閱讀理解-科普知識（解析版）

【考點定位】2014考綱解讀和近幾年考點分布

高考對說明文的考查多為科普說明文，它是閱讀理解重要內(nèi)容，也是高考考查難點?？破疹悺伴喿x

理解”題愈來愈受到命題者的青睞。而科普類文章往往具有跨學(xué)科、行文邏輯性強等特點，要求考生能從文章

的整體邏輯以及重要細節(jié)上全面把握。

【試題特點】

①注重學(xué)科滲透，行文邏輯性強，內(nèi)容抽象。

②貼近學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)、生活實際，有利于激發(fā)學(xué)生的思維，對選拔優(yōu)秀考生有一定的作用。

③能全面地考查學(xué)生的綜合閱讀能力和運用所學(xué)知識去分析、解決實際問題的能力.

科普類文章往往具有跨學(xué)科、行文邏輯性強等特點，要求考生能從文章的整體邏輯以

及重要細節(jié)上全面把握?？破照f明文常設(shè)置下列題型

(1)1示題判斷題

科普說明文多出現(xiàn)標題判斷題，考查考生對全文的理解，它常以Whatwouldbethe

besttitleforthispassage：1為設(shè)問方式，解題時應(yīng)特別注意因科普說明文常正白動植物是

如何保護自身的，因此多以Howdodoes...defendthemselves(itself)為標題。

(2性詞詞義判斷題

科普說明文往往揭示自然奧秘、動植物生存特點及產(chǎn)品工藝原理，易出現(xiàn)一些學(xué)術(shù)

性較強的生詞,因此常出現(xiàn)生詞詞義判斷題，這種試題常以Whatdoes也eunderlinedword

mean?或Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlined5.,00、^^^問^^考量寸生詞詞義的判斷0

解題時一定要認真閱讀原支，分析原文對自然奧秘、動植物生存特點、產(chǎn)品工藝扇里是

如何解釋、如何定義的，在此基礎(chǔ)上抽象概括出生詞詞義。

(3)代詞指代判斷題

科技說明文在對自然藏、動植物生存特點及產(chǎn)品工藝原理進行聊時，易出現(xiàn)動

作變換多、人稱轉(zhuǎn)變頻的現(xiàn)象，因此常出現(xiàn)代詞指代判斷題，這些試題常以it也0them

等表物的代詞為命題題點，要求考生根據(jù)上下文語境邏輯推斷其才副弋對象。解題時應(yīng)認

真分析動作轉(zhuǎn)換背景，區(qū)分動作不同執(zhí)行者，從而準確判斷代詞的正確指代。(4)

科學(xué)方法圖示判斷題

科普說明文常出現(xiàn)科學(xué)方法圖示判斷題，這種試題或以生物依賴關(guān)系為命題題點，要求考生判斷正確的生

物依賴關(guān)系；或以工藝流程為命題題點，要求考生判斷正確的流程順序，或以生產(chǎn)方法為命題題點，要求

考生判斷正確的生產(chǎn)方法；或以機械配制為命題題點，要求考生判斷正確的機械配制。解題時一定要認真

閱讀分析原文對生物依賴關(guān)系、發(fā)明創(chuàng)造誕生過程和工藝流程過程的介紹，并且邊讀邊畫簡易草圖，以提

高理解準確率。分析備選項時應(yīng)對照原文介紹情況，找出各圖不同之處，以便最終做出正確判斷。

【考點pk]名師考點透析

考點一、細節(jié)事實理解。

一篇文章必然是由許多具體的細節(jié)、具體的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成的，所有這些信息以某種順序(時間、空間、情感

變化等)排列起來，來進一步解釋或闡釋主題，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意。

細節(jié)理解題目主要考查學(xué)生對文章具體事實和細節(jié)的理解能力，屬于表層理解題范疇，難度較小，但在

整個閱讀理解題中所占比例最大，細節(jié)理解題多從文章的某個具體事實或細節(jié)出發(fā)來設(shè)計題目。

此類題通常根據(jù)文章具體內(nèi)容來設(shè)問，也常使用下列方式來提問

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)true/correct?

