobalwarmingan “inconvenienttruth, ”asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.(3)theway:可以連接兩個句子,表達就像一樣eg:Ishoulddothejobthewaymyfatherdid.ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheUSthewaymanyAmericansviewMexicanasacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty.目的狀語從句1)可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等詞引導;lest=forfearthat以防;從句中的謂語動詞必須用should+動詞原形;eg:Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetit.Hetooktheumbrellawithhimlestitshouldrain.(2)incase:以防;與lest不同,從句里時態(tài)不做特殊變化eg:Taketheumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.(2003.35)Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.AVarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoOntosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown..A.ifonly B.nowthat C.sothat D.evenif結果狀語從句結果狀語從句常由sothat或suchthat引導;so保留,that可以省略;如此以至于;Eg:Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn'tfallasleep.Hemadesuchaninspiringspeechthateverybodygotexcited比.較:so和such1)so+形容詞、副詞+that;so+形容詞+a/an+名詞+thateg:Thewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.HeransofastthatIcouldn'tcatchupwithhim.Itwassohotadaythatcropswilted.Heissolovelyaboythateveryoneloveshim.(2)such+a/an+形容詞+名詞+thateg:Itwassuchahotdaythatcropswilted.Heissuchalovelyboythateveryoneloveshim.比較狀語從句than,as as,notsoas ,(not)thesameaseg:Lighttravelsfasterthansound.the+比較級:eg:Thesooner,thebetter.(2005.46)NeverbeforehastelevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy(預言)becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle(惡性循環(huán))ofneglect.(2007text7)Fewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.(2000Text4)Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.倍數(shù)類:(2000Text1)AftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUShadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleled無(與倫比的)economiesofscale.(2003Text3)Railroadstypicallychargetheshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.時間狀語從句1)當?shù)臅r候:while,when,as;when:eg:WhenIwaswatchingTV,mymothercameback.while:eg:Myfatheriscookingwhilemymotherisreadingnewspaper.as:eg:Astimewentby,thedaysbecamelongerandlonger.2)一就:assoonas,directly,immediately,instantly連接兩個句子;一些名詞如theminute,themoment,theinstant也可表示;eg:Iwillwritetoyouthemoment/minuteIarrivedinParis.另:nosoonerthan,hardlywhen后面的句子需要倒裝eg.Hardlyhadheseenmewhenheranaway.他一看到我就跑開了。eg.Nosoonerhadtheyreachedhomethanitrainedmoreandmoreheavily.他們一到家,雨就越下越大起來。3)till&until:①肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某時",動詞必須是延續(xù)性的;否定形式表達的意思是"直至某時才做某事",一般用until,動詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以;eg:Isleptuntilmidnight.WaittillIcallyou.Shedidn'tarriveuntil6o'clock.②till可用于句首,而until通常不用于句首,通常用于句中;eg.Ihadheardnothingofwhathappeneduntilyoutoldme.“not...until"的四種不同句式:正常句式 Wedidn?tgohomeuntilwefinishedourhomework.Until在句首 _________________________________________倒裝句式d.強調句式★倒裝總共分為兩種形式:全部倒裝和部分倒裝全部倒裝:主謂賓構成了正常的語序,把謂語動詞提到了動詞的前面,謂語動詞直接發(fā)生在主語之前,那么就是全部倒裝。1)全部倒裝的情況:①當首句為方位或時間副詞,謂語動詞為 go,come等時通常用全部倒裝。如果是進行時態(tài)的話,倒裝后要改為一般現(xiàn)在時。Thebusiscominghere.Thencamethehourwehadbeenlookingforwardto.②如果句首出現(xiàn)了地點狀語,句子也可以進行全部倒裝Theoldmanlivesinthecitycenter.Atemplestandsonthemountain.