theorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例

theorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論-物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例2023/5/27theorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例LearningObjectivesInthischapteryouwillbeintroducedtosomeparticularlimitationsofhistoricalcostaccountingintermsofitsabilitytocopewithvariousissuesassociatedwithchangingpricesanumberofalternativemethodsofaccountingthathavebeendevelopedtoaddressproblemsassociatedwithchangingpricessomeofthestrengthsandweaknessesofthevariousalternativeaccountingmethodstheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例LearningObjectivesEvidencethatthecalculationofincomepursuanttoaparticularmethodofaccountingwilldependontheperspectiveofcapitalmaintenancethathasbeenadoptedtheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例Limitationsofhistorical

costintimesofrisingpricesHistoricalcostassumesmoneyholdsaconstantpurchasingpowerthreecomponentsoftheeconomywhichmaketheassumptionlessvalidthanwhenhistoricalcostwasdeveloped:specificpricelevelchanges(shiftsinconsumerpreference;technologicaladvances)generalpricelevelchanges(inflation)fluctuationinexchangeratestheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例Limitationsofhistoricalcostintimesofrisingprices-continuedproblemofrelevanceintimesofrisingpricesasset’scurrentvaluemaybedifferentfromhistoricalcostproblemofadditivitycanoverstateprofitsintimesofrisingprices,withdistributionofprofitsleadingtoanerosionofoperatingcapacityincludingholdinggainswhichaccruedinpreviousperiodsincurrentyear’sincomedistortsthecurrentyear’soperatingresults

theorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例SupportforhistoricalcostaccountingPredominantmethodusedtodaysotendedtomaintainsupportofprofessionifnotfoundusefulbusinessentitieswouldhaveabandonedittheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例DefinitionofIncomeThemaximumamountthatcanbeconsumedduringtheperiodwhilestillexpectingtobeaswelloffattheendoftheperiodasatthebeginningoftheperiod(Hicks,1946)considerationof‘well-offness’reliesuponanotionofcapitalmaintenancedifferentnotionsofcapitalmaintenancewillprovidedifferentperspectivesofincome

theorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例CapitalmaintenanceperspectivesFinancialcapitalmaintenanceperspectivetakeninhistoricalcostaccountingpurchasingpowermaintenancehistoricalcostaccountsadjustedforchangesinthepurchasingpowerofthedollarphysicaloperatingcapitalmaintenancetheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例Developmentofaccounting

forchangingpricesResearchinitiallyrelatedtousingpriceindicestorestatehistoricalcoststoaccountforchangingpricesliteraturethenmovedtowardscurrentcostaccountingthebasisofmeasurementchangedtocurrentvaluesnothistoricalvaluestheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例CurrentpurchasingpoweraccountingAlsocalledgeneralpurchasingpoweraccounting;generalpricelevelaccounting;constantdollaraccountingbasedontheviewthatintimesofrisingprices,ifanentityweretodistributeunadjustedprofitsbasedonhistoricalcosts,inrealtermstheentitycouldbedistributingpartofitscapitaltheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例CalculatingindicesApriceindexisusedwhenapplyinggeneralpricelevelaccountingapriceindexisaweightedaverageofthecurrentpricesofgoodsandservicesrelatedtoaweightedaverageofpricesinapriorperiod(baseperiod)eg.AustralianConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)canuseageneralorspecificpriceindextheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例Performingcurrent

