2022年考研英語沖刺閱讀理解專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練190

2022年考研英語沖刺閱讀理解專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練190Thesurveyfindsthatovertwodecadesthenumberofacademicallyemployedlirescientistsintenuredortenure-trackpositionshasremainedstuckatabout30，000，whilethenumberofdoctoraldegreesawardedinthelirescienceshasdoubled．Thedataalsorevealahard-to-reachcareergettingfartheroutofreach．TheageatwhichtheaveragePhDholderreceiveshisorherfirstfullNationalInstitutesofHealthgranthasrisenfrom34in1970t042now．Postdocs，facingsuchalatestarttotheirprofessionallives，areincreasinglyjumpingshiptoindustry．

Postdocsfindthemselvesbouncingaroundtheworldfromlabtolab，seldomearningmuchmorethantheywouldhavedoneintheirfirstyearonthejobmarketwiththeirundergraduatedegree．Fundingisshort，thehoursarelon9，andprospectsuncertain．

Postdocshaveoccasionallyattemptedtobandtogetherinsolidarityandseekabettersettlementfromtheiremployers，theinstitutionsanduniversities．Butthismovementhasbeenstrongerinthesocialsciencesthaninthehardsciences．Thetransientnatureofthework，togetherwithitsconvolutedemploymentstructure，hasmadeitdifficultforthemtospeakeffectivelywithasinglevoice．Instead,theplightofthepostdocwillprobablychangeonlyiftheissueofscientifictrainingisaddressedfromthetop，whereitmaybenecessarytoconsiderthepossibilitythattoomanyscientistsarebeingtrained．

Thereisanargumentthat，fromanationalpolicyperspective，thecurrentsituationisultimatelyproductive．Thepaceofdiscoveryisquickenedbyasizeableworkforce，andablescientistsendupdoingmultiplejobs，mostofthemintheprivatesectoroftheeconomy．Itmightnotbeexactlywhatthestudentshadinmindinthefirstplace，butthesituationhardlyconstitutesamajorcauseforconcern．

ButFASEB’sdatasuggestthattoomanygraduateschoolsmaybepreparingtoomanystudents，sothattoofewyoungscientistshavearealprospectofmakingacareerinacademicscience．Moreeffortisneededtoensurethatrecruitmentinterviewsincluderealisticassessmentsofprospectivestudents’expectationsandpotentialintheacademicworkplace．Andtrainingshouldaddressbroadercareeroptionsfromdayoneratherthanfocusingunrealisticallyonjobsthatdon’texist．[427words]

1．Theword“trajectory”(Line2，Paragraphl)mostprobablymeans______．

A．curvedpath

B．endlesstrack

C．longjourney

D．ultimategoal

2．AccordingtothereportreleasedbyFASEB，______．

A．thecareerofyounglifescientistsisunpredictable

B．fewpeoplecanreachtenuredortenure-trackpositions

C．theacademiccareerinthelifesciencesishardtoreach

D．onecannotbecomealirescientistwithoutgraduatetraining

3．Thetextsuggeststhatpostdocsare______．

A．unabletostarttheiracademiccareerbefore42

B．expectedtoearnmuchmorethanundergraduates

C．facinguncertainfuturedespitemanyyearsoftraining

D．supposedtobemoreSuccessfulinindustrythanacademia

4．Theauthorholdsthatthepostdocsmaygetridortheirplightif______．

A．theyunitetogetherseekingimprovement

B．scientifictrainingisdirectedfromthetop

C．theyspeakeffectivelywithasinglevoice

D．therearemuchfewerprospectivepostdocs

5．Theauthorarguesthat______．

A．toomanystudentsareamajorcauseforconcern

B．graduatestudentsshouldhavemorecareeroptions

C．thehugenumberofpostdocsacceleratesdiscovery

D．graduatestudentsshouldhaverealisticexpectations

難句透析

①Thesurveyfinds[thatovertwodecadesthenumberofacademicallyemployedlifescientistsintenuredortenuretrackpositionshasremainedstuckatabout30，000，whilethenumberofdoctoraldegrees(awardedinthelifesciences)hasdoubled]．

【構(gòu)造】方括號所標(biāo)示的“that…thenumber…h(huán)asremained…，whilethenumber…h(huán)asdoubled”是謂語動詞“finds“的賓語從句。這個賓語從句是由逗號和“while”連接的兩個分句組成的并列句。第一個分句的主語是“thenumber”，謂語動詞是“hasremained”；其次個分句的主語是“thenumber”，謂語動詞是“hasdoubled”。

【釋義】該調(diào)查發(fā)覺，二十多年來，享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的和肯定期限后可享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的生命科學(xué)家的人數(shù)始終保持在3萬人左右，而獲得生命科學(xué)博士學(xué)位的人數(shù)卻增加了一倍。

②Instead，theplightofthepostdocwillprobablychange[onlyiftheissueofscientifictrainingisaddressedfromthetop．(whereitmaybenecessarytoconsiderthepossibility<thattoomanyscientistsarebeingtrained)]．