③當句子當中出現(xiàn)分詞結構的時候,可以把現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞和地點狀語聯(lián)系在一起放在句首,把be動詞留在中間當作謂語動詞,主語放在后面。Aboyagedabout18waslyingonthefloor.Aboyagedabout18liesonthefloor.Agroupofyoungpeoplearesittingontheground.eg.300名日本青年正在訪問北京。300JapaneseyoungpeoplearevisitingBeijing.2)部分倒裝的形式:主謂賓保持原來的形式,謂語動詞的助動詞放到主語的前面。1、當句首狀語為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語時,這個句子就需要部分倒裝這類詞語有hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom,never,few,little,less,atnotime,bynomeans,innocase,undernocircumstance,innoway,onnoaccount,onnoconsideration,nolonger,notonly等。eg.Heneversmokes.他從來不抽煙。eg.Notonlydidthecustomercomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit.2、當句首為only加狀語的時候,這個句子需要部分倒裝。eg.OnlywithyoucanIfeelhappy.3、so......that結構中的so位于句首時,常引起部分倒裝 eg.HerunssofastthatIcan'tcatchupwithhim.eg.Themoonwassobrightthattheflowersbrightasbyday.4、as表示雖然的意思。 eg.AlthoughIamyoung,Icanlivebymyself.AlthoughIlikemusicverymuch,....虛擬語氣的倒裝Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyisabreedofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohaveagrowingrespectfortheeconomicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad與.新技術息息相關的是一些現(xiàn)代商人,他們日益看重國外生意的經(jīng)濟價值。ReachingnewpeaksofpopularityinNorthAmericaisIcebergWater,whichisharvestedfromicebergsoffthecoastofNewfoundland,Canada萃.取自加拿大紐芬蘭沿岸冰山的“冰水”在北美的受歡迎程度一再創(chuàng)出新高。NotonlyhasthehighwaysystemaffectedtheAmericaneconomybyprovidingshippingroutes,ithasledtothegrowthofspin-offindustrieslikeservicestations,motels,restaurants,andshoppingcenters/malls公.路系統(tǒng)不但為美國經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展提供了運輸路線,還帶動了一批諸如加油站、汽車旅館、酒店、購物中心等相關行業(yè)的發(fā)展。Notonlydoweevaluatethecauseofthepain,whichcanhelpustreatthepainbetter,butwealsohelpprovidecomprehensivetherapyfordepressionandotherpsychologicalandsocialissuesrelatedtochronicpain我.們不僅要找出疼痛的病因,幫助我們更好地治療;還要提供綜合療法,治療與慢性疼痛相關的抑郁癥和其他心理與社交問題。HadInotattendedthisworkshop,Iwouldhaveautomaticallyassumedthemanwasthebestcandidatebecausethepositionrequiredquiteabitofextensivetravel如.果我不是參加了這次講習班,我肯定會不由自主地認為那位男士候選人更合適,因為我們這個空缺的崗位需要頻繁出差。Itissaidthatneverbeforehasmanbeensohighlysuccessfulinhisattemptstomodifytheweatheronaverysmallscale.據(jù)說人們從來沒有過這么大的成功嘗試用這么小的規(guī)模去描述氣候。條件狀語從句1)連接詞:if,once,aslongas,onconditionthat①如果引導的條件可以實現(xiàn),主將從現(xiàn);②如果引導的條件和事實相反,則用虛擬語氣;eg:Ifwintercomescan?tspringbefarbehind?Aslongasitdoesn'train,wecanplay.Youcangooutonconditionthatyouwearanovercoat.ifonly:只要;onlyif:只有Theseniorlibrarianatcirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme3the shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.A.eversinceB.muchasC.eventhough D.ifonly原因狀語從句連接詞:because,since,as,for,nowthat,inthat,owingto,dueto,thanksto,becauseof,asaresultof;比較because,since,as和

for:because語勢最強,用來說明人所不知的原因,回答是顯而易見的或已為人們所知,就用 as或since。

why提出的問題。當原因Ididn'tgo,becauseIwasafraid.Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.由because引導的從句如果放在句末,且前面有逗號,則可以用如果不是說明直接原因,而是多種情況加以推斷,就只能用

forfor。

來代替。但Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.nowthat:既然;inthat:因為,通常只能放

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