2021英語外研版選擇性必修第四冊教用文檔Unit-2

概要寫作概要是包含文本主要信息的簡本，其目的是向讀者提供有關(guān)文章大意的簡短而清晰的報告。目前，高考試題中的概要寫作要求考生根據(jù)一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。概要既要用詞準(zhǔn)確，結(jié)構(gòu)合理，語義連貫，不得抄寫原文，又要能完全概括出文章的主旨大意。[寫作步驟]第一步：歸納主旨大意(含段落大意)1．概要寫作的第一步便是閱讀短文并抓取主題，進(jìn)而提取主旨大意，即有關(guān)該主題的主要內(nèi)容或作者在該主題上的觀點或主張。歸納主旨大意，是為了整體上把握語篇要義，有利于區(qū)分主次、剔除細(xì)節(jié)信息。2．確定段落主旨句時，要兼顧語篇大背景，即在全文主旨大意的統(tǒng)領(lǐng)下歸納段落主旨，將段落主旨納入語篇主旨的架構(gòu)中。不是所有的段落都有現(xiàn)成的段落主旨句，有的段落主旨句需要根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容予以歸納和概括。閱讀語篇時，根據(jù)不同的文體可采取以下方法歸納主旨大意：記敘文圈出記敘文的六要素(who，when，where，what，how，why)；如果是夾敘夾議文，還要寫出故事給讀者帶來的啟示或寓意說明文找出文章要說明的對象、觀點或建議議論文提取議論文的三要素(論點、論據(jù)、結(jié)論)第二步：提煉關(guān)鍵詞1．結(jié)合主旨大意，細(xì)讀段落，找出每個段落的主旨句和關(guān)鍵詞，區(qū)別段落中哪些是mainideas，哪些是supportingideas，examples和additionalinformation。通常是在相對重要的句子中提煉關(guān)鍵詞。正確的關(guān)鍵詞和關(guān)鍵句是概要寫作最重要的內(nèi)容和依據(jù)。2．削減事例，盡量減少實例并省略細(xì)節(jié)。第三步：合并和改寫1．合并信息首先需要對信息進(jìn)行分類、整合，找到信息之間的聯(lián)系，再將聯(lián)系緊密的信息合并在一起。同一層級的主旨句不宜合并在一起，但如果聯(lián)系緊密，且沒有支持的細(xì)節(jié)信息，可以考慮合并。2．在核心信息的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行語言表達(dá)形式的改寫，對原文的語言表達(dá)形式盡可能實現(xiàn)大規(guī)模的改變(改詞、換句型)。第四步：核查成文核查連貫性，優(yōu)先考慮使用最短連接詞(but，then，later，finally，besides，thus，therefore，yet，however)；核查標(biāo)點和語法；核查詞數(shù)，并最終連句成文。[注意事項]1．詞數(shù)要限制在60左右。2．要根據(jù)文章的體裁特點進(jìn)行概要寫作。3．人稱和時態(tài)要與所給文章中的人稱和時態(tài)保持一致，但必要時也可變換成第三人稱。4．寫作時盡可能地使用自己的語言，不得照搬照抄原文。閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Yourhungerdoesn'tnecessarilymeanyouarereallyhungry.Itisanimportantsignofwhatishappeninginyourbody—physically，emotionallyandmentally.Soundsstrange?Itistrueandhereinthisarticleweshalldiscusscertainthingsthatyourhungeristryingtotellyou.Whenyoufeelhungry，trytofigureoutifyouarereallyhungry.Sometimeswhenyouthinkthatyouarehungry，youmightbethirsty.Itispossiblethatyouhavebeendehydrated(脫水)foralongtimeandyourbodyissendingasignalthroughyourhunger.Soinsteadofeating，goforwaterandquenchyourthirstattheearliest.Ifyoufeelhungryallthetime，itcouldmeanthatyouaredepriving(剝奪)yourselfofcertainfoodsandhencethebodyiscravingforthese.Ifyouareonastrictdiet，thengoforfoodsandlegumesrichinproteinalongwithcomplexcarbohydrates(碳水化合物)likequinoaandbrownricethatwilltakeyoualongtimetodigestandwillkeepyoufullforalongperiodoftime.Youmightgethungryforacertainkindoffoodonlyattimes.Thisisbecauseyoubecomeemotionalaboutcertainfoods.Forexample，ifyouarehappyandcelebratingyouranniversary，youmightenduphavingadesireforthecakethatyouboughttocelebratethespecialoccasion.Thisiscalledemotionaleating.Sometimesyourhungermightmeanthatyouneedtotakeabreak.Whenyouendupworkingatastretch，andyoudonotrealizethatyourbodyneedsrest，youcanendupfeelinghungryasitisawayyourbodyistellingyoutobreakfreefromwork.Sometimeswhenyouareboredorstressedout，youmightfeelhungry.Itisthebody'swayoftellingyouthatyouneedachangeofscene.Goout，takeawalk，talktoyourdearestfriendorsimplytakesomedeepbreaths.Evenafterthis，ifyoufeelhungry，doeat.【參考范文】Manyfactorscanexplainwhyyourhungerdoesn'tnecessarilymeanyouarereallyhungry.(要點1)First，whenyouarethirstyandhavingadesireforacertainfood，youwillfeelhungry.(要點2)Besides，youmightbehungrywhenyoubecomeemotionalaboutcertainfoodsonsomespecialoccasions.