英漢互譯關(guān)于鋼結(jié)構(gòu)交錯(cuò)桁架體系的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)

ErectingtheStaggered-trussSystem:AViewfromtheFieldARTHURE.HASSLERThestaggered-steeltrusssystemhasbeenusedasthemajorsupportingelementformanyyears.Projectsusingthistrusssystemareeconomical,easytofabricateanderect.andasaresultbeatoutallotherframingsystems.Thispaperdealswithabuildingrecentlycompletedwhichusedthestaggeredsteeltrusssystem.TheprojectistheResortsInternationalHotelinAtlanticCity,N.J.FABRICATIONFabricationofthistypeofstructurecanreadilybeaccomplishedbyanyshopengagedinstructuralsteelfabrication,providedtheypossesscertifiedweldersandarewelding-oriented.Inaddition,thebuildingmustcontainoverheadcranescapableoflifting10to15-tontrussesandcolumnsforprojectsupto20stories.Fabricationinvolvesthefollowingcomponents:(1)Columns,(2)SpandrelBeams,(3)Trusses,(4)SecondaryColumnsandBeamsand(5)FloorSystem.1—ColumnsColumnfabricationisnotcomplicatedforbuildingsupto20-storieshigh.Theywillberolledwide-flangesectionsuptoW14×720withthelongestbeingapproximately25ftinlengthandwithatotalweightof9to10tonseach(baseplatesareshippedloose).Columnscontainedinbuildingsfrom20to30storieswillprobablybereinforcedwithflangeplatesasinFig.1.Above30storieswillbebuilt-uptypecolumnsconsistingofthreeplatesofvaryingthickness.OntheResortsInternationalHotelproject,wehadtofabricate(Fig.2)columnswith8-in.thickflangeplatesand6-in.thickwebplates.Thistypeofcolumnrequiresmoresophisticatedfabricationequipmentsuchaspreheatdevices,submergedarcweldingequipmentandheavyliftingcapacityof25to40tons.Inotherwords,Figure1Figure2shopshavingthecapacitytohandleheavyplatesandplatefabrication.AsinFig.3,thesecolumnscanalsocontainheavybracingconnectionsinthebottomtierwhichtransfersthewindloadtotheconcretefoundation.Asanalternatefortransferofthiswindstress,abracingtruss(Fig.4)canbeusedatthebottomifarchitecturalfeaturesarenotobstructed.2—SpandrelBeamsSpandrelbeamsaredesignedtoresistthewindmomentimposedontheendwallsinthelongitudinaldirection(Figs.5,6).Toresistthisforce,theycanbesteelbeamsmomentconnected(Fig.7)eitherbyendplateconnectionsorflangeplatestopandbottomwithaweb-shearplate.Fabricationofthistypeofbeampresentsnoproblem.However,duetorollingtolerances,thematchingholesonthecolumnflangeplatesortheflangewidthdimensionwhenusingendplateswillhavetobecheckedandmatchedwiththebeamtoinsurecorrectcenter-to-centerofcolumns.Thisbeamcontrolsthetotallengthofthebuilding.Inabuildingwith9or10baysadeviationof+?in.perbay(withintherollingtolerance)increasestheoveralllengthby2to2?in.Thebeamwillalsorequirea2-hourfirerating(sprayon)inaccordancewithmostbuildingcodes.Figure3Figure4Figure5Figure6吳Figu年re7庸Figu聯(lián)re8長(zhǎng)Asa所res山ult烤oft毀his,鋒and吩wit艷hth三ein宣put蠻oft仔hea備rchi慧tect至on塑the掘proj喚ects寺we醉have考com雷plet扁ed,萄a(bǔ)co樂ncre婦tes賊pand多rel孝beam瘡was姐dev社elop握ed(洗Fig.錯(cuò)8)欲ton趁oto枝nly汽prov違ide乒ani川ncre院ased塵lev閑era錫rmt倡ore幫sist辮the歐app侄lied惠mom丈ent,塘but屋als需oto討eli斯mina壁tef旬irep也roof沾ing捆and娃att推hes永ame醒time么ser金vea權(quán)spa助rto勸fth周eex揚(yáng)teri毯orf展acad殖e.T浙his輕dist旦ance例bet躬ween惡con紫nect厲ions出on法the梁colu祖mnp你rodu攜ced凡aco底nsid能erab林led摩ecre堵ase雨int掌heq懼uant黎ity鐮off隊(duì)ield趕bol夾ts.掙Ina煤ddit泥ion,唉by樂usin闖gco稿ncre棕te,彼the緞beam些can版als針ofu糧ncti貴ona蓄spa瘦rto萬(wàn)fth城eex襲teri金orf盆acad泛e.F洋ort怕heR趁esor薄tsH租otel帳thi柱sbe抖amw器asa暴str從uctu遵ral栗comp返onen掩ton眉lya常ndc姻onta備ined譽(yù)ins躺erts督to所secu揮ret環(huán)hew泄indo才wwa詢llf抄acad日e.H姜owev并er,怕itd骨ide預(yù)limi汪nate兼fie簡(jiǎn)ld-a獎(jiǎng)ppli慶edf間irep筐roof護(hù)ing.窯Sho輛pwo扶rkw鋸asn槐ot尚elim抗inat星edb報(bào)yth珠iss裳ubst握itut拒ion襲ofc學(xué)oncr勤ete樸for線stee清l.T中oin陽(yáng)sure略the深acc亦urat盼efi權(quán)t,a貝spr援evio亦usly朝dis蹤cuss猾ed,族itw史asd葉ecid想edt雜ode洽velo駝pa華span吩drel杜reb李arc饅age原tob墨efa鎖bric拍ated誕in示the識(shí)shop夸and議shi晝pped妨to溫apr艷ecas爸tco衫ntra診ctor獎(jiǎng),wh省owo啄uld柱set便them急in麻ast叉eel井form滑con嗽tain孟ing素ash魂ops桃uppl俊ied突stee紙lji驕gde腰sign降edt眉o(jì)ma吳inta簽int來(lái)oler故ance述son省lya半ste市elf救abri令cato靠rco露uld義prov灣ide.易3蛇—號(hào)Trus已ses耀The醉weig久hto段fa有trus迷sis山det云ermi懸ned冶byg濃ravi見tyl江oads堪,wi化ndl銅oads意,pe樹netr獅atio苦nsd劈uet感oco號(hào)rrid型or,訴door順s,p揉ipes肌and削/or蘇wind悉owo刮peni誤ngs按(Fig司.9)且.Th嗓etr籃uss觀weig凳htw村ill佩vary企fro艇m10估,000饑lbs策.in型a4桑-sto茄ryb棋uild搖ing終to3殿6to板nsi寫na互43-s微tory哄bui柜ldin省gon步the刻Res歇ort匯proj量ect.死Tru于ssf買abri償cati從oni桑sno現(xiàn)tdi熊ffic兩ult.忍The薄ysh邊ould招be揭set濕upo圍nju波gst督oma穴inta闊inc血orre教cto挪vera奉lld踐imen鍛sion浴s.H庭owev鼠er,戰(zhàn)qual排ifie貞dwe精lder桃sar輸ere益quir堆edt丘ofo纖llow鼠aq授uali慮tya唇ssur棉ance詢pro糞gram篩(Fi亞g.1鼓0).賠4表—宰Seco劍ndar楚ySu陡ppor協(xié)ting示Str典uctu躲res據(jù)Seco訪ndar經(jīng)ysu拔ppor資ting走str執(zhí)uctu榮res折are址thos桐ene腫cess餐ary先tos巴uppo就rts執(zhí)tair濾ope發(fā)ning狀s,e魚leva盯tor泉shaf現(xiàn)tsa族ndo性ther霞fra饅med拘open經(jīng)ings氧req飽uire才dby橡the學(xué)arc棗hite寶ctur支ald掘esig材n.T嫂his頌isi酒mpor暮tant謝to怕over兔all乎cost寧s.I倘f(wàn)th卷ear穿chit第ect杏reco督gniz蘭est濟(jì)his騙type廁of其stru拼ctur薯als叮olut霧ion權(quán)will妹be蜓used凱,he男can偽des拼ign姜with擋ini曾tsc獅onst伶rain奔tsa牛nda行void電unn清e(cuò)ces駐sary粱add沫itio阿nal著fram御ing.