art6同義詞、反義詞

Part6SenseRelations6.1SenseRelations6.2Hyponymy6.3Synonymy6.4Antonymy6.5Homonymy1精選ppt6.1SenseRelationsWhataresenserelations(語義關(guān)系)?Wordsarearbitrarysymbolsandareindependentidentitiessofarasheirouterfacet---spellingandpronunciation,isconcerned.Butsemantically,allwordsarerelatedinonewayoranother,hencesenserelations.Inlightofsenserelations,wordscanbeclassifiedsemantically.2精選ppt6.1SenseRelationsTypesofsenserelationsHyponymy(上下義關(guān)系)---semanticinclusionSynonymy(同義關(guān)系)---semanticsimilarityAntonymy(反義關(guān)系)---semanticoppositionHomonymy(同形或同音異義關(guān)系)3精選ppt6.2HyponymyThedefinitionofhyponymyHyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Itreferstotherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenthegenus(generallexicalitem)andthespecies(specificlexicalitems).Thegenerallexicalitemiscalledthesuperordinate(上義詞).Thespecificwordsareknownashyponyms(下義詞).4精選ppt6.2Hyponymyliteratureprosefictiondramashortstorynovelettenovelpoetry5精選ppt6.2Hyponymyswimmingboxingrunningracewrestlingweight-liftinghurdleracerunningrelaysprintinglong-distanceracegymnasticsathleticsballgamessports6精選ppt6.2HyponymyThesemanticfieldtheory(語義場理論)Thevocabularyofalanguageisnotsimplyalistingofindependentitems,butisorganizedintoareasorfields,themembersofwhicharejoinedtogetherbysomecommonsemanticcomponent.Thewholevocabularycanbedividedupintofields.Wordsineachfieldaresemanticallyrelatedanddefineoneanother.Vocabularyisseenas‘a(chǎn)nintegratedsystemoflexemesinterrelatedinsense’.------JostTrier(aGermanlinguist)7精選ppt6.2HyponymyThesemanticfieldtheoryMostlanguagessharesamesemanticfields.TimeSpaceAgeKinshipFoodColorEmotion………8精選ppt6.2HyponymyThesemanticfieldtheoryThesemanticfieldofthesameconceptmaynothavethesamemembersindifferentlanguages,thuslexicalgaps(詞匯空缺)

occur.9精選ppt6.2HyponymyThesemanticfieldtheoryThesemanticfieldofkinshipMembersinEnglish:13----father,mother,son,daughter,brother,sister,uncle,aunt,nephew,niece,cousin,husband,wife.MembersinChinese:……….Thesemanticfieldoffoodhotdog,sandwich,hamburger豆腐,饅頭10精選ppt6.2HyponymyThesemanticfieldtheoryemotionjoylovehatefeargrief11精選ppt6.2HyponymyImplicationsofsemanticfieldforvocabularylearningcharacter/virtueeasy-going,aggressive,arrogant,self-conceited,modest,considerate,sympathetic,extrovert,introvert,amicable,Ambitious,honest,loyal,obedient,strong-willed,Iron-willed,trustworthy,obstinate,stubborn,unyielding,confident12精選ppt6.3SynonymyTypesofsynonymsAbsoluteorperfectsynonyms:wordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,I.e.bothingrammaticalandlexicalmeaning,includingconceptualandassociativemeaning.Spoundingandcomposition;wordbuildingandword-formation;malnutritionandundernourishment13精選ppt6.3SynonymyTypesofsynonymsRelativeorpartialsynonyms:wordswhicharesimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreeofagivenquality.Itisthistypeofsynonymsweshalldealwithhere.14精選ppt6.3SynonymySourcesofsynonymsBorrowingNativeBorrowedroomchamberfoeenemyhelpaidleavedepartbodilycorporal15精選ppt6.3SynonymySourcesofsynonymsBorrowingNativeFrenchLatintimeageepochbellystomachabdomenfireflameconflagrationaskquestioninterrogate16精選ppt6.3SynonymySourcesofsynonymsDialectsandregionalEnglishliftelevatortubesubwaypetrolgasolinecallboxtelephoneboothcharmglamour(ScotE)17精選ppt6.3SynonymySourcesofsynonymsFigurativeandeuphemisticofwordsoccupationwalkoflifedreamerstar-gazerdrunkelevatedliedistortthefact18精選ppt6.3SynonymySourcesofsynonymsCoincidencewithidiomaticexpressionspickupchoosegiveupabandongoonwithcontinueputoffpostponewingaintheupperhandhesitatebeintwominds19精選ppt6.3SynonymySemanticallysynonymousfield(同義語義場)Baseonsemanticsimilarity,synonymsareusuallyarrangedintosynonymicgroupsorsets.Withinthisgroupsthereisthemostgeneraltermknownas“synonymicdominant”(主導(dǎo)同義詞).Thesynonymicdominantisthecommondenotationalcomponentthatbringstwoormorewordstogetherintoasynonymicgroup(同義詞群),whichcanbecalledasemanticallysynonymousfield.20精選ppt6.3SynonymySemanticallysynonymousfieldsynonymicdominantsynonymicgroupLeavedepart,quit,retire,withdraw,exit…Lookstare,gaze,eye,peep,glance…Picturepainting,photo,drawing…21精選ppt6.3SynonymyImplicationsofSemanticallysynonymousfieldGeneral------specificSay/speak:murmur,scream,retort,argue,protest,claim,state,declareMonotony----vividnessWehavebutoneaimandonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.WeareresolvedtodestroyHitlerandeveryvestigeoftheNaziregime.Fromthisnothingwillturnus,nothing.Wewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiatewithHitleroranyofhisgangs.-------WinstonChurchillBarbiedoll’sfashion:fashions,costumes,outfits,apparel,dress…..22精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsDifferenceindenotation------look:stare,gaze,eye,peep,glance------laugh:chortle,chuckle,giggle,guffaw,snicker/snigger,titter------extend,increase,expand-------makeone’sway:threadone’sway,digone’sway,breakone’sway,pushone’sway,shoulderone’sway,elbowone’sway,wormone’sway23精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsDifferenceindenotation-----let,allow,permit-----want,wish,desire-----rich,wealthy-----big,large,huge24精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsDifferenceindenotation------chilly,frigid,icy,cold,frosty,coolCool-----chilly-----cold-----frosty-----frigid-----icy25精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsDifferenceinconnotationDifferinemotionalcoloringDifferinstylisticcoloring26精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsDifferenceincollocation-----empty(box,street,room),vacant(seat,chair,apartment),blank(check,ablanksheetofpaper)------alarge(notbig)amount/number/quantityof…------greatcourage/confidence/wisdom------makeefforts,takemeasures27精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsDifferenceincollocation-----accuse….of,charge…with,rebuke…for,reproach…with/for-----alumpofsugar,asheetofpaper,asliceofmeat/bread,acakeofsoap,achunkofwood-----aflockofsheep/goats/birds,aherbofcows/elephants/zebras/antelopes,aschooloffish/whales/dolphins,aswarmofants/bees/wasps/locusts,astableofhorses,aprideoflions28精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsDifferenceindistributionPre-modifierVSpost-modifier---HeisthegreatestlivingnovelistinEngland.---HeisthegreatestnovelistaliveinEngland.---Don’tdisturbthesleepingoldman.---Don’tdisturbtheoldmanasleep.