(要點3)Moreover，lackofrestorfeelingboredandstressedoutcanalsoleadtoyourhunger.(要點4)1．Lifeistheonlyfortune. —Laski生命是唯一的財富。 ——拉斯基2．Ifyoucanmakegooduseof，lifeislong. —Seneca如能善于利用，生命乃悠長。 ——塞涅卡3．CherishLifewillcherishtoday.珍惜生命就要珍惜今天。4．Don'twastelifeindoubtsandfears. —Emerson不要把生命浪費于懷疑與恐懼中。 ——愛默生5．Lifeisapreciousthing，deathisthegreatestevil. —Henie生命是珍貴之物，死是最大的罪惡。 ——海涅Comparedtotheuniverse，ourlivesarereallyshort，justlikeametre.Butthemeaningoflifedoesn'tdependonitslengthbutcontributions.Forexample，MarieCurie，inordertofindtheradium，shedevotedherwholelifetotheresearch.Thoughtheradioactiveelementhadshortenedherlife，shenevergaveuphermindtoservetheworld.Accordingtoherstory，Iconcludethatthemeaningoflifeiscontribution.Thestandardofjudgingalifeisn'thowmuchheasksforbuthowmuchhegivesaway.Oneday，abouttenyearsago，whileworkingatthecashregisterinthegiftshopatmyUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistory，Isawanelderlycouplecomeinwithalittlegirlinawheelchair.AsIlookedcloseratthisgirl，Ifoundthatshewasfixedonherchair.Ithenrealizedshehadnoarmsorlegs，justahead，aneckandherupperbody，dressedinalittlewhiteskirt.Asthecouplewheeledheruptome，Iturnedmyheadtowardsthegirl.WhenItookthemoneyfromhergrandparents，Ilookedbackatthegirl，whowasgivingmethemostoptimisticsmileIhadeverseen.Allofasudden，herhandicapwasgoneandallIsawwasthisbeautifulgirl，whosesmilejustmeltedmeandalmostinstantlygavemeacompletelynewsenseofwhatlifeisallabout.Shetookmefromapoor，unhappycollegestudenttoherworld：aworldofsmiles，loveandwarmth.I'masuccessfulbusinessmannowandwheneverIthinkaboutthetroublesoftheworld，Ithinkaboutthatlittlegirlandtheremarkablelessonaboutlifethatshetaughtme.[探究發(fā)現(xiàn)]1．Trytothinkoftheauthor'sthoughtatthefirstsightofthedisabledgirl.Shemusthavegonethroughlotsofhardshipandisleadinganunhappylife.2．Findoutwhatleftadeepimpressionontheauthorwhenhelookedbackatthegirl.Thegirl'smostoptimisticsmile.3．Findoutwhatimportantlessonstheauthorgotfromthegirl.Whatevertroubleswemeetinthelife，weshouldbeoptimisticandlovethelife.閱讀教材P20－21課文，選出最佳選項1．WheredoyouthinkthechildrenfindtheBlueBird?A．AtTyltyl'shome.B．TheLandofMemory.C．ThePalaceofNight.D．Intheforest.2．Whatdoestheauthorwanttoconvey?A．Happinesscannotbefoundintheforest.B．Thechildrenaretoosilly.C．Happinessisaroundusifwearereadytohelpothers.D．Thelittlegirlispoor.[答案]1－2ACWordsandPhraseseq\a\vs4\al(知識要點1)cooperatevi合作，協(xié)作[教材P18]Itiseasiertoachievesomethingifyoucooperatewithsomeoneelse.如果你和別人合作，就更容易達(dá)成目標(biāo)。[例1]Thecyclingteamareshowingtheirabilitytocooperatewitheachother.這個自行車隊在展示他們相互合作的能力。[例2]Thatcompanyisdifficulttocooperatewith,becausetheytakeagestomakedecisions.與那家公司合作不容易，因為他們需要花很長的時間做決定。[造句]如果我們大家合作，我們很快就會完成。Ifweallcooperate，we'llsoonfinish.[知識拓展]cooperatewith 和……合作cooperatetodo 合作(協(xié)力)做……cooperationn. 合作cooperativeadj. 合作的；協(xié)作的n. 合作社cooperatorn. 合作者，協(xié)力者[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Hewascooperative(cooperate)andhelpedthepolicecatchthecriminal.②Weneedinternationalcooperation(cooperate)inthismatter.③Alloftheclasscooperatedtoraise(raise)therabbit.eq\a\vs4\al(知識要點2)with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)[教材P20]TheydancemerrilyaroundtheCHILDREN，thentheonewhoappearstobethechiefgoesuptoTYLTYLwithhandoutstretched.