初(糊Figs腐.11勢(shì)and克12)酷.嶄The疫Reso討rts淺proj姐ect言and駝the洪Towe亞rso劑nth中ePa萬(wàn)rkp愿roje娛ct(秀Figs涂.13泳and較14)窯req殿uire燃add址itio廢nal戶supp婆ort番stee招l(wèi)du差eto搭arc搞hite它c(diǎn)tur粉alc禿onfi級(jí)gura杯tion購(gòu)s.T孤hea懼dded恒ste餃elf秩rami寨ngc降anb撇ede疏sign怪eda摸sco匆nven眉tion貢al(鋤i.e.蛛,si計(jì)mple唯she耀ar-c兇onne籌cted灑)or遷to熟resi雅sta乏ppli嘗edw姥ind雞mome鑼nts詢r(jià)equ裁irin煮gpa銳rtia雹lmo折ment夜con毯nect債ions膨.Th伶ist閑ype速off灘rami確ngi母sfa鹽mili辰art泳omo怕stf首abri難cati籃ons禮hops負(fù).薦5橫—夢(mèng)Floo注rSy胡stem紫s捎Floo栗rsy耽stem競(jìng)sca芝nbe輸the山fol失lowi禿ngt會(huì)ypes把,ho公weve腳ral燈lmu捆stb險(xiǎn)ede泡sign價(jià)edt線ode完live奴rth評(píng)ewi潔ndl塔oad米asa擋dia冬phra覽m(s幅hear弄loa聽d)t炎o(hù)th亡esu針ppor米ting宋tru辮sses辰.Fo慕rth神est困eel掩fabr荒icat輕ort笑hey凍pose靜no洽prob凱lems容.Ar等chit腔ectu知rall境y,d享epth逮of罩cons匪truc罩tion幣and宜mec利hani揭cal蛇requ槳irem富ents垃can席and偷wil漆ldi抄ctat抖eth藏ety景peo買fsy膽stem丹to沸beu茅sed.擊As峽ane彎xamp彩le,埋the蔑8-in稠,ho呆llow構(gòu)cor愈efl謹(jǐn)oor芳deck纖pro欄vide滔sa奔floo繭r-to守-flo俊orh遣eigh蕉teq雨ual京toa丹fla仙t-pl求ate夠conc蛇rete敵sys嗚tem.灶The家refo議re,煮tota或lhe翠ight緒of距the墨buil壞ding貿(mào)wil暫lno祥tbe車aff喜ecte犬d.濾Figu此re9賊Figu都re1僵0春Figu廉re1蓬1緞Figu他re1殃2捕Figu休re1精3闊FIEL宿D(zhuǎn)ER圣ECTI蹤ON程This壇typ御eof貢str陰uctu赴reh巨ast致obe芬ere賀cted原on智afl尿oor-覆by-f開loor作seq煤uenc泰ebe監(jiān)caus測(cè)eof俱the住ins恭tabi蘆lity榮cau掏sed薯bya錦flo蝦ors嶺yste們mno娘tin秧pla歷ce.腹Also拐,de宅pend秩ing仁ont買heh碧eigh奪tof至the例bui捷ldin徑g,a奉tow冊(cè)erc桂rane煤has鵝to花beu監(jiān)sed奮tor荒each堂ove洪rth久esp普andr否elb瓶eams慢.Th減eref物ore,膜ac卵rane守mus秧tha仗vet唉her休ange距(re紫ach)異and蛾cap左acit膝y(p尼icki來(lái)ngl間oad)蜘to債cove番rth壇een減tire馬flo鞋ora喉rea站ift糖heb鍛uild轟ing者ist焰ore放main硬sta進(jìn)ble.它Usi咬ngg顆uyc案able醫(yī)sor梨tem淺pora議ryb憲raci足ngi誘nter吃fere令swi堆tht枯hee易rect剛ion本proc介ess.脫Guy寨der冒rick澤s(t導(dǎo)hose摸att緣ache賭dto個(gè)and余cli吩mbin升gup淋on支colu行mns)烘and蠶int桌erna經(jīng)lcl蹲imbi賓ngc晝r(jià)ane剛s(s弄uppo駛rted嚇on流the秒floo棵rst竭ruct稱ure)捏can齡not尖beu篩sed,側(cè)unl謀ess風(fēng)the庭desi外gnp杠rovi佩des瞎supp作ort慚area繼s菊—幅such根as鴉ane兔leva薪tor盤core蜜whi湯chc宮anb青ere嚴(yán)info研rced犁to槽supp電ort齊the膝addi迷tion霸all做oads幫.鎮(zhèn)For蒼buil挪ding筐sup某to宋abou孕t20測(cè)sto萌ries悔wit廢ha乏floo床rhe加ight矛of線8ft飛-9i遼n.(棟ato稍tal欣heig漆hto中fab乖out撈190時(shí)ft,年ato垂wer循cran振e,s傾elfs瓣uppo漏rted碎,tr蒸uck害orc姿at-m犁ount侵ed(叨simi廈lar幼toa爪Man樓itow駐oc4登100W脫),c叛a(bǔ)nb維eus很ed.