2.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?

3.A11ofthefollowingaretrueexcept...

4.Accordingtothepassage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...?

1.直接事實題

在解答這類問題時要求學(xué)生抓住題干文字信息，采用針對性方法進行閱讀，因為這類題的答案在文章

中可以直接找到。如：

AgiantdamwasbuiltmanyyearsagotocontroltheColoradoRiverintheU.S.Thisdamwasbuilttoprotect

thelandandhousesaroundtheriver.

ThishugedamisintheBlackCanyon.ltispossibletodriveacarfromonesideoftherivertotheotherona

road,whichisonthetopofthedam.Thisdamissobigthatthereisanelevatorinside.Theelevatorgoesdown

forty-fourstoriesfromtheroadtothebottom.ThereisenoughconcreteinthisdamtobuildahighwayfromNew

YorktoSanFrancisco.Thousandsofpeopleworkedonthisdamforfiveyears.

ThishugedamwascalledBoulderDamwhenitwasfinishedin1936.LateritwasrenamedHooverDamin

honorofapresidentoftheUnitedStates.HooverDam,oneofthehighestdamsintheworld,issituatedbetween

thestatesofArizonaandNevada.

Q：HooverDamlies.

A.betweenArizonaandNevada

B.intheBlackCanyon

C.betweenNewYorkandSanFrancisco

D.bothAandB

【解析】山第二段的第一句話和最后一段的最后一句話可得出正確答案是D項。

2.間接事實題

解答此類題，需要結(jié)合上下文提供的語境和信息進行簡單的概括和判斷或者要進行簡單的計算。

InvitedbyMr.YeHuixian,hostofthewell-receivedTVprogrammc4tStarsTonight",MissLuoLin,MissAsia

of1991>appearedastheguesthostessontheShanghaiTVscreenlastSunday.

BorninShanghaiandtakentoHongkongwhenshewasonlysixyearsold,LuoLinhasneverdreamedof

beingMissAsia.Herchildhooddreamwastobeanairhostess.Befbreshetookpartinthecompetition,shehad

beenanairhostessinCathayAirlineforsevenyears.However,itstilltookherthreemonthstolearntheartof

walkingonthestage,dancing,singing,making-upandotherpropermanners,designedbytheAsiaTVStation.

“It'sreallyahardjobfbrme.Iwon'tenterforsuchcompetitionanymore.Anyhow,Iamquitelucky.Iamalso

gladtohavehadmorechancetoworkfbrthesocialwelfaresinceIwonthetitle.Thistime,inShanghai,I'dlove

tomakeadeepimpressiononmyTVaudience,“saidLuoLinwithasweetsmile.

Q：WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

A.LuoLinisanativeofShanghai.

B.LuoLinmovedtoHongkongwithherparents.

C.LuoLinwonthetitleofMissAsiain1991.

D.AsiaTVStationhelpedLuoLintobecomeMissAsia.

【解析】A、C和D項都可在原文找到答案，而B項原文所給的是：takentoHongkong可判斷不是

movedtoHongkongwithherparents,因止匕選B。

3、數(shù)據(jù)推算。

IfyouregisterboththeVIEWqualificationcourseandtheForumatthesametime,youwillsave.

A.$100B.$300C.$350D.$400

這類題目要求學(xué)生就文章提供的數(shù)據(jù)，以及數(shù)據(jù)與文中其他信息的關(guān)系做簡單計算和推斷。在做此類

題時：

1.要抓住并正確理解與數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)的信息含義。

2.弄清眾多信息中那些屬于有用信息，那些屬于干擾信息。

3.不要孤立看待數(shù)字信息，而要抓住一些關(guān)鍵用語的意義。

考點二、主題理解或?qū)懽饕鈭D推斷。

一、主旨閱讀理解題考查的內(nèi)容

1.短文的標題(title,headline)；

2.短文或段落的主題(subject)；

3.中心思想(mainidea)；

4.作者的寫作目的(purpose)。

二、此類題的設(shè)問方式

1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

2.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlydiscuss?