【構(gòu)造】方括號所標(biāo)示的“0nlyiftheissue…isaddressed…”是條件狀語從句。圓括號所標(biāo)示的“whereitmaybenecessary…”用做“top”的后置定語從句；其中，代詞“it”是形式主語，真正的主語是動詞不定式短語“toeonsiderthepossibility…”。尖括號所標(biāo)示的“thattoomanyscientistsarebeingtrained”用做“possibility”的同位語從句。

【釋義】只有從上層解決科學(xué)人才的培育問題，才可能轉(zhuǎn)變博士后的逆境。必需考慮到，正在培育的科學(xué)人才可能太多了。

③Thepaceofdiscoveryisquickenedbyasizeableworkforee，andablescientistsendupdoingmultiplejobs，mostofthemintheprivatesectoroftheeconomy．

【構(gòu)造】此句是由逗號和“and”連接的兩個分句組成的并列句。在其次個分句中，逗號后面的局部“mostofthem…economy”起補(bǔ)充說明作用，相當(dāng)于“mostofthembeingintheprivatesectoroftheeconomy”，其中現(xiàn)在分詞“being”被省略。

【釋義】科學(xué)隊(duì)伍非常浩大，科學(xué)發(fā)覺的速度不斷加快。有才能的科學(xué)家最終從事多種不同的工作，其中大多數(shù)人在私有經(jīng)濟(jì)部門工作。

④Itmightnotbeexactly[whatthestudentshadinmindinthefirstplace]，butthesituationhardlyconstitutesamajorcauseforconcern．

【構(gòu)造】此句是由逗號和“but”連接的兩個分句組成的并列句。第一個分句中的主語“it”指該段第一句中的“argument”所說的“thecurrentsituationisultimatelyproductive”。方括號所標(biāo)示的“whatthestudentshadinmindinthefirstplace”是表語從句。

【釋義】學(xué)生起初所想的可能與此狀況不完全全都，但是，這種狀況也不是引起人們關(guān)注的主要緣由。

⑤ButFASEB’sdatasuggest[thattoomanygraduateschoolsmaybepreparingtoomanystudents，(Sothattoofewyoungscientistshavearealprospectofmakingacareerinacademicscience)]．

【構(gòu)造】方括號所標(biāo)示的“thattoomanygraduateschoolsmaybepreparing…”是謂語動詞“suggest”的賓語從句；圓括號所標(biāo)示的“Sothattoofewyoungscientistshavearealprospect…”是其中的結(jié)果狀語從句。

【釋義】但是，美國試驗(yàn)生物學(xué)會聯(lián)合會認(rèn)為，過多的討論生院正在培育過多的討論生，以至于只有極少數(shù)青年科學(xué)家真有可能從事學(xué)術(shù)討論工作。答案解釋

1．依據(jù)上下文，此處的“thecareertrajectories”指“曲折的職業(yè)道路”。所以，選項(xiàng)A應(yīng)為答案。

2．依據(jù)其次段前兩句“Thesurveyfindsthatovertwodecadesthenumber…h(huán)asremainedstuckatabout30，000，whilethenumberofdoctoraldegrees…h(huán)asdoubled．Thedataalsorevealahardtoreachcareergettingfartheroutofreach”可知，選項(xiàng)C應(yīng)為答案。

3．依據(jù)第三段最終一句“Fundingisshort，thehoursarelong，andprospectsuncertain”可知，選項(xiàng)C應(yīng)為答案。

4．依據(jù)第四段最終一句“Instead，theplightofthepostdocwillprobablychangeonlyif…whereitmaybenecessarytoconsiderthepossibilitythattoomanyscientistsarebeingtrained”可知，選項(xiàng)D應(yīng)為答案。

5．依據(jù)本文最終一句“Andtrainingshouldaddressbroadercareeroptionsfromdayoneratherthanfocusingunrealisticallyonjobsthatdon’texist”可知，選項(xiàng)B應(yīng)為答案。

全文翻譯

美國試驗(yàn)生物學(xué)會聯(lián)合會(FASEB)剛剛公布了關(guān)于美國年輕生命科學(xué)家職業(yè)軌跡的報告。這個報告可能令某些人暫停考慮把培育討論生作為一個途徑，以便從事生命科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)討論的職業(yè)。

該調(diào)查發(fā)覺，二十多年來，享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的和肯定期限后可享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的生命科學(xué)家的人數(shù)始終保持在3萬人左右，而獲得生命科學(xué)博士學(xué)位的人數(shù)卻增加了一倍。數(shù)據(jù)也說明，這條艱辛的職業(yè)道路變得更加艱辛。一般擁有博士學(xué)位的人首次獲得國家衛(wèi)生討論院全額資助的年齡從1970年的34歲提高到了現(xiàn)在的42歲。鑒于這么大年齡才能開頭自己的職業(yè)生涯，越來越多的博士后跳槽到