棉Abov鞏e20投sto用ries輛,us循ean催ext懂erna前l(fā)cl櫻imbi質(zhì)ngc粱rane澇(si廊mila閥rto道Lin糧kBe口ltT疼G-19置00)端supp幅orte更don桑ste殿elt旦ower隆uni蜻tsa構(gòu)ndc甩onne訪cted潔to肝the盼stru阿ctur貞eat饞int灣erva愚lso俗f75恰ft,標(biāo)wit亭hth族e(cuò)in綢itia菠lti陽(yáng)e-in喉at逼160揪ft.凳Figu裳res認(rèn)15,切16,邀17a丘nd1佛8sh兇owc鮮rane哲loc拍atio限n,r孟ange爪etc基.fo此rer致ecti登ono渾fHi綱llsd蚊ale割Seni鼻orC梅itiz截ens誓Buil腹ding俗,Ha船cket滋tsto浴wnS目enio到rCi綿tize邪nsB錦uild劇ing礙and拍Towe竄rso繭nth姓ePa娘rkr喂espe導(dǎo)ctiv草ely.物The沿ere辰ctio鈔nse炮quen肆cei錦sim灰port活ant由beca賠use象oft漠hep君revi膊ousl笛yme映ntio圓ned貨stab哀ilit蛾yof賞the茫str籮uctu頌re.場(chǎng)Its盛houl話dpr擠ocee灰das蜻fol湊lows屈:很1.S聲etc遷olum渴ns梯2.S兔ets脂pand籃rel粘beam討sto羨tie末col這umns賤alo例ngs店tron推gax抄is速3.S滲ett穿russ仙es墨Figu慮re1腿4庸Note婦:皮Conn科ecti啟ono權(quán)fth皂ebo場(chǎng)ttom量cho千rds舒houl碼dbe廉bol椒ted底tigh頂taf孫ter朽the無(wú)dead當(dāng)loa姜dis萄imp獅osed劣fro廟mth板e(cuò)fl祖oor拿syst位em.噸The技bott教omc昂hord對(duì)sho丑uld賓bes夾hort賞ened橋app羨roxi茄mate塔ly3敞/16粗in.偏toa深llow幅for鉗cam村ber流redu竊ctio膨nan鋤dsu愿bseq謎uent賞cho禁rdl別engt溝heni蜂ng)肯4.B殘olt勸upa圓ndt狗orqu診ehi塔gh-t考ensi絡(luò)onb效olts倡5.T天he8掌-in.險(xiǎn)hol顯low-毀core救pla用nks群are錢bolt昌ed(光inl釀ieu退ofw甚eld屈plat羞es)吳tot釘het粥russ絞(Fi估g.1祝9).襯This要pro端vide詞san慈imm愧edia擁teb滅raci辭ngs梢yste葛m,w縣orki蹦ngp姐latf得orm輩etc.膀bet源ween呢tru溪sses框.Ho籌weve踩r,g縱rout尤ing溜the仇key定join帖tsm死ust帶proc買eed槐top尸rovi坊det迎h(huán)es佛hear傅dis柴trib枯utio鋤npr守evio盯usly饑men勞tion恥ed.洲Note好:怒Due挖tot舌hei塑nher病ent塞stif青fnes跪sof外the椒tru姜sses逐,co娘ncre篇tes家pand丈rel獨(dú)beam褲san栗dho摔llow抽-cor黑efl樹oor難plan奧ks,彩thes級(jí)est素ruct穩(wěn)ures螞can雄saf畏ely鍛bee撫rect畜edf識(shí)ora住bout鹽微8益–客10f集loor指sbe墳fore眉gro瞎utin于gha仙sto死be病inp養(yǎng)lace徐.Du嫁r(nóng)ing歪ext波reme如wea淋ther房con背diti首o(hù)n陡s墓—械cold穿,ra下ine占tc誦.通—六erec踐tion部can貝pro輕ceed倆eve僑nth館ough大con紅cret瓜eca泛nnot針be逮pour孟ed.反Figu渴re1細(xì)5簡(jiǎn)Figu捎re1銅6照Figu奪re1迎7順Figu唐re1頸8今Figu引re1胳9掩BUIL高DING兵COS辦TS撒Usin駛ga干buil打ding系con識(shí)tain助ing找13s怎uppo堤rted脆l(xiāng)ev賭els,決9b能ays雜@25南ft憑c.t戲oc.般lon叼gan竿d56榮ft-班1in談.c.賺to壁c.m遲ain歇buil夸ding罷col祝umns膝con烈tain牛ing溪abou帳t17欣0,00忽0sq深ft賢ofs扯uppo池rted校are拐aus案ing宰6-in痛,th咽ick約conc讀rete暖spa程ndre煎lbe溉ams原acti疏nga掏lso往ast相hee元xter煙ior棟faca閘dea占nd4付-in.究thi殃ckp川reca乒ste的ndw動(dòng)alls串a(chǎn)s廣ane帝xamp嗽le,生the尿foll嗚owin氏gis命the小bui橫ldin苗gco濟(jì)st:炸Buil鄰ding佛Cos饅tBr助eakd姨own翻1.S望truc屬tura衣lst苦eel子2.P襖reca脫stc樸oncr菌ete厭elem謀ents析3.M雄isce塘llan把eous申ite蠟ms嗽4.E皮rect葬ion百5.U調(diào)nit藍(lán)pric晚epe丈rsq貍ft窗Item舞它1熔—械Stru窗ctur賽als勝teel帝Mate典rial尸cos衰tsW未eigh柜t(l段bs.)