3.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

4.Themainpurposeofannouncingtheaboveeventsis.

考點三、推理推斷。

推理題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實和線索進行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒有提到或者沒有明說的事實或

者可能發(fā)生的事實。這類題旨在考查學(xué)生透過詞語的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，

屬于深層理解題。

此類題的設(shè)問常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude等詞，這類題的設(shè)問方式主要有：

l.WecaninferfromthePassagethat.

2.WhatcanbeinferredfromthePassage?

3.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthePassage?

4.1tcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.

5.Theauthorsuggestsinthisparagraphthat.

6.Thewriterimpliesthat.

7.1tcanbeinferredthat.

8.ItcanbeconcludedfromthePassagethat.

9.Onthewhole,wecanconcludethat.

lO.Fromthetextwecanconcludethat.

11.AfterreadingthePassagewemayconcludethat.

12.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthePassage?

13.Theauthorisinclinedtothinkthat.

14.Whenthewritertalksabout,whathereallymeansisthat.

15.What'sthewriter'sattitude/feelingtowards...?

16.1nthewriter'sopinion,...

近年來，高考加大了對學(xué)生判斷推理能力的考查。判斷推理題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上,

作出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，

也可能是某幾句話，但做題的指導(dǎo)思想都是以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推

理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。做題時要注意題干的語言形，如Accordingtothepassage...,Itcan

beinferredfromthepassagethat...；Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat…等，雖然從表面上看是問有關(guān)全

文的題，但實際上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根據(jù)選項中的線索找到原文中與之相關(guān)的一句話或幾句話，然

后得出答案。針對推理題的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如題干中有具體線索，根據(jù)具體線索找到原

文相關(guān)句（一句或幾句話），然后做出推理；2.假如題干中無線索，inItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat...；

Itcanbeconcludedfh）mthepassagethat…等，先瀏覽一下4個選項，排除不太可能的選項，然后根據(jù)最可能

的選項中的關(guān)鍵詞找到原文相關(guān)句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他題都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理題,

如infer,conclude題型，可能與文章主旨有關(guān)，考生應(yīng)該定位到文章主題所在位置（如主題句出現(xiàn)處）；假如

其他題已經(jīng)涉及文章主旨，那么要求推斷出來的內(nèi)容可能與段落主題有關(guān)，如果如此，應(yīng)該找段落主題所

在處；如果不與段落主題有關(guān)，有時與全文或段落的重要結(jié)論有關(guān)，這時可以尋找與這些結(jié)論相關(guān)的原文

敘述。

考點四、詞義、句義猜測。

詞義猜測閱讀理解題考查對文中關(guān)鍵詞語的理解。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停

留在字面上，要根據(jù)語境來判斷。

此類題的設(shè)問方式主要有

l.Thcword"…"inLine...means/canbereplacedby...

2.Asusedinthepassage,thephraselt../'suggests...

3.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword/phrase"is/refferredto...

4.Theword"...”isclosestinmeaningto...猜詞是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但

需要準確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯。我們要學(xué)會“順藤摸

瓜”，通過構(gòu)詞、語法、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、上下文等線索確定詞義。

1.定義法。如：

Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolveryslowly.

句子給予annealing以明確的定義，即“退火”。

Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle-thatis,itwillbreakeasily.

從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。

Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.

定語從句中l(wèi)ooksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧人

2.同位法。如：

Theytraveledalongwayandatlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginoldtimes.

同位語部分alargebuildinginoldtimes給出了castle的確切詞義,即“城堡

Weareonthenightshift-frommidnightto8a.m.一thisweek.

兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。

3.對比法。如：

Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.

but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此

反向推理，可得出她平時?向“準時”的結(jié)論。

4.構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等)。如：

Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?

possibility是possible的同根名詞，據(jù)此可以判斷定possibility意思是"可能性

5.因果法。如：

Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayer

couldneverplaythesportagain.