29精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsThelosingteamwas

fromfurthercompetition.Firefighters

abigfire.Themeetinghasbeen

becauseoftheflu.Thegovernment

thetaxonalcohol.abolish,cancel,extinguish,eliminateextinguishedeliminatedcancelledabolished30精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsShemadean

ofideasshewantedtopresentinhertalk.Ihavereadthe

ofhisbook.Thechemistrybookhada

attheendofeachchapter.abstract,outline,summaryoutlineabstractsummary31精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsItis

tojudgeaforeigncultureonlybyitsfood.Therewasan

ideathattheearthwasflatandmotionless.Youwerevery

totrusthim.absurd,ridiculous,sillyridiculousabsurdsilly32精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsReading

themindonlywithmaterialsofknowledge,itisthinkingthatmakeswhatwereadours.Thishotelcan

upto500guests.Wecan't

thatexpensivesportscar.Thecompany

thecustomer'swishandsentthedeliveryovernight.Thetallbuilding

abeautifulviewoftheocean.accommodate,afford,furnishfurnishesaccommodateaffordaccommodatedaffords33精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsTheboss

himstronglyforhisnegligenceThepolice

himoftheft.Thepolice

himwithmurder.accuse,charge,rebukerebukedaccusedcharged34精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsAn

lackoffoodbroughthungertotheIraqipeople.Itis

thatyoustudyhardfortheexamoryouwillfailit.Improvedconsumerconfidenceis

toaneconomicrecovery.Wehavean

needforhelp;wearerunningoutofwater.acute,critical,crucial,urgentacutecriticalcrucialurgent35精選ppt6.3SynonymyDiscriminationofsynonymsItis

whethertheeconomywillgetbetter.Hischangesofrecoveryfromillnessare

.Hehassome

ideasaboutwhattodo,butnothingspecific.His

directionsconfusedus;wedidnotknowwhichofthetworoadstotake.ThepoetryofEzraPoundissometimesdifficulttounderstandbecauseitcontainssomany

-------------------references.