舊1.A氏ncho猛rbo撈lts邊500色2.C戚olum錢ns&遷loo鈔seb轎ase蕩plat副es6售00,0肯00徐3.T俯russ垃es5罪80,0夾00嚷4.M撇isce鈴llan少eous汽bea懼ms禍A.E綿leva輔tor悉divi姿der猜beam來(lái)s唇B.E毯nds鏡pand幫rel亭beam閘s服C.R助oof廚beam森s搜D.P廊enth變ouse縱&e燈leva收tor拐mach尖.ro揀omb橫eams薦167鳥,500出5.F葉ield夾bol托ts1派2,00就0育6.P斜aint痰(if脫req莊uire鞭d)著7.S妄hipp壽ing溜Tota著lco脆st:豐1,36刮0,00魚0@$舉.30/擁lb.沿aver句age球1,36靠0,00伍0lb竭s.(煌8lb盆./sq溉f(wàn)t)惰=$痕408本,000份.稿Note遼:晝Nom彩ater紀(jì)ial家disc巧ount噴sha懇veb獅een展appl塌ied尸Shop鄭dra亦ftin躺g曉—膊1,36皂0hr慈s.@怒=27熱,2$發(fā)20/h貝r.0獲0.舟Shop志lab盲o驅(qū)r惰—適Shop壺lab爬ora果vera盾ged忙15h鼓rs./桂ton筑680筑tons孤×1沃5H/痛T=1匠0,20盞0hr瀉s.@駛$15猜/hr.辰=1政53,0仆00.活Tota創(chuàng)lit佳em輛1?！約tee拒lfu浪rnis記hed香&de遙live改red頸$58敗8,20執(zhí)0.添Item點(diǎn)2菜Prec釋ast搞conc脅rete賢com籠pone臉nts置1.S濕pand提rel洪beam督s皮(殿a)R衫ebar洋cag湊es2拒34p禿cs.宮@$4萌00=維$9頑3,60謊0唱(結(jié)b)C兄asti袖ng2瓦2,34還0sq予ft太@$9替.50勞=21童2,23獨(dú)0查Tota聯(lián)lde飲live鴿red典pric練e$3扔05,8憲30=余$3弦50,8欄30.裙2.4管-in.套pre犬cast遣end來(lái)wal毯ls,納12,8壽26s竟qft者@$慕6.50羨/sq及ft=患83,閱369.廊3.8愧-in.充hol隊(duì)low-穴core朗pla剝nk,糟165,糾000蘇sqf文t@巾$3.5誼0/sq批ft蜓=57爛7,50豎0.映4.C那onne傻ctio哥nan此gles鞋,pl還ank神&sp墳andr濾elt吹ies,蛾fie膜ldb崇olts勢(shì)=1杜0,00子0.$斗976格,699季.圈5.G朝rout燙pre脊cast廈pla絞nks聽(市a)P右lank濤joi鍛nts網(wǎng)(屠b)P悲lank判end丘s,1巡65,0還00s蠻qft睡@$山.50/涌sqf光t=鬧82,5翁00.惕6.C鹽aulk久ing瘋Exte豆rior郊joi撞nts框Inte朵rior幟pla瞧nkj肌oint度s=閥25,0停00.緒Tota含lIt蜜em晉2炒—奧prec免ast于conc散rete搞$1,允084,盲199.繁Item燭3很Misc錯(cuò)ella壤neou床sit肢ems桐(屋a)F膊ield各exp此ense揭s鍋(償b)S夏hop映&fi辦eld滅test薪ing牛=25站.000歸.姐Item區(qū)4解Fiel邀dla籍bo帝r彈—釘Equi蔥pmen眾tcr殺ane軍Mani錫towo逮c41弓00W妨(協(xié)a)1聲.Cr征ane牽set觸up&扒rem樣oval錘2.S劍hipp練ing棋to&胸fro嗽msi設(shè)te歲3.7丈0-to融ntr耽uck息cran掃e&糖crew緣to易asse決mble鮮=4眾0,00晴0.裝Hois社ting得(b)霜For購(gòu)this制siz久ebu糕ildi投n淺g鼠—鄰shou嫩ldc圓ompl仇ete俱abou堡t13礎(chǔ),000索sq欄ft/f慈loor案in商four泡day吼s,i溫nclu舒des考a10塑%do桂wnf臥acto地rfo真rwe蹦athe鑰ran且dma辦inte旁nanc盈e.緊Cran翅e反—擾3mo微nths飛ren虎tal饞Cran膝ecr殲e游w崗—事2me豆n×眾60d供ays完=12優(yōu)0ma猜n-da咸ys藥Hois民t"模羅—旗6me勵(lì)n×驢60d欠ays錦=36見0"挎"伏Bolt均"士突—男6me千n×瓶60d貧ays控=36徹0"背"育Ston亞e"名象—蜂4me企n×敏60d慈ays酒=24拼0"紐"語(yǔ)Surv束eys涂鋤—源1ma割n×夸60d青ays棄=60伐""梯Supe速r呆檢—緣1ma響n×討60d釋ays晨=60倚""哪Tota搭l1,姿200寶""廢@$3春15/d船ay=辛378鉗,000躺.斬Tota合lIt勉em節(jié)4淺—它Fiel扔dla披bor熄418,忙000.除Tota珍lIt練ems核1,2咳,3,闖4T擔(dān)otal求cos雅t$2羨,115清,399梅.×O秩&P1避5%3頃17,3盜10.依Tota域l$2暢,432驚,709傻.+沙Sale咳sta政xif襲req破uire三d三Item謀5笑Unit黎pri來(lái)cep卡ers汗quar辜efo業(yè)ot晨(遲a)S按truc汪tura艦lfr栽ame萍cons區(qū)isti祥ngo息f:沫1.S娃truc貍tura塑lst叔e(cuò)el村2.C柿oncr薦ete賴span脖drel鵝bea蝦ms御3.8覽-in.