從后面的結(jié)果“永遠不能再運動”中，可以推測permanent的意思為“永遠的，永久”。

【三年高考】11、12、13高考試題及其解析

2013高考英語試題

(C)[2013?上海卷]

AteamofengineersatHarvardUniversityhasbeeninspiredbyNaturetocreatethefirstroboticfly.The

mechanicalflyhasbecomeaplatformfbraseriesofnewhigh-techsystems.Designedtodowhataflydoes

naturally,thetinymachineisthesizeofafathousefly.Itsminiwingsallowittostayintheairandperfbnn

controlledflighttasks.

“It'sextremelyimportantforustothinkaboutthisasawholesystemandnotjustthesumofabunchof

individualcoinponents(jt^),“saidRobertWood,theHarvardengineeringprofessorwhohasbeenworkingon

theroboticflyprojectfbroveradecade.Afewyearsago,histeamgotthego-aheadtostartpiecingtogetherthe

components.€fcTheaddeddifficultywithaprojectlikethisisthatactuallynoneofthosecomponentsareoffthe

shelfandsowehavetodevelopthemallonourown,“hesaid.

Theyengineeredaseriesofsystemstostartanddrivetheroboticfly."Theseeminglysimplesystemwhich

justmovesthewingshasanumberofinterdependenciesontheindividualcomponents,eachofwhichindividually

hastoperformwell,butthenhastobematchedwelltoeverythingit'sconnectedto,“saidWood.Theflightdevice

wasbuiltintoasetofpower,computation,sensingandcontrolsystems.Woodsaysthesuccessoftheproject

provesthattheflyingrobotwiththesetinycomponentscanbebuiltandmanufactured.

Whilethisfirstroboticflyerislinkedtoasmall,off-boardpowersource,thegoaliseventuallytoequipit

withabuilt-inpowersource,sothatitmightsomedayperfbnndata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmers*

fieldsoronthebattlefield."Basicallyitshouldbeabletotakeoff,landandflyaround,hesaid.

Woodsaysthedesignoffersanewwaytostudyflightmechanicsandcontrolatinsect-scale.Yet,thepower,

sensingandcomputationtechnologiesonboardcouldhavemuchbroaderapplications."Youcanstartthinking

aboutusingthemtoansweropenscientificquestions,youknow,tostudybiologyinwaysthatwouldbedifficult

withtheanimals,butusingtheserobotsinstead,hesaid."Sotherearealotoftechnologiesandopeninteresting

scientificquestionsthatarcreallywhatdrivesusonaday-to-daybasis.^^

72.Thedifficultytheteamofengineersmetwithwhilemakingtheroboticflywasthat.

A.theyhadnomodelintheirmind

B.theydidnothavesufficienttime

C.theyhadnoready-madecomponents

D.theycouldnoassemblethecomponents

73.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraphs3and4thattheroboticfly.

A.consistsofaflightdeviceandacontrolsystem

B.canjustflyinlimitedareasatthepresenttime

C.cancollectinfbnnationfrommanysources

D.hasbeenputintowideapplication

74.Whichofthefollowingcanbelearnedfromthepassage?

A.Theroboticflyerisdesignedtolearnaboutinsects.

B.Animalsarenotallowedinbiologicalexperiments.

C.Thereusedtobefewwaystostudyhowinsectsfly.

D.Wood'sdesigncanreplaceanimalsinsomeexperiments.

75.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?

A.FatherofRoboticFly

B.InspirationfromEngineeringScience

C.RoboticFlyImitatesRealLifeInsect

D.HarvardBreaksThroughinInsectStudy

【語篇解讀】本文為一篇說明文，講述機器人蒼蠅的研發(fā)，面臨的困難以及前景。

段落關(guān)鍵詞、句大意推測

createthefirstroboticfly;themechanical哈佛大學(xué)的一組技師在自然

fly;aplatformforaseriesofnewhigh-tech界的激發(fā)下，創(chuàng)造了第?部機

第一部分

systems;whataflydoesnaturally;thesize器人蒼蠅。進而描述了機器人

(Para.1)

ofafathousefly;miniwings;perform蒼蠅的樣子與用途。

controlledflighttasks.

