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Lecture5:ModelingCarbonCycleI.ModelOverviewWhatisamodel?Whydoweneedthemodel?Therolesofmodels

II.IntroductiontoCarbonModels

Empiricalmodels ProcessmodelsHybridmodelsStrengthandweaknessIII.ModelApplications

Challenge:ModelvalidationTRIPLEXmodelWhatisaModel?

AmodelisanabstractionofarealsystemWeusemodelsintwoways:-conceptualmodel-formalmodel

RealsystemModelModelCatalog

Conceptual(WordorFlowcharts)Models:usedtorepresentourconceptsorknowledgeanddescribetheinteractionsbetweenthecomponentsofasystemMathematical(Statistical)Models:usedtopresenttheaconceptualModelorothertypesbyusingmathematicalnotation.ComputerSimulationModels:MathematicalmodelscabbetranslatedIntocomputerlanguagesandimplementedonacomputer

WhyDoWeNeedModels?Threemethodstoassesstheeffectsofachangingenvironmentonecosystems(Botkin1993): (a)ourknowledgeofthepast(b)presentmeasurements(c)ourabilitytoprojectintothefuture

OurknowledgeofthepastandpresentmeasurementshavebeenoflimiteduseLong-termmonitoringoftheforesthasprovendifficultduetocostandlong-termcommitmentCurrentexperimentaltechniquesarenotdirectlyapplicabletocomplicatedenvironmentalchangeTheRolesofModels

Modelsasresearchtools

toincreaseourknowledgeModelsasmanagementtool

tohelptomakedecisionsModelsaseducationtools

tohelptounderstandtheEarthsystemEmpiricalvs.ProcessModels

Empirical(statistical)models:

arederivedfromlargeamountsoffielddata,anddescribecarboncycle(ortreegrowth)asaregressionfunctionofvariables(biotic:age,basalarea,density;abiotic:temp.prec.,radiation,lightetc.)FirstglobalNPPmodel(MIAMImode:Lieth,1975)HelmutLieth(1975)developedthisfirstglobalNPPmodeltoquantifytherelationshipbetweenNPPandthemeanannualtemperatureandtotalprecipitationusing52fieldsites Ref.Lieth,H.1975.In:Lieth,HandR.H.Whittaker(eds.).PrimaryProductivityofBiosphere,Springer-Verlag,NewYork,USA,pp.237-263.

MIAMIModel(Lieth,1975)NPPT=3000/(1+e(1.315-0.119T))orNPPp=3000(1-e-0.000664P)WhereNPP:(g/m2/yr) T:meanannualtemperature(oC) P:totalannualprecipitation(mm)

GlobalNPPwasestimatedabout63x1015gCyr-1(assumingnaturevegetation),whichissurprisinglysimilartothesatellitepictureof“greenness”(NDVIforJune1982byNASA)

(kgC/m2/yr)(kgC/m2/yr)(kgC/m2/yr)Empiricalvs.ProcessModels

Process(Mechanistic)Models:aredevelopedtorepresentkeyecosystemprocessesorsimulatethedependenceofcarboncycleonanumberofinteractingprocesses(suchasphotosynthesis,respiration,decomposition,andnutrientcyclingetc…)

MajorProcessesofaComprehensiveProcessModel

Energybalance

Carbonbalance

Nutrientbalance

Waterbalance

CurrentProcess-BasedModelsSpatialScalesOrgan(LeaforCanopy)modelse.g.Farquhar’sModels(Farquharetal,1980);

FOEST-BGC(RunningandCoughlan,1988);MAESTRO(WangandJarvis,1990);BIOMASS(McMurtrieetal.1990);B.

Individualtreeecophysiologicalmodels

e.g.ECOPHYS(Rauscheretal.1990);TREGRO(WinsteinandYanai,1994);TREE-BGC(Koroletal.,1994)C.

Communitymodels(gaporsuccessionmodels)e.g.JABOWA(Botkinetal.1972);FORET(ShugartandWest,1977);ZELIG(SmithandUrban,1988);LINKAGE(PastorandPost,1985)D.

Standor

Ecosystemmodelse.g.

PnET(AberandFederer,1992);CENTURY(Partonetal.(1987);TRIPLEX(Pengetal.2002)E.

Landscapemodelse.g.FIRE-BGC(Keaneetal.,1996);LANDIS(Heetal.1996)F.

Globalmodelse.g.BIOME3(HaxeltineandPrentice,1996);MAPSS(Neilson,1993);IBIS(Foleyetal.,1996)Process(Mechanistic)Models

Farquhar’sModels(Farquharetal,1980):isoneofmostphysiologicallysoundpresentlyavailablemodeltoquantifytheleafPhotosynthesisofC3plants.ThemodelsimulatesthephotosyntheticrateofC3plantsasafunctionofleafirradiance,intercellularCO2concentrationandleaftemperature.

Netphotosynthesis(μmm-2s-1)

isexpressedas:

A=Vc–0.5V0–

Rd (1)WhereVcand

V0areratesofcarboxylationandoxygenation,respectively

RdisdarkrespirationFarquhar’sModels

Theterm:Vc–0.5V0isexpressedbyFarquharetal(1980)as:Vc–0.5V0=

min{Wc,Wj}(1-I/Ci) (2)Where{}denotestheminimumof,Wc:theRubiscolimitedrateofcarboxylation,Wj:theribulosebisphosphate(RuBP)-limitedrateofcarboxylationwhen RuBPregerenerationislimitedbyelectrontransport.

I:theCO2compensationpointintheabsentofdarkrespirationCi:

theintercellularCO2concentration

So,

A=min{Wc,Wj}(1-I/Ci)–

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