妻hol油low-躁core津pla乒nk,暫incl滅udin釣ggr義outi私ng城(三b)A墓rchi鄙tect口ural統(tǒng)com直pone貌nt偉(獨(dú)c)4憑-in.輪Pre佩cast忌end弱wal拼ls,執(zhí)incl思udin茂gca浩ulki薦ng慕1.T左otal艦cos稍tof限the下sup社port陳edf碧rame樸=$溫2,28種4,34招3=義$13.泥44s狐qft廁2."飄""舅"ex堆teri喚orf植acad習(xí)e=革148,上266塌=.8賭7津Tota朗l$2墨,432薪,609巴=$倦14.3束1sq炭ft勾Erec坡tion暢all曲owan洪c鑒e藝—爬appr捧ox.既$31,嗽760若COST鋤FOR鉛FRA死MING予THE刮RES重ORTS埋INT股ERNA晃TION舒ALH紡OTEL陪Buil畜ding看Des室crip垮tion迷Asp煤revi哭ousl耕ysh氏own,隙thi辭sbu帝ildi效ngc渴onta國(guó)ined足43席supp鋼orte恥dle糖vels映app圾rox.購(gòu)1,1帆16,0四00s團(tuán)qft皆;42比0ft辰hig掉h.蹄Cent結(jié)er(顛elev燭.co哈re)肥鄉(xiāng)—挪35天ft×帶114康ft似Two橋adja補(bǔ)cent刑win厚gs塘花—派68惰ft×連157孝ft-孕6in膜.座Tota矮lst團(tuán)eel中weig休ht倡載—始13,陶700餓tons裝,24績(jī).6l潛bs./溜sqf峰t0蜜Tota受lco泰sto跨fth宗isp熱roje襖ct,之base礙don掙ac普ontr車act殃pric素eof歉$22漿,100呆,000嬌(in踢clud路ing怪perf走orma客nce鴨bond猾and駐sal逼est冒ax),吩amo允unte亞dto危$19膠.80/齒sqf擠t.習(xí)Note壓s:束1.F那ield掩ere賣ctio晃nco稠mmen罪ced盛onM吵arch濱18,思198戲5,w添ith竹the址fina過lli瓦fto虧nMa坡rch充31,限1986果.Pr摔ojec織twa蛙s僑esti喉mate幕dto酒tak表eon遇eye尤aru劃sing念two脈cra應(yīng)nes,若and執(zhí)inc偉ludi勤ngh閑olid角ays,件wea貝ther鞋and也dow運(yùn)nti膜me.捏2.T混hes竿truc講ture潮is捏plum昌bwi父thin愁5/8睡in.蜜fro懂mto嚼pfl鳳oor駁tog薪roun修dle動(dòng)ve償l驚—相quit襯ean郵ach雙ieve堆ment表(Fi醒g.2熄0).販SUMM襖ARY綁Ith瑞asb忌een叨show食nth殿eus皇eof獵thi狼ssy華stem果for廁apa牧rtme后nts吼and核hote哪lsi紐sfa恰sta政nde斃cono避mica盼l.A豈str凝uctu攜ral音fram溜e,i曬nclu系ding離the宜ext貫erio霜rfa廚cade殊,ca洗nbe畜com擦plet供eda都ssh俗o(hù)wn很int遠(yuǎn)wom服onth港sfo飛ra淘cost轎equ模alt號(hào)owh齊atw銳ould稻pro戴vide壟onl挑ya滋stru猛ctur選als況uppo東rtf勞rame達(dá),su佳cha淹sfl沖at-p肺late摧con粥cret鬼e.M蠶ater適ial頃cost券sar荷eba苦sica榨lly蹈the唯same轟thr遺ough籃out善the怖coun夕try.件How乘ever供,th爽eyc垮anv內(nèi)ary壇due貴tom偶ill鏡disc葉ount滑s,f共reig貨hte突tc.挖The價(jià)cost允of若shop駝pro徑duct漆ion脈and味fiel穩(wěn)dla灣bor右can牧vary然con尼side孤rabl母ydu怎eto約fac蜜tors壘suc岔has驗(yàn)uni握onv同s.n榴on-u慮nion承,fr倦inge嫂ben醬efit斬s,i笑nsur育ance霧etc畜.To虹ana勸lyze儀the傾imp倦act棗oft播his件syst劇eml渣ocal有l(wèi)y,譽(yù)care親sho章uld辰bee摸xerc仰ised塊in菠conv規(guī)erti銷ngt恰olo狗cal姜wage籍s.咱Reso慈rts培Inte赤rnat妨iona句lAt孕l(wèi)ant脅icC墨ity,筒New鈴Jer災(zāi)sey捧Figu椒re2絹0銀172傲ENGI響NEER抓ING鈔JOUR奶N(yùn)AL香/AM毅ERIC怨ANI突NSTI比TUTE僅OF測(cè)STEE勾LCO凳NSTR曉UCTI怖ON直關(guān)于鋼結(jié)近構(gòu)交錯(cuò)桁釋架體系的哀一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)膝鋼結(jié)構(gòu)交并錯(cuò)桁架體輸系成為主痕要的支撐丘體系已經(jīng)缺很多年了才，工程中數(shù)使用這種鞭桁架體系局是經(jīng)濟(jì)的巧，易于制伶造和安裝炕，因此優(yōu)翁于所有其川他的支撐脹體系。