機器人蒼蠅要的是一套完整

的體系，而不是一組獨立原件

extremelyimportant;asawholesystem;簡單地相加。哈佛大學(xué)Robert

第二部分

notjustthesumofabunchofindividualWood教授數(shù)十年都在致力于

(Para.2)

components（元件）;hasbeenworkingon；for研究機器人蒼蠅這個課題。幾

overadecade；gotthego-aheadtostart年前，他的團隊就開始了拼裝

piecingtogetherthecomponents.；theadded原件。但這個項目也遇到了困

difficulty;offtheshelf;havetodevelop難：那些元件沒有?件能現(xiàn)貨

themallonourown供應(yīng)的，只能自己做。

aseriesofsystemstostartanddrive...；hasa從兩個方面說明機器人蒼蠅：

numberofinterdependenciesonthe一.機器人蒼蠅所需要的一套

individualcomponents;wasbuiltintoaset體系?？瓷先ハ喈敽唵蔚啬軌?/p>

ofpower,computation,sensingandcontrol移動翅膀的系統(tǒng)卻在那些單

systems;...thesuccessoftheprojectproves個原件中有很多相互依賴的

第三部分that...;thesetinycomponentscanbebuilt成份，每個成分不僅要各自運

(Para.3-4)andmanufactured;islinkedto;asmall,轉(zhuǎn)良好，還要和與它相連的所

ofF-boardpowersource;equipitwith;a有成分都配合好。二.機器人

built-inpowersource;somedayperform蒼蠅配有內(nèi)置電源，是為了將

data-gatheringworkatrescuesites,in來有一天能在營救點，在牧場

fanners'fieldsoronthebattlefield;beable上或者戰(zhàn)場上從事數(shù)據(jù)收集

totakeoff.landandflyaround.工作。

anewwaytostudyflightmechanicsand此設(shè)計為研究飛行力學(xué)和控

controlatinsect-scale;...onboardcould制昆蟲規(guī)模提供了一種嶄新

havemuchbroaderapplications;open的方法。然而(搭載的)動力設(shè)

第四部分scientificquestions;difficultwiththe備，傳感以及運算技術(shù)會有更

(Para.5)animals;using...instead;drivesuson...廣泛的應(yīng)用。Wood設(shè)計的機

器人蒼蠅在某些動物實驗方

面可以用來代替動物。

72.答案：C.

解析：細節(jié)理解題。考生根據(jù)第二段最后一句"Theaddeddifficultywithaprojectlikethisisthat.可知事實

上那些元件沒有一件能現(xiàn)貨供應(yīng)的，要理解beoff±eshelf的用法，所以選項C.theyhadnoready-made

components就是對本句的同義替換，故為正確答案根據(jù)文章第一段Designedtodowhata￡ydoesnatural：5；

thetinymachine:sthesizeofafathousefly.是有制作模型的，故拄除A?根據(jù)文章第二段FFextremely

importantforustothinkabout:'theHarvardengineeringprofessorwhohasbeenworking….可知B.

theydidnothavesufficienttime他們沒有充足的時間，不合適；而選項D.theycou.dnoassemblethe

components他們不會組裝元件是對原文的誤解，并不是要組裝，故排除選項工

73.答案：B

解析：推理判斷題。題干要求在第三段和第四段來推測，所以根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容butthenhas【0bematched

toeverythingit,sconnectedtojsaidWood.Theflightdevicewasbuiltintoasetofpower：computation,sensing

andcontrolsystems.故選項A.consistsofaflightdeviceandacontrolsystem是片面的，排除根據(jù)第四段so

thatitmightsomedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites：:nfarmers'fieldsorontheba±efle：d.可知選

項C.中的ftommanysources應(yīng)為frommanysitesplaces,故排除；選項D.hasbeenputintowideapplication

x

的定位在第五段Yet:thepower,sensingandcomputationtechnologiesonboardcouldhaemuchbroader

app：:catens.可知已經(jīng)大量應(yīng)用是錯誤的，故排除。縱觀三四兩段，尤其是第四段尾句WasxalKFshouldbe

abletotakeoff：landand￡yaround/'hesaid.可推斷出只有3.can；ustflyinlimitedareasatthepresenttitre正