purchasepoweradjustmentsAlladjustmentsareperformedattheendoftheperiodadjustmentsareappliedtohistoricalcostaccountsmonetaryandnon-monetaryassetsconsideredseparatelyvaluesofmonetaryassetsdonotchangeasaresultofinflationliabilitiesgenerallyconsideredmonetaryitemstheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例Performingcurrentpurchasepoweradjustments-continuedIntimesofinflation,holdersofmonetaryassetswillloseinrealtermstheassetshavelesspurchasingpowerattheendoftheperiodrelativetothebeginningoftheperiodholdersofmonetaryliabilitiesgain,giventheamounttheyhavetorepayattheendoftheperiodisworthlessthanatthebeginningtheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例Performingcurrentpurchasepoweradjustments-continuedNochangeinpurchasingpowerarisesfromholdingnon-monetaryassetsnon-monetaryassetsarerestatedtocurrentpurchasingpowersonogainorlossisrecognisedpurchasingpowergainsorlossesareincludedinincomefortheperiodtheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例MovementsinnetmonetaryassetsMustidentifychangesinnetmonetaryassetsasaresultofrevenuesorexpensesintimesofrisingpricestherewillbealossinpurchasingpowerofcashreceivedduringtheyearmoreexpensesareabletobepaidearlierintheyearasmorecashrequiredforexpensesincurredlaterintheyeartheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例AdvantagesofcurrentpurchasingpoweradjustmentsReliesondataalreadyavailableunderhistoricalcostaccountingnoneedtoincurcostorefforttocollectdataaboutcurrentassetvaluesCPIdataalsoreadilyavailabletheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例DisadvantagesofcurrentpurchasingpoweradjustmentsMovementsinthepricesofgoodsandservicesincludedinageneralpriceindex(CPI)maynotreflectspecificpricemovementsindifferentindustriesinformationgeneratedunderCPPAmaybeconfusingtousersstudiesofsharepricereactionsfailedtofindmuchsupportfordecisionusefulnessofCPPAdatatheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例CurrentcostaccountingBaseduponactualvaluationsnotadjustedhistoricalcostdifferentiatesbetweenprofitsfromtradingandholdinggainsholdinggainscanberealisedorunrealisedincomeperspectiveadoptedwilldeterminewhetherholdinggainsorlossestreatedasincometheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例Treatmentofholdinggains

orlossesFinancialcapitalmaintenanceperspectiveholdinggainsorlossescanbetreatedasincomephysicalcapitalmaintenanceperspectiveholdinggainsorlossescanbetreatedascapitaladjustmentstheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例CCAunderphysicalcapitalmaintenanceapproachAdvocatedbyEdwardsandBellvaluationsbasedonreplacementcostsoperatingincomerepresentsrealisedrevenueslessthereplacementcostofassetsinquestiongeneratesameasureofincomethatrepresentsthemaximumamountthatcanbedistributed,whilemaintainingoperatingcapacityintacttheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例AdjustmentsusingEdwardsandBellapproachAdjustmentsusuallymadeatyearendhistoricalcostaccountsusedasbasisofadjustmentsoperatingprofitcalculatedbyusingreplacementcostsholdinggainsexcludedincalculatingcurrentcostoperatingprofitnotavailablefordividendstheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例AdjustmentsusingEdwardsandBellapproach-continuedBUTholdinggainsareincludedincalculatingbusinessprofitbusinessprofitshowshowtheentityhasgainedinfinancialtermsfromtheincreaseincostofitsresourcesDepreciationofnon-currentassetsbasedonthereplacementcostaswithCPPAnorestatementofmonetaryassetsrequiredtheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例AdvantagesofcurrentcostaccountingDifferentiatingoperatingprofitfromholdinggainsandlossescanenhancetheusefulnessofinformationprovidedholdinggainsdifferenttotradingincomeasduetomarket-widemovementsthatareoftenbeyondmanagement’scontrolbettercomparabilityofvariousentities’performancetheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例CriticismsofcurrentcostaccountingReplacementcostofassetsmaynotbethesameforallfirmssomefirmsmaynotchoosetoreplacetheassetiftheentityrequiresreplacementassetsitmaybemoreefficientandlesscostlytoacquiredifferentassetsreplacementcostdoesnotreflectwhattheassetwouldbeworthifsoldtheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例Criticismsofcurrentcostaccounting-continuedOftendifficulttodeterminereplacementcostsallocatingreplacementcostviadepreciationisstillarbitraryaswithhistoricalcostaccountingChambers(1995)claimedproductsofCCAwereirrelevantandmisleadingtheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例ContinuouslyContemporaryAccounting(CoCoA)ProposedbyChambersaswellasothersbasedonvaluingassetsatnetsellingprices(exitprices)atbalancedatesonthebasisororderlysalesreferredtoascurrentcashequivalentChambersarguedthatkeyinformationfordecisionmakingrelatestocapacitytoadapt

theorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例ContinuouslyContemporaryAccounting(CoCoA)-continuedStatementoffinancialposition(balancesheet)consideredtobetheprimefinancialstatementshowsthenetsellingpricesoftheentity’sassetsprofitdirectlyrelatestochangesinadaptivecapitaladaptivecapitalreflectedbythetotalexitvaluesofassetstheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例CapacitytoadaptChambersapproachfocusesonnewopportunitiestheabilityoftheentitytoadapttochangingcircumstancestheabilityofthefirmto‘gointothemarketwithcashforthepurposesofadaptingoneselftocontemporaryconditions’assumestheobjectiveofaccountingistoguidefutureactionstheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例DefinitionofwealthunderCoCoAPresent(selling)priceisseenasthecorrectvaluationofwealthatapointintimepastpricesareamatterofhistorysonotrelevanttocurrentactionsprofitistiedtotheincrease(ordecrease)inthecurrentnetsellingpricesoftheentity’sassetsnodistinctionbetweenrealisedandunrealisedgains-allgainsaretreatedaspartofprofittheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例DefinitionofwealthunderCoCoA-continuedProfitistheamountthatcanbedistributed,whilemaintainingtheentity’sadaptiveability(adaptivecapital)abandonsnotionofrealisationintermsofrecognisingrevenuerevenuesarerecognisedatpointofpurchaseorproductionratherthansalestheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例CapitalmaintenanceadjustmentUnlikeCCAthereisanadjustmenttotakeaccountofchangesingeneralpurchasingpower(inflationadjustment)capitalmaintenanceadjustmentsformpartoftheperiod’sincomewithacorrespondingcredittoacapitalmaintenancereserve(partofowners’equity)calculatedbymultiplyingnetassetsbytheproportionalchangeinageneralpriceindexovertheperiodtheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例AdvantagesofCoCoAByusingonemethodofvaluationforallassets(exitvalues)theresultingnumberscanbelogicallyaddedtogether(additivity)noneedforarbitrarycostallocationfordepreciationasgainsorlossesonassetsarebasedonmovementsinexitpricetheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例CriticismsofCoCoAIfimplementedCoCoAwouldinvolveafundamentalshiftinfinancialaccountingrevenuerecognitionpointsandassetvaluationscouldleadtounacceptablesocialandenvironmentalconsequencesrelevanceofexitpricesquestionedifwedonotexpecttoselltheassetstheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例CriticismsofCoCoA-continuedassetsofaspecificnatureconsideredtohavenovalueunderCoCoAbecausecannotbeseparatelydisposedofCoCoAignoresthe‘valueinuse’ofanassetquestionedwhetherappropriatetovalueallassetsatexitpricesiftheentityisagoingconcerndeterminingexitpricesforuniqueassetsintroducessubjectivityintoaccountstheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例CriticismsofCoCoA-continuedCoCoArequiresassetstobevaluedseparatelyratherthanasabundlethereforewouldnotrecognisegoodwillasanassetvalueofassetssoldtogethercanbeverydifferentfromseparatesaletheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例DemandforpriceadjustedaccountinginformationLimitedevidencethatstockmarketsreacttocurrentcostandCPPAinformationlittleornosharepricereactiontopriceadjustedaccountinginformationfoundresultsmayhavebeenduetolimitationswithresearchmethodsusedreactiontootherinformationreleasedatthesametimecouldnotbedistinguishedusersmayhaveobtainedinformationfromothersourcespriortoreleaseofannualreportstheorychapter4規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)理論物價(jià)變動(dòng)會(huì)計(jì)為例Demandforpriceadjustedaccountinginformation-continuedSurveysofmanagersfindlimitedcorporatesupportforcurrentcostaccountingcost,limitedbenefitsfromdisclosure,lackofagreementastoapproachareconsiderationssurveysofusersindic