這溫篇論文研顏究了一棟兵近期建造欲的完全使絹用了交錯(cuò)拴桁架建筑漂體系，該腫工程是新剛澤西瘋州之,縱大西洋城象的一家國(guó)澆際度假酒兔店。制造余任何從事朵結(jié)構(gòu)鋼生堪產(chǎn)的企騾業(yè)撇,弄只要他們釋擁有合格蝦的焊工及密焊接方面哀的技房術(shù)練,沫特們就能勁輕而易舉港地制造出舉這種結(jié)付構(gòu)希.大此視外像,瞇建筑還必駕須具備架煩空吊嗚車蘆,腫能夠筋將閣1逝0喬至錯(cuò)1閣5瘡噸重的桁剪架及柱吊抄至扔2天0妻層高跡處攜.皮該結(jié)構(gòu)的經(jīng)制造包括采下列構(gòu)逆件腐(1旦)蝕柱珍(2占)蟻拱側(cè)撓梁叫(3慌)徑桁筍架甲(4背)領(lǐng)次柱及次璃梁所(5罩)記樓蓋1-柱畫高栗達(dá)遺2莊0鹽層的建筑裝物股,陳其柱子的問制造并不碌復(fù)冬雜往.裳它們被軋磚制成寬翼路緣截面大亮可縱達(dá)想W14×搬720欣,授最長(zhǎng)式近恨2紋5懇英土尺毒,耳總重量缸達(dá)毅9銹至奶1席0羊噸每吊塊餃(經(jīng)底版分散移安怠裝更).3逝0蕉層以上建罵筑物的柱朝子是組合固式距柱棚,溝由辟3禾塊厚度不休一的板組棋成挎.訊我們所建喉的國(guó)際度鋼假酒汁店楊,腿其翼緣板機(jī)厚雙8篇英釘寸請(qǐng),烘腹板查厚叨6晚英惕寸椒.賊這種柱需戰(zhàn)要精密的羞制造設(shè)社備鈔,骨如錢,旁預(yù)熱裝神置統(tǒng),壓水下焊接儉設(shè)備以及丘具淋備腦25-4枯0趕噸的攜重銜能腰力煌.譯換句話片說羊,觀企業(yè)必須洪具有處理雙重板及板珍面制造的失能刷力福.腸如榜圖廈3瓣,焰這些柱子雁底層具有勵(lì)重型支撐凡連曾接萍,肺此連接可券將風(fēng)荷轉(zhuǎn)迎移到混泥東土基座苗上逐.藝支撐桁蘿架慘(丙如羅圖暢4徒)恒作為一種葡轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)壓掛的方每法鍵,努如果對(duì)建揀筑特色不次造成影鐮響介,循可以用于疼底厚部斥.披2眨-倒拱側(cè)梁虜尿李拱側(cè)梁是檔用于抵抗瀉衡附壓在矮縱向尾墻卸上的風(fēng)本矩頓(漠見愧圖麗5\6)杰.亮為抵抗這遺股力量拱廈側(cè)梁可以例是鋼板梁為矩律,犁由尾板的鼓連接部分批來(lái)連接黃的蛇,執(zhí)或者帶有露焊剪板的胳翼緣板頂售和底連接姻起來(lái)伙的誘.團(tuán)這種梁的德制造不會(huì)紋出現(xiàn)任何稼問暮題執(zhí).左但宣是魔,悶由于輾軋銷耐度不肆同牢,婦在使用尾桐板懷時(shí)派,突柱上的匹齒配來(lái)孔幣,怕翼緣法板日,環(huán)或者是翼抄緣寬圍必暢須經(jīng)過校潤(rùn)對(duì)槽,錦與梁相匹擱配跪,挖以確保柱講心與柱心毛之間無(wú)御誤愛.鳳這種梁控雨制著整個(gè)軌建筑物的秤長(zhǎng)句度遭.扛一棟建筑躲物有九個(gè)逆或十個(gè)壁福洞打(葡偏差槽為狠±1\種4組英造寸旋)燈,棉每個(gè)壁洞漏將使總長(zhǎng)門度每從低2授英尺增加癥到榜2.炎5夢(mèng)英彼尺陽(yáng).徹根據(jù)大多巖數(shù)建筑物步的規(guī)分則水,植梁也要求騙有朝2曬小時(shí)的耐安火定額度嘴。單魄兵因此，再識(shí)加上建筑奧設(shè)計(jì)師的惹努力，一技根混泥土子拱側(cè)梁就裳不僅是提聾供了一根伏杠桿來(lái)夏抗拒應(yīng)用紋矩，并能膽根除防火疏裝置的使墨用，同時(shí)梨還可作為惜外用面的縫一部分。關(guān)柱上的這滿種連接距辭離促使域蜻螺栓的使脅用大大減磁少。此外刑，通過使踩用混泥土診，此梁還妻可以作為欺外正面的月一部分。租拱側(cè)梁只籃是度假酒鞭店的一個(gè)訴構(gòu)件，它綁包含了一麗些插入件角以確保窗壓墻的正面蒸。但是，魚它確實(shí)消映除了防火惱裝置的使翅用。用混液泥土代替杠鋼板并不哪能消除車撈間工作。烘為確保能驅(qū)夠精確匹臉配，如前餐所述，決拾定在車間圣內(nèi)研制一杯個(gè)拱側(cè)箱聾，并將它鈔運(yùn)送給預(yù)科制承包商振。承包商櫻會(huì)將它安病入一個(gè)鋼蚊板牲格要7懷，此鋼板謹(jǐn)格具有工番廠提供的晶用來(lái)保持東韌性的鉆復(fù)模（只有坐鋼板生產(chǎn)政商才能提銜供）。3—桁架撿迫寇桁架的重朗量是由物秧荷、風(fēng)荷壩以及由于辨走廊、門族、管道及珍窗戶的敞腔開而引起萬(wàn)的穿透率挎所決定的役（如互圖喘9庫(kù)）。其大撐小變化可煎以復(fù)從嚷4維層樓建筑脾的占1從0姨，罵000I蹲b西s躬變層到衣4叫3若層的度假擺酒店工程軟的故3肢6理噸。桁架殖制造并不銅困難。桁畝架應(yīng)該是綁豎立采在醋巡挽壺狀物上潤(rùn)以保持準(zhǔn)祥確的總面暢積大小。紋但是，合販格的焊接造工必須遵齒循質(zhì)量保稿證程序，櫻（如鍛圖曾1軌0廁）線4役—膠次支撐結(jié)匆構(gòu)羽平污次支撐結(jié)粗構(gòu)就是那勝些在建筑何設(shè)計(jì)上要悉求用來(lái)支羞撐樓梯接敲隙、電梯停軸、以及籍其它框架盛物的附屬賽物。次支跟撐結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)增總成本至屬關(guān)重要。衫如果設(shè)計(jì)白師意識(shí)到咐這種結(jié)構(gòu)挽方法會(huì)被唇使用到，鑼他的設(shè)計(jì)殘就能保持嚴(yán)在限度范制圍之內(nèi)，襪從而避免吵不必要的聾附加設(shè)計(jì)災(zāi)。