確。

74.答案：D

解析：推理判斷題。文章末段的tostudybiologyinways...wouldbedifficultwithanimals,butusingtheserobots

instead告訴我們這些機器人可以替代動物，故D項正確?？忌⒁獾氖?，說明文末段尤其帶有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的

路標詞往往是題眼所在。根據(jù)第四段sothatitmightsomedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,in

farmers9fieldsoronthebattlefield.可知A選項錯誤，故排除。文章最后?段中指；l|"Youcanstartthinking

aboutusingthemtoansweropenscientificquestions,youknow,tostudybiologyinwaysthatwouldbedifficult

withtheanimals,butusingtheserobotsinstead,^^hesaid.,并沒有說：不允許拿動物進行生物實驗，故排除B

選項。根據(jù)文章最后一段Woodsaysthedesignoffersanewwaytostudyflightmechanicsandcontrolat

insect-scale.及“Sotherearealotoftechnologiesandopeninterestingscientificquestionsthatarereallywhat

drivesusonaday-to-daybasis.”可知以后會有更多的問題等待我們?nèi)ヌ剿?，但并不是說過去在研究昆蟲飛行

方面常常方法很少，故排除。

75.答案：C

解析：主旨大意題.本題考查考生理解全文、提煉信息、概括總結(jié)的能力.選擇最佳標題，一般來說，考

生只有通篇理解文章傳遞的信息，才可能概括出全文的最佳標題,對比四個選項.A選項意為-機器人蒼

蠅之父”，文章的主題主要說明?機器人蒼蠅.，故排除.B選項-來自工程學(xué)中的靈感，與文章的主題機器

人蒼蠅”關(guān)系不大，故排除.D選項??哈福大學(xué)在昆蟲研究領(lǐng)域的突破”，并沒有點明主題機器人蒼蠅I

故排除.C選項既交待了“Robotic又講了與真實生活中昆蟲的關(guān)系，所以爭取答案為C.

[2013?安徽卷]D'Teoplearerudertoday

D

“Peoplearerudertodaybecausetheyarcrushedandmore'timepoor9thaneverbefore,“saysPatsy

Rowe,“MannershavefhllenofiCtheradar（宙達）.“Duetoourstrongattractiontoelectronicequipmentitisa

wondermorepeopledon'twakeupeachmorningandgreetthesingingbirdswithacomplaint（抱怨）aboutthe

noise.Herearesomeexamplesofrudeness.

SomepeopleprefertodoalmosteverythingovertheInternet.Tothem,dealingwithanactualhumanis

likeanevolutionarystepbackward.Itfeelsveryslowbecausehumansdon*tworkat4Gspeeds.Whenyouhave

dinnerwithfriends,youwilloftennoticesomeonepayingmoreattentiontohismobilephone.Wehave

programmedourselvestothinkthateverynewmessagebringslife-changingnews,sotakingcallsandchecking

ourtextsaremoreimportantthantalkingtothepeoplewearewith.Whatisworse,somepeopleeventendtosend

anonymous（匿名的）rudemessagesbyemail.

However,rudenessisneveracceptable.Don*tassumeitisOKtoberudeifthepersonyou'reintouch

withwon'trecognizeyou.Ifyouhavesomethingawfultosay,havethecouragetofacethepersonandsayit,write

aletteroremailandsignit,orforgetit.Upsettingpeoplewithunsignedmessagesiscruelanddisgusting.

Weshouldn*tblametechnologyforourshortcomings.Technologyisheretohelpus,butweshouldnotallow

ittotakeoverourlives.Animportantstepisacknowledgingourshortcomings.Pcoplespendalotoftimepointing

outbadmannersbutitwouldbeevenmorehelpfulifwe*dpubliclyacknowledgegoodmannerswhenwesee

them.

68.WhatcanbeinferredfromtheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph1?

A.Peoplecantellgoodfrombadbehavior;

B.Radarisabletoobservehumanbehavior*.

C.Peoplecarelittleabouttheirbehavior.