他們在孩子們周圍歡快地跳舞，然后那個看起來是酋長的人，伸出手向狄蒂爾走去。[例1]Hesattherewithhiseyesclosed.他閉目坐在那兒。[例2]Thethiefwasforcedintothepoststationwithhishandstiedback.賊被雙手捆綁著帶進(jìn)了派出所。[造句]物價飛漲，我們買不起奢侈品。Withpricesgoingupsofast，wecannotaffordluxuries.[知識拓展]with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)主要用來說明附帶情況或具體細(xì)節(jié)，在句中可作原因、方式、條件或伴隨狀語等，有時也可作定語。其構(gòu)成形式主要有：(1)with＋賓語＋形容詞；(2)with＋賓語＋副詞；(3)with＋賓語＋介詞短語；(4)with＋賓語＋動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，表示動作正在進(jìn)行，且賓語與動詞是主動關(guān)系；(5)with＋賓語＋動詞的過去分詞，表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，且賓語與動詞是被動關(guān)系；(6)with＋賓語＋動詞不定式，表示動作還未發(fā)生。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Shehadtowalkhomewithherbikestolen(steal)．②Withthecrowdscheering(cheer)，theydrovetothepalace.③Withnoonetotalk(talk)to，Johnfeltmiserable.④Withtheoldmanleadingus(有那位老人帶路)，wegottothetopofthemountaineasily.⑤Thevillageisbeautifulwiththetreescoveredwithwhitesnow(樹林都披上了銀裝)．⑥Withmuchworktodo(有那么多的工作要做)，hewenttothefactoryaheadoftime.eq\a\vs4\al(知識要點3)burstout突然發(fā)生；突然……起來[教材P20]AlltheotherHAPPINESSESburstoutlaughing.所有的幸福小精靈都突然大笑起來。[例1]Hearingthis，thewholeclassburstoutlaughingandmydeskmate'sfaceturnedred.聽到這個，全班同學(xué)都大笑起來，我同桌的臉變紅了。[例2]Whenhereachedthefinalline，everyoneburstoutcrying.他說到最后一句話的時候，大家都突然大哭起來。[造句]全班突然大笑起來。Thewholeclassburstoutlaughing.[知識拓展]burstoutdoing(laughing/crying)＝burstinto＋n.(laughter/tears) 突然(大笑/大哭)起來burstin 突然闖進(jìn)；突然插嘴burstinto... 闖入……burstwithanger/joy 勃然大怒/樂不可支表示“闖入”時，burstin是不及物動詞短語，若加賓語需加介詞on，而burstinto是及物動詞短語。[即學(xué)即練]完成句子/單句語法填空①Seeingtheirdaughter'scomingback，theparentsburstintotears(放聲大哭)．②Hefelthewouldburstwithangerandshame.③Thedooropenedsuddenlyandthechildrenburstin．eq\a\vs4\al(知識要點4)everytime引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句[教材P21]...youwillseehimeverytimeyougotothewindow...……每一次你走向窗戶時，你就能看見他……[例1]Hermottowas“EverytimeIopenmymouth，Iputmyfootinit.”她的座右銘是“每次我一開口，我都會說錯話?！盵例2]Everytimehearrivedhome，we'dgreethimatthedoor.每一次他到家時，我們都會在門口迎接他。[造句]每次他們?nèi)ヌ?，都會不歡而散。Everytimetheywentdancingtheyendedupinabadmood.[知識拓展](1)everytime是名詞詞組作連詞，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，相當(dāng)于whenever，意為“每當(dāng)……”，從句謂語常用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時。(2)名詞詞組作連詞用而且能引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的還有：anytime“任何時候”，nexttime“下次……時”，thelasttime“最后一次”，the＋序數(shù)詞＋time“第……次”。(3)the＋瞬間名詞(moment/minute/instant/second)意為“一……就……”(4)on/upondoingsth.“一……就……”[即學(xué)即練]完成句子①Thefirsttime(第一次)hecametothecity，hedecidedtosettlethere.②Youarewelcometocomebackanytime(任何時候)youwantto.eq\a\vs4\al(知識要點5)leanv．前俯(或后仰)；傾斜；倚靠；靠在；靠置；使斜靠[教材P21]EnterNEIGHBOURBERLINGOT，alittleoldwomanleaningonastick.鄰居Berlingot，一位瘦小的老太太拄著拐杖進(jìn)來了。[例1]Thetowerisleaningslightly.那座塔稍微有點傾斜。[例2]Ihaveafriendwhoalwaysseemedtoleanslightlytotheleftallthetime.我有一個朋友，他似乎總是微微向左傾斜。[造句]她倚靠著她兒子的手臂緩慢行走。Shewalkedslowly，leaningonherson'sarm.[知識拓展](1)leanagainst/on 倚著；靠著(2)leanon/upon 依賴；依靠(3)leantosth. 傾向于……[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①CanIleanmybikeagainstthewall?②Healwaysleansonmeforhelp(依賴我?guī)椭?．eq\a\vs4\al(知識要點6)addressn．地址；稱呼；致辭；講話；演講v.