度假酒腰店工程及碌公園工程敬中的塔（則如簽圖槐1昆3目、遙1逗4規(guī)），由于涉建筑設(shè)計(jì)讓構(gòu)造都要減求附加支觸撐鋼板。折附加支撐應(yīng)鋼板結(jié)構(gòu)喇可以設(shè)計(jì)綁成傳統(tǒng)式跨的或者設(shè)任計(jì)成抗風(fēng)開矩的。這各種框架與弱大多數(shù)生報(bào)產(chǎn)廠里的職是相似的擊。5—樓蓋衡汽棕樓蓋可以殘是如下幾追種類型，廚但是設(shè)計(jì)理上都必須忽能作為一仍種隔板傳途遞風(fēng)荷帶休支撐桁架糟上。這對(duì)蹄鋼板制造烘者并不會(huì)囑產(chǎn)生任何同影響，從辜建筑上說繭，建設(shè)的縮深度及機(jī)藏械要求能淚夠也會(huì)決求定所使用是的樓蓋種貸類。例如踩，那東塊哀8緣英寸的空降心樓板就穗能提供一境種樓層與再樓層間的縱高度（等壯同于混泥碰土樓蓋）西。因此，妨建筑物的痰總體高度布不會(huì)受到帽影響。頑領(lǐng)域建筑援物憤這種類型呀的結(jié)構(gòu)必起須按照一隱層接一層皮的順序建途筑，因?yàn)橘t不適合的錯(cuò)樓蓋會(huì)造魄成不穩(wěn)定磚所以必須斜這么做。白也取決于明建筑物的同高度。一據(jù)因?yàn)楦邩抢鹬貦C(jī)的疫使用，所跟以會(huì)超過摸拱側(cè)梁。插因此，如朗果想保持而建筑物的衫穩(wěn)定，一漿臺(tái)起重機(jī)私必須要有燈覆蓋整個(gè)嶄摟層怎面積的范捆圍和能力豬。使用鋼肌索電纜成岡臨時(shí)的支撕撐裝置介汽入建筑物融進(jìn)程。鋼拍索起重機(jī)戲（那些附孝屬的和向旬上的柱狀優(yōu)物）以及加內(nèi)部上升臭起重機(jī)（藍(lán)支撐摟層赤結(jié)構(gòu)）不祥能使用，櫻除非設(shè)計(jì)含提供支撐及區(qū)改域燒--朽-申比方說電啟梯中心，久它能支撐廚額外的負(fù)鵝荷。侄機(jī)對(duì)于高欺達(dá)氣2船0戲?qū)?，每層低高度逢為紅8ft-酬9i差n越的建筑物閱來(lái)說（總秋高度大約逐為汪190f繞t季）高樓起封重機(jī)、自崗我支撐物替、卡車或芒貓形拖架博（類似于監(jiān)一爪個(gè)倘main枯towo流c410磨0屠w愛）可以被壺使用坡。銀2座0掌層以上，姑可使用一航個(gè)外部上遵升起重機(jī)導(dǎo)（類似么于走Link陵Bel乳tTG桌190她0增），它由技鋼筋塔單鹽元支撐，凡在間隔租為營(yíng)75f隊(duì)t傍原始拉結(jié)抽為凡16蠟0買伏諸特菜f郊t卵的地方與隔結(jié)構(gòu)連接跪。員圖扣1遵5逐、懸1偽6訴、危1末7保和可1兄8成顯示了起萄重機(jī)的份喂量和范圍略等等。對(duì)紛于搏Hill膊sdal饞e餓老年人樓跪，爽Hack補(bǔ)etts努tow雨n蝶老年人以鴿及公圓的踐塔來(lái)說，互建筑物的械順序是十史分重要的層。因?yàn)橄壬郧熬吞岬娇ㄟ^結(jié)構(gòu)的盲穩(wěn)定性問碧題。它可但以按照下未面的程序俘進(jìn)行：1）建柱搬2正）建立拱咱側(cè)梁用來(lái)牲沿著強(qiáng)軸錢系柱狀物禍3蔑）建立構(gòu)比架繩注意：在方冷負(fù)荷從繞樓層體系甘中被加附尖以后，底她部弦應(yīng)該貞用螺栓緊打緊連接。慮考慮到木彈材，底部嬸弦應(yīng)縮短薦到大祖約秘3\16蠢i乒n其。建筑成本窯建筑一個(gè)炎包閣含催1詠3證支撐程度蛛，蠢9牢堤輝@25f嘴tct冰o則c駝長(zhǎng)信和帝56ft掏-1i際n.c阻to姓c.裹津的建筑物蘇。其主要魄的建筑柱戀狀物包括融用場(chǎng)6-i拾n鬼厚的混泥問土拱側(cè)梁涌作成的大嗚約姜17氧0青，望000s桑qf釘t睜的支撐區(qū)阿域，同時(shí)踏也擔(dān)當(dāng)外緒表的角色伍?？梢愿G用離4-i番n萬(wàn)厚的預(yù)制糧端面墻作告為例子。飼下面是建妻筑物的成險(xiǎn)本?？偨ㄖ杀臼叩姆纸?鋼材騰2偽韻預(yù)制混泥狡土成分互3揭鵝各種條款聞4崇興建筑物遷5捕券每霸個(gè)總sqf羨t候的單價(jià)言條轉(zhuǎn)款柏1鑼—?jiǎng)?lì)鋼材敵材料花費(fèi)焰重量畜（俊1b腰s酬）糕1棍饞貓形螺爐栓淡500動(dòng)2朗蘿柱及松木臟板親60油0賞，濾000鎮(zhèn)3評(píng)狂構(gòu)企架劇58岔0你，繁0004各種梁公A攀巡電梯隔離翁梁嫂B游梳端面拱側(cè)忍梁赴該C漆屋似梁服D條匹電梯機(jī)器求房＆電梯衣機(jī)器房選梁睡16行7物，揀500孝5頓義領(lǐng)域螺咐栓述1抓2祝，美000姐6涉濃油漆（如使果有要求莖）7運(yùn)輸紹總成本墳：御1朱，浮36倡0裙，腸00膛0丘＠旁＄拍.301渡l捐b瞎平祝均爽1,3領(lǐng)60,0姜00l盯bs男(欣8lb壘./sq偶ft)卸=$截408寬,000水.閘注意：沒賞有任何材斗料折扣可斗供應(yīng)用間工廠制蛛圖笑----兼1,36靜0hr固s.@蜘=27水,2$腸20/h義r.0超0.夠工廠勞么力采---夫-巴工廠勞力等平均疲15h怎rs./井ton湊680江tons諷×1騾5H/杰T=1漠0,20柜0hr每s.@仁$15諷/hr.乓=1控53,0某00.到總的條撓款廊1---箭--截渾鋼材供給授和運(yùn)輸洞$58饅8,20拌0.條款2繞預(yù)制混泥豎土成分饒1伙緊拱側(cè)梁舊(a塘)申