D.Radarcanbeusedtopredicthumanbehavior.

69.Somepeoplearelesswillingtodealwithhumansbecause?

A.theyarebecominglesspatient

B.theyaregrowingtooindependent

C.theyhavetohandlemanyimportantmessages

D.theyhavetofollowanevolutionarystepbackward

70.Theauthorthinkssendingunsignedawfulmessagesis.

A.ridiculousB.disgusting

C.acceptableD.reasonable

71.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?

A.Weshouldapplaudgoodbehavior.

B.Technologycanneverbeblamed.

C.Weshouldkeeppointingoutmistakes.

D.Technologywilltakeoverourlivesoneday.

【解題導(dǎo)語】科技的發(fā)展改變了人們的生活方式.許多人變得冷酷無禮了，他們不愿意與別人交流,

整天宅在家里上網(wǎng).

68.C考查句意理解.根據(jù)第一段"？eop：earerudertodaybecausetheyarerushedandmore'timepoor

thaneverbefore”可知，文章第一句說??現(xiàn)在的人變得更加沒有禮貌”，而畫線句是對該句作補充說明的，意

思是?現(xiàn)在的人們不注意自己的行為舉止?禮貌行為用雷達都探測不到)”，故選C.

69.A考■查推理判斷.根據(jù)題干中二esswillingtodealw；thhumans'定位到文章第二段中第二、三句

內(nèi)容.由此可知，有些人不愿意跟人打交道是嫌人太慢ifee：sven-slow),達不到4G速度dontworkat4G

speeds).也就是說，這些人太不耐煩.故選A.

70.3考查細節(jié)理解.根據(jù)題干中"unsignedawfulmessages'定位到第三段最后一句Ppsetungpeople

withunsignedmessagesiscruelanddisgusting/7.由線索定位中的句子可知，發(fā)一些不署名的惡俗信息很令

人厭煩.

71.A考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后?段最后一句中“itwouldbeevenmorehelpfulifwe'dpubliclyacknowledge

goodmannerswhenweseethem”可知，作者認為，我們應(yīng)該為那些禮貌行為喝彩。故選A。

[2013?北京卷]DMultitasking

D

Multitasking

Peoplewhomultitaskallthetimemaybetheworstatdoingtwothingsatonce,anewresearchsuggests.The

findings,basedonperformancesandself-evaluationsbyabout275collegestudents,indicatethatmanypeople

multitasknotoutofadesiretoincreaseproductivity,butbecausetheyareeasilydistracted（分/心）andcan'tfocus

ononeactivity.And"thosepeopleturnouttobetheworstathandlingdifferentthings,“saidDavidSanbonmatsu,

apsychologistattheUniversityofUtah.

Sanbonmatsuandhiscolleaguesgavethestudentsasetoftestsandaskedthemtoreporthowoftenthey

multitasked,howgoodtheythoughttheywereatit,andhowsensation-seeking（尋求刺激）orimpulsive（沖動）

theywere.Theythenevaluatedtheparticipants*multitaskingabilitywithatrickymentaltaskthatrequiredthe

studentstodosimplemathematicalcalculationswhilerememberingasetofletters.

Notsurprisingly,thescientistssaid,mostpeoplethoughttheywerebetterthanaverageatmultitasking,and

thosewhothoughttheywerebetteratitweremorelikelytoreportusingacellphonewhiledrivingorviewing

multiplekindsofmediaatonce.Butthosewhofrequentlydealwithmanythingsatthesametimewerefoundto

performtheworstattheactualmultitaskingtest.Theyalsoweremorelikelytoadmittosensation—seekingand

impulsivebehavior,whichconnectswithhoweasilypeoplegetboredanddistracted.

“Peoplemultitasknotbecauseit'sgoingtoleadtogreaterproductivity,butbecausethey'redistractible,and

theygetsuckedintothingsthatarenotasimportant,“Sanbonmatsusaid.