稱呼；發(fā)表演說；寫地址；處理/解決問題[教材P21]Steppingtothefrontofthestageandaddressingtheaudience.走到舞臺前面，向觀眾致辭。[例1]Headdressedthecrowdgravely.他嚴(yán)肅地向觀眾致辭。[例2]Heisduetoaddressaconferenceonhumanrightsnextweek.他下星期將在一個大會上發(fā)表關(guān)于人權(quán)的演說。[造句]他馬上就要在大會上發(fā)表演說了。Heisgoingtoaddressthemeetinginaminute.[知識拓展](1)addresssth.(tosb.) 在給某人的信上寫上地址(2)addresssb. 向某人致辭/向……說話(3)addresssb.as/tobe... 稱呼某人為……[即學(xué)即練]寫出address的含義①MostpeoplecallmeBob.HowdoIaddressyou？稱呼②Mr.HowardgaveanaddressoneconomicstrategiesinAsia.演講③Thereisaletteraddressedtoyou.寫地址④Thenextmeetingwilladdresstheproblemoftruancy.解決標(biāo)題歸納題記敘文、說明文和議論文三種文體涉及的不同話題的閱讀材料都會考查到標(biāo)題歸納題。設(shè)問形式常有：(1)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?(2)Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthepassage/text?(3)Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?(4)Themostsuitabletitleofthispassageis．一個好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點：概括——準(zhǔn)確而又簡短；針對性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；醒目——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。解題技巧1．“高度概括”定標(biāo)題(1)所選文章標(biāo)題須能概括全文的中心內(nèi)容。標(biāo)題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。為吸引讀者的注意，標(biāo)題往往比較醒目。(2)一般文章的標(biāo)題可根據(jù)主題句來判斷，但在某些文章中，如記敘文，沒有明確的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中的事實細(xì)節(jié)，查找文章的“主線”，歸納出文章的主題。2．文章標(biāo)題三特點(1)形式一般為單詞、短語或句子，短語居多；(2)短小精悍，精確性強；(3)涵蓋性強，能覆蓋全文大意。[典例]StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe'sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter，includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收銀臺)．Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia，includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds，plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Amongthebagmakers'arguments：manycitieswithbansstillallowshopperstopurchasepaperbags，whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytoproduceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat，theyrepresentasmallpercentageofallgarbageonthegroundtoday.Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement：reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis，thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However，longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.Environmentalistsdon'tdispute(質(zhì)疑)thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooandwantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsforyears.★Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Plastic，PaperorNeitherB．Industry，PollutionandEnvironmentC．RecycleorThrowAwayD．GarbageCollectionandWasteControlA[本文講述了使用塑料袋造成的環(huán)境問題，紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運輸需要更多的能源，希望消費者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子。文章對這三個方面進(jìn)行了對比，Plastic，PaperorNeither既能概括全文，又能吸引讀者，適合作為標(biāo)題，故選A。][對點訓(xùn)練]AIfacitywantstoholdtheOlympics，itmustsubmitaproposaltotheIOC.Afterallproposalshavebeensubmitted，theIOCvotes.Ifnocitywiththefewestvotesiseliminated(淘汰)，thevotingcontinues，untilamajoritywinnerisdetermined.Typically，theGamesareawardedseveralyearsinadvance，allowingthewinningcitytimetopreparefortheGames.InselectingthesiteoftheOlympicGames，theIOCconsidersanumberoffactors，andchieflyamongthemiswhichorganizingcommitteeseemsmostlikelytostagetheGameseffectively.TheIOCalsoconsiderswhichpartsoftheworldhavenotyethostedtheGames.Forinstance，Tokyo，thehostofthe1964SummerGames，andBeijing，thatofthe2008Games，werechoseninparttopopularizetheOlympicmovementinAsia.Becauseofthegrowingimportanceoftelevisionworldwide，theIOCinrecentyearshasalsotakenintoaccountthehostcity'stimezone.WhenevertheGamestakeplaceintheUSAorCanada，forexample，Americantelevisionnetworksarewillingtopayspeciallyhigheramountsfortelevisionrightsbecausetheycanbroadcastpopulareventsliveinthebestviewinghours.OncetheGameshavebeenawarded，itisthedutyofthelocalorganizingcommittee—nottheIOCortheNOCofthehostcity'scountrytoprovidethemwithmoney.ThisisoftendonewithapartoftheOlympictelevisionrevenues(收入)，andcorporatesponsorships，ticketssales，andothersmallerrevenuesources.Inmanycasesthereisalsodirectgovernmentsupport.AlthoughmanycitieshavegainedamountsofmoneybyhostingtheGames，theOlympicscanbefinanciallyrisky.IfthefinancialgainsfromtheGamesarelessthanexpected，thecitywillbeleftwithlargedebts.★Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?A．WinnerorLoserB．ApplyingforHostfortheOlympicsC．HowtoHosttheOlympicGamesD．TheOlympicGamesB[標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了申辦奧運會的流程：先向國際奧委會提交提案，國際奧委會根據(jù)規(guī)則和實際情況投票選擇主辦城市，一旦確定主辦城市，則該城市應(yīng)積極準(zhǔn)備。故B項最適合作本文的標(biāo)題。]BTheDetroitSymphonyOrchestrawillbeperformingworksbyGeorgesBizetonFridaymorning.Youmightenjoyclassicalmusicandliketoattendtheperformance，butlivefarawayfromAmerica'sMotorCity.OnSaturday，theGoGogroupCurtisJohnsonisperformingattheKennedyCenterinWashingtonDC.Ifyouliveoverseas，goingtothatshowisprobablyoutofthequestion.Butthereisasolution!Theseandotherconcertsareavailable“l(fā)ive”ontheInternet.Youcanheartheminrealtimewithanelectronicdevice.BothperformanceswillbeavailableontheWorldWideWeb.Theyarepartofagrowingnumberofconcertsbroadcastoncomputers，tabletsandsmartphones.Thesedigitalconcertsareknownaslive-streaming.TechnologyexpertMichaelAntonoffsaysbetterandlesscostlyequipmentismakingiteasierforperformersandtheaterstooffermusic“l(fā)ive”online.“Thequalityofthesoundandvideopicturesareimprovingallthetime，”hesays.“Thoseonlineconcertsnowhaveasmanyas40，000viewerspershow.Peoplein100nationsarewatching.Itisahugepartofourincreasingglobalreach.”“Forinternationalperformers，KennedyCenterofficialsseeajumpinonlineviewershipfromthehomecountriesoftheperformer.ThereishometownpridewhenanartistisperformingatoneofAmerica'sbest-knownconcerts，”saystheKennedyCenter'sGarthRoss.AtarecentKennedyCenterconcert，aperformersaidhewassohappythathisdisabledmotherbackinCaliforniacouldwatchhisperformance.“Itisnotjustmusicbeingstreamedontheweb.OnDecember10，theproducerofmusical‘DaddyLongLegs’puttheshowonthewebfreeofcharge.ItwasthefirstlivewebcastofaNewYorkmusical.Over150，000peoplefrom135nationswatched，”producerKenDavenportsaid.Inotherwords，itwouldtakehismusical2.7yearsofsold-outperformancestodrawthatmanypeople.★Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ASolutiontoLiveConcertProblemsB．DetroitSymphonyOrchestra'sPerformanceC．AmericanConcertsAvailableWorldwideD．DevelopmentofMusicElectronicDeviceC[標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，本文主要講述了美國音樂會接入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)全球直播，讓更多的觀眾欣賞到表演。故C項為最佳標(biāo)題。]1．weakadj.虛弱的→weaklyadv.虛弱地→weakenv．(使)虛弱→weaknessn．弱點；虛弱2．pessimismn．悲觀；悲觀主義→pessimistn．悲觀主義者→pessimisticadj.悲觀的，悲觀主義的→pessimisticallyadv.悲觀地3．a(chǎn)nticipatev．預(yù)期，預(yù)料→anticipatedadj.預(yù)料中的；預(yù)期的→anticipationn．預(yù)料；預(yù)期4．possessv．擁有；占有→possessionn．財產(chǎn)，財物→possessorn．擁有者；持有者5．recognisev．識別→recognitionn．承認(rèn)，認(rèn)可→recognisableadj.可辨認(rèn)的→recognisablyadv.可被辨認(rèn)地1．possessionn．財產(chǎn)，財物；具有，擁有；持有違禁物品①Shewaschargedwithpossession.持有違禁物品②Thepossessionofapassportisessentialforforeigntravel. 具有/擁有③Helostallhispossessionsinthefire. 財產(chǎn)2．recognitionn．承認(rèn)，認(rèn)可；認(rèn)出；賞識①Heglancedbrieflytowardsherbuttherewasnosignofrecognition.認(rèn)出②Thereisageneralrecognitionoftheurgentneedforreform.認(rèn)可③Hereceivedtheawardinrecognitionofhissuccessoverthepastyear. 賞識WordsandPhraseseq\a\vs4\al(知識要點1)farfrom遠(yuǎn)非[教材P14]Infact，farfrombeingabookaboutdeath，it'sabookaboutlife.事實上，這不是一本關(guān)于死亡的書，而是一本關(guān)于生命的書。[例1]Ifyougettoknowhim，youwillfindheisfarfromafool.如果你和他熟悉了，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)他一點也不傻。[例2]Sofarwehavedonealottobuildalow-carboneconomy，butitisfarfromideal.Wehavetoworkstillharder.到目前為止，我們已經(jīng)做了很多工作來建立一個低碳經(jīng)濟，但它離理想還很遠(yuǎn)。我們還要更努力地工作。[造句]事實遠(yuǎn)非如此。Itisfarfromthetruth.[知識拓展]farfrom＋n./adj. 離……很遠(yuǎn)；遠(yuǎn)離；遠(yuǎn)非……farfromdoingsth. 決不會做某事farfromit 完全相反；遠(yuǎn)非如此[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Yourexamresultsarefarfromsatisfactory.It'stimeforyoutodoubleyoureffort.②Farfromimproving(improve)thesituation，youhavejustmadeitworse.eq\a\vs4\al(知識要點2)anticipatev．預(yù)期，預(yù)料，期待；預(yù)先準(zhǔn)備；預(yù)先做；(還沒拿到手的錢)預(yù)先用掉[教材P14]AsMorrieanticipateshisowndeath,heobserveseverythingasthoughthroughneweyes—thethingsaroundhimseemmorebeautifulthaneverbeforeandholdnewmeanings.當(dāng)莫里預(yù)見到自己的死亡時，他仿佛用新的眼睛觀察一切——他周圍的事物似乎比以往任何時候都更加美麗，并有了新的含義。[例1]Atthetimewecouldn'thaveanticipatedtheresultofourcampaigning.那時我們不可能預(yù)料到我們這項運動的結(jié)果。[例2]Ianticipated(thattherewouldbe)trouble.我預(yù)料會有麻煩。[造句]我預(yù)料會下雨，所以帶了雨傘。Ianticipatedtherainbytakinganumbrella.[知識拓展]anticipatedoingsth. 期待(期盼)做．....anticipate＋n./that... 期待(期盼)Itisanticipatedthat... 據(jù)預(yù)測……inanticipation 預(yù)先地；期待地inanticipationof 預(yù)期……，期待……[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Ianticipateseeing(see)yousoon.②Heboughtextrafoodinanticipation(anticipate)ofmorepeoplecomingthanhehadinvited.③Itisanticipated/expected(據(jù)預(yù)測)thatmanypeoplewilllosttheirjobs.eq\a\vs4\al(知識要點3)appreciatevt.理解；欣賞；感激[教材P14]Thisencouragesustoappreciatewhatwehave，andtomakethemostofeachday.這鼓勵我們珍惜我們所擁有的，并充分利用每一天。[例1]WhatIfailedtoappreciatewasthedistancebetweenthetwocities.我沒有意識到這兩座城市間的距離。[例2]Idon'tthinkyouappreciatehowexpensiveitwillbe.我想你不了解它會有多昂貴。[造句]我們沒有充分認(rèn)識到他的病情很嚴(yán)重。Wedidn'tfullyappreciatethathewasseriouslyill.[知識拓展](1)appreciate(one's)doingsth. 欣賞/感激(某人)做某事Iwouldappreciateitif... 如果……，我將不勝感激(2)appreciationn. 欣賞；感激注意：(1)appreciate后不能用不定式，而要用動詞-ing形式作賓語。作“感激；感謝”講時，其賓語不能是人，只能是事或物；(2)appreciate之后不能直接跟if引導(dǎo)的從句，要先接it再跟if從句。like，hate，dislike，love，depend/relyon等動詞之后接if/when從句有類似用法。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Idon'tappreciatebeingtreated(treat)likeasecond-classcitizen.②Ireallyappreciateyourcoming(come)overtohelpmewithmymath.③Inordertoleavesomeimpressivememoriesonallofusbeforegraduation，ourclassmadeaspecialvideotoexpressourappreciation(appreciate)ofourschool.④Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldacceptmyapplication.[小片段填空]Iwouldliketoexpressmysincereappreciationtoyouforyourhelp.Thatistosay，Ireallyappreciateyourcomingovertohelpmewithmystudy.ButIwouldappreciateitifyoucouldhelpmefinishmyhomework，please.eq\a\vs4\al(知識要點4)possessionn．財產(chǎn)；財物[教材P15]Whileweareliving，wetendtogetdistractedbyunimportantthings，suchasgatheringmaterialpossessions.當(dāng)我們活著的時候，我們往往會被一些不重要的事情分散注意力，比如收集物質(zhì)財富。[例1]Theringisoneofhermosttreasuredpossessions.這枚戒指是她最珍貴的財產(chǎn)之一。[例2]Theyareallmypersonalpossessions.這些都是我的私有財產(chǎn)。[造句]人們失去了自己的家園和所有的財物。Peoplehadlosttheirhomesandalltheirpossessions.[知識拓展](1)bepossessedof 具有(某種品質(zhì)、能力等)(2)possessionn. 擁有，占有；(pl.)個人財產(chǎn)，私人物品inpossessionof 擁有……(主語是人)inthepossessionof (某物)為……所有take/havepossessionof 擁有……；占有……[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/句型轉(zhuǎn)換①Weneedtorepairourpossessions(possession)insteadofthrowingthemaway.②Althoughhedoesn'thavemuchmoney，heispossessed(possess)ofgoodhealth.③Aprivatecollectorpossessestheoilpainting.→Theoilpaintingisinthepossessionofaprivatecollector.→Aprivatecollectorisinpossessionoftheoilpainting.→Aprivatecollectortakes/haspossessionoftheoilpainting.[小片段填空]Withhisbusinessgoingonwell，heatfirstpossessedbighousesandcars；andlaterhetookpossessionofstocksofdifferentcompanies.Eventually，hefoundthateverythinghedreamedofwasinhispossession．eq\a\vs4\al(知識要點5)[教材P15]Despiteitswidespreadrecognition，myfirstimpressionwasthatTuesdayswithMorrieisjustmadeupofacollectionofover-emotionalthoughtsandmessages，manyofwhicharerepeated.盡管獲得了廣泛的認(rèn)可，但我的第一印象是，《相約星期二》這本書只是由一系列過度情緒化的想法和信息組成，其中很多都是重復(fù)的。(1)despiteprep.不管，不顧；盡管[例1]Despitethelarge-scaleconstructionofroadsandhighways，thereisstillmuchroomforimprovement，becauseoftheeverincreasingnumberofcarstheseyears.盡管有了公路和高速路的大規(guī)模建設(shè)，仍然有很多改進(jìn)的空間，因為這些年汽車數(shù)量在不斷增長。[例2]Despitethefactthatmyparentshatedher，Istillaskedhertomarryme.盡管我的父母并不喜歡她，但我還是向她求婚了。[造句]盡管他申請了數(shù)百個工作，但仍然在失業(yè)中。Despiteapplyingforhundredsofjobs，heisstilloutofwork.[知識拓展](1)despite＝inspiteof 盡管，不管despite/inspiteofthefactthat 盡管事實如此(2)regardlessof 不理會，不顧despite與inspiteof分別為介詞和介詞短語，其后接名詞、代詞或動名詞作讓步狀語，不接從句(what從句除外)。而though/although為從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Ourschoolisverybeautifuldespitethefactthatitisverysmall.②Heservesthepublicwholeheartedly，regardlessofhispersonalgainorloss.③ItisunbelievablethatMr.Lucasleadsasimplelifedespitehisgreatwealth.④Theirmindsarebrightalthoughtheirhandsandclothesaredirty.[小片段填空]Despitethefactthatnoagreementhasbeenreachedsofarbythetwosides，thegovernorgotahighbonus.Inspiteofhisconsiderablemoney，hemeasuredouteverydollarneededforhouseholdexpenses.(2)recognitionn．承認(rèn)，認(rèn)可；認(rèn)出；賞識[例1]Ireceivedthismedalinrecognitionofmysportsskills.這枚獎牌是對我體育才能的認(rèn)可。[例2]Thereisageneralrecognitionoftheurgentneedforreform.人們普遍認(rèn)識到迫切需要改革。[造句]最后，她父親的工作得到了大眾的認(rèn)可。Atlast，herfather'sworkhasreceivedpopularrecognition.[知識拓展](1)beyondrecognition 認(rèn)不出來recognisev. 認(rèn)出；認(rèn)識(2)recognisesb./one'svoice 認(rèn)出某人/聽出某人的聲音recognise...as/tobe... 承認(rèn)/認(rèn)為……是……berecognisedas/tobe... 被認(rèn)作……；被認(rèn)為是……Itisrecognisedthat... 人們公認(rèn)……除了recognise...as/tobe...，表 示“認(rèn)為……是……”的短語還有：①regard...as... ②consider...as...③see...as... ④view...as...⑤thinkof...as... ⑥lookon...as...⑦treat...as... ⑧thinkof...tobe...[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/句型轉(zhuǎn)換①Thepolicemanworecasualclothes.Therefore，hecouldentershopwithoutbeingrecognised(recognise)．②Iwentbacktomyhometown20yearslaterandthecityhadchangedbeyondallrecognition(recognise)．③Itisrecognisedthatenvironmentalpollutionhasbecomeoneofthemostseriousproblemsthatpeopleface.→Environmentalpollutionisrecognisedtohavebecomeoneofthemostseriousproblemsthatpeopleface.(用sth.berecognisedto...改寫)(3)makeup組成；編造；和解；化妝；彌補[例1]Ourclassismadeupof50livelyboysandgirls，whoarewarmandgenerousandreadytoofferhelp.我們班由50個活潑的男孩和女孩組成，他們熱情、慷慨并且愿意提供幫助。[例2]Theymakeupone-thirdoftheprovince'spopulation.他們占據(jù)了全省人口的三分之一。[造句]我們要組成一個像這樣的新家庭。We'llmakeupanewfamilylikethis![知識拓展]makeupfor 彌補；補償bemadeupof 由……組成makeout 辨認(rèn)出，弄清；理解makesense 有意義，講得通makeit 成功；趕上；做到makeupone'smindtodosth. 下定決心做某事[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Asaresult，peoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethingmissing.②Hiswritingissoconfusingthatit'sdifficulttomakeoutwhatitis.③Shespentanhourmakingup(花一個小時化妝)beforetheparty.④Youareresponsibleforthemoneyandyouwillhavetomakeupfortheloss(彌補損失)．[小片段填空]Ihavemadeupmymindtomakeupforthelosttime.SoImadeaplan，whichismadeupof3parts.Tocarryitoutbetter，Iwantyoutosuperviseme.Youcangothroughit.Ifthereissomethingthatyoucannotmakeout，Iwillexplainittoyou.IbelievethatIwillmakeitwithyourhelp.eq\a\vs4\al(知識要點6)recommendv．推薦；建議[教材P15]Althoughitisn'tmyfavouritebook，I'dstillrecommendthatpeoplereadit—afterall，itissomethingthat'sabitdifferent!雖然它不是我最喜歡的書，但我還是建議人們讀它——畢竟，它有點不同！[例1]Irecommend(that)heseealawyer.我建議他去找個律師。[例2]Itisstronglyrecommendedthatthemachinesshouldbecheckedeveryyear.強烈建議一定把機器每年檢修一次。[造句]醫(yī)生建議我在醫(yī)院多待幾天。ThedoctorrecommendedthatIshouldstayafewmoredaysinhospital.[知識拓展](1)recommendsth.tosb.＝recommendsb.sth. 向某人推薦某物recommendsb.as 推薦某人擔(dān)任……(2)recommendsb.todosth. 建議/勸某人做某事recommenddoingsth. 建議做某事recommendthat...(should)do... 建議……(應(yīng)該)做……(3)recommendationn. 建議；推薦[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Thedoctorstronglyrecommendedlimiting(limit)theamountoffatinmydiet.②Werecommendthatyou(should)purchase(purchase)travelinsuranceonallholidays.③Herecommendedtheyoungmantoourfirm，anditisbecauseofhisrecommendation(recommend)thatwehaveanexcellentworkernow.④IwouldliketorecommendLiHuatobe/as(推薦李華為)theleaderofthebasketballclub.eq\a\vs4\al(知識要點7)warningn．警告；告誡[教材P15]Warning!Aboxoftissueswillbeneededtogetthroughthisbook!警告！看完這本書需要一盒紙巾！[例1]Doctorsissuedawarningagainsteatinganyfishcaughtintheriver.醫(yī)生發(fā)出警告說不要吃在那條河里捕的魚。[例2]Thebridgecollapsedwithout(any)warning.那座橋在沒有任何先兆的情況下坍塌了。[造句]士兵們在沒有發(fā)出警告的情況下開了槍。Thesoldiersfired