ambiguous,obscure,vague,unclear,dimuncleardimvagueambiguousobscure36精選ppt6.4AntonymyThedefinitionofantonymyAntonymyisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.Theyareavarietyof“oppositeness”.Theycanbeclassifiedintothreemajorgroups.37精選ppt6.4AntonymyTypesofantonymsContrariesComplementariesConversivesSemanticincompatibles38精選ppt6.4AntonymyContraries(相對反義詞/兩極反義詞)Antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.Thetwooppositesaregradable.hot,warm,cool,coldbeautiful,pretty,good-looking,plain,uglyold-young,open-close,big-small,poor-rich39精選ppt6.4AntonymyComplementaries(絕對反義詞/互補反義詞)Theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositeness.Theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem(non-gradable).dead-alive,present-absent,male-female,true-false,approval-disapproval,capable-incapablePrefixes:dis-,in-,il-,ir-,im-,un-……40精選ppt6.4AntonymyConversives(換位反義詞/關(guān)系反義詞)Thisthirdtypeconsistsofrelationalopposites.Husband-wife,fiancé-fiancée,employer-employee,debtor-creditorAbove-below,infrontof-behind,up-downBuy-sell,give-receive,go-come,gain-lose41精選ppt6.4AntonymySemanticincompatibles(多項不相容詞)North,south,east,westSpring,summer,autumn,winterJanuary,February,March,……DecemberSunday,Monday,….Saturday42精選ppt6.4AntonymyAwordcanhavemorethanoneantonymsFreshbread------stalebreadFreshair-----stuffyairFreshflowers-----fadedflowersFreshlook----tiredlook43精選ppt6.4AntonymyStylisticpurposeoftheuseofantonymsToachieveemphasisbyputtingcontrastingideastogether,toexpresseconomicallytheoppositeofaparticularthought.44精選ppt6.4AntonymyStylisticpurposeoftheuseofantonymsUnitedwestand,dividedwefall.Hopeforthebestandpreparefortheworst.Visibledarkness,avictoriousdefeat,acleverfool,anopensecret,painfulpleasure,cruelkindness.45精選ppt6.4AntonymyStylisticpurposeoftheuseofantonymsItwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness;itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheeraofincredulity;itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness;itwastheSpringofHope,itwastheWinterofDespair;wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus;wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.(CharlesDickens,ATaleofTwoCities)46精選ppt6.5Homonymy

---Homonymy:thestateorqualityofagivenword’shavingthesamespellingandthesamesoundorpronunciationasanotherword,butwithadifferentmeaning.

---Homonym:wordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling同形（同音）異義詞

---Thewordswhichareintherelationshipofhomonymyarehomonyms.47精選ppt(1)Typesofhomonyms

Perfecthomonyms

Homographs

Homophones

48精選pptPerfecthomonyms(同形同音）△bearn.熊（largefurryanimal）[fromOldEnglishbera]

bearv.忍受（tolerate）[fromOldEnglishberan]△

lievi.位于（belocatedsomewhere）[fromOldEnglishlicgan]

lievi.說謊（deliberatelysaysomethinguntrue）[fromOldEnglishlyge]△meetvt.遇到（comeacrosssomebody）[fromOldEnglishmetan]

meetadj.合適的（appropriate）[fromOldEnglishgemaete]△tackn.釘子（smallnail）[14thcentury.FromOldNorthernFrenchtague]

tackn.馬鞍和馬勒（saddlesandbridles）[late18thcentury.Shorteningoftackle]

tackn.劣質(zhì)的東西（somethinginferior）[late20thcentury.Back-formationfromtacky]

tackn.食物（poorfare）[late16thcentury.Originunknown]49精選pptHomographs

△refusev.拒絕（indicateunwillingness）

refusen.垃圾（garbage）△sowv.播種（plantseed）

sown.母豬（femalehog）△tearn.眼淚（singledropoffluidfromtheeye）

tearv.撕裂（pullorcomeapart）△prayern.祈禱（communicationwithGodorotherbeing）

prayern.祈禱者（onewhoprays）

△sewern.下水道（drainforwater）

sewern.中世紀傭仆（medievalservant）

sewern.裁縫（onewhosews）50精選pptHomophones

△dearn.alovedperson

deern.akindofanimal

△aeroadj.ofaircraft

arrow

n.slender,pointedshaft

△

airn.stuffwebreathe

heirn.onewhowillinherit

△

altarn.raisedcenterofworship

alterv.tochange

△

baronn.minorroyalty

barrenadj.unabletobearchildren

51精選ppt

(2)Originsofhomonyms

changeinsoundandspelling

Somehomonymsarenativebyorigin,derivedfromdifferentearlierformsinOldEnglish.ThechangeinsoundandspellinggraduallymadethemidenticalinmodernEnglish.

borrowing

Asaresultofheavyborrowingfromotherlanguages,manywordsofforeignorigincoincideinsoundand/orspellingwiththoseofnativeoriginorwiththoseofotherforeignorigin.

shortening

Manyshortenedformsofwordshappentobeidenticalwithotherwordsinspellingorsound.52精選ppt(3)DifferentiationofhomonymsandpolysemantsperfecthomonymsPolysemants（多義詞）SimilarityspellingandsoundDifferencesfundamentaldifferentlexemesthesameformthesamelexemedistinguishablemeaning