AdamGazzaley,aresearcherattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,whowasnotamemberofthe

researchgroup,saidonelimitationofthestudywasthatitcouldn'tfindoutwhetherpeoplewhostartoutless

focusedtendtowardmultitaskingorwhetherpeople'srecognizingandunderstandingabilitieschangeasaresultof

multitasking.

Thefindingsdosuggest,however,whythesensation-seekerswhomultitaskthemostmayenjoyrisky

distracteddriving."Peoplewhoaremultitaskingaregenerallylesssensitivetoriskysituations,saidPaulAtchley,

anotherresearchernotinthegroup."Thismaypartlyexplainwhypeoplegoinforthesesituationseventhough

they*redangerous.”

67.TheresearchledbySanbonmatsuindicatesthatpeoplewhomultitask.

A.seekhighproductivityconstantly

B.preferhandlingdifferentthingswhengettingbored

C.arcmorefocusedwhendoingmanythingsatatime

D.havethepoorestresultsindoingvariousthingsatthesametime

68.WhenSanbonmatsuandhiscolleaguesconductedtheirresearch,they.

A.assessedthemultitaskingabilityofthestudents

B.evaluatedtheacademicachievementsofthestudents

C.analyzedtheeffectsoftheparticipants'trickymentaltasks

D.measuredthechangesofthestudents*understandingability

69.AccordingtoSanbonmatsu,peoplemultitaskbecauseoftheir.

A.limitedpowerincalculation

B.interestsindoingthingsdifferently

C.inabilitytoconcentrateononetask

D.impulsivedesiretotrynewthings

70.Fromthelastparagraph,wecanlearnthatmultitaskersusually.

A.driveveryskillfully

B.goinfordifficulttasks

C.failtoreactquicklytopotentialdangers

D.refusetoexplainthereasonsfbrtheirbehavior

【解題導(dǎo)語】這是一篇科普議論文，主要論證同時處理多重任務(wù)這一心理現(xiàn)冢。猶太大學(xué)研究者發(fā)

現(xiàn)同時處理多重任務(wù)并不是出于提高生產(chǎn)率的目的，而是當事人容易分心而不能聚焦于所做活動上.盡管

來自加州大學(xué)研究者提出不同看法，但確實證明同時處理多重任務(wù)者對于危險境地確實不太敏感.

67.D本題考查細節(jié)閱讀。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容二thosepeopleturnouttobetheworstathandlingdeferent

things…”可知,本題應(yīng)選D.

68.A本題考查細節(jié)閱讀。根據(jù)第二段”...Theythenevaluatedtheparticipants*multitaskingabilitywitha

trickymentaltask...”可知評估的是參與者的同時處理多重任務(wù)的能力。

69.C本題考查細節(jié)閱讀.根據(jù)第四段二.butbecausetheyred:stract:ba.「可知，人們同時處理多重

任務(wù)是因為他們?nèi)菀追中模皇歉咝?distractMe容易分心的，不專心的=:nalFtytoconcentrateonone

task.

70.C本題考查細節(jié)閱讀。從最后一段，.aregeneral*：esssens疝veto「舸fuation工:可知，同時處理

多重任務(wù)者對于潛在危險是不能及時做出反應(yīng)的.

[2013?大綱全國卷]ETheoldestandmostcommon

E

Theoldestandmostcommonsource（來源）ofrenewableenergyknowntoman,biomassisoneofthemost

importantformsofenergyproductionintheUnitedStatesandelsewhere.Sincesuchawidevarietyofbiomass

materialsiseverywhere—fromtreesandgrassestoagriculturalandcity-lifewastes—biomasspromisestoplaya

continuingroleinprovidingpowerandheatformillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.

AccordingtotheUnionofConcernedScientists（UCS）,biomassisakindofrenewableenergysourcethat

producesnocarbondioxide（二氧化碳），becausetheenergyitcontainscomesfromthesun.Whenplantmatteris

burned,itgivesoffthesun'senergy.Inthisway,biomassservesasasortofnaturalbattery（電池）fbrstoringthe

sun*senergy.Aslongasbiomassisproducedcontinuously-withonlyasmuchgrownasisused一the"battery”

lastsforever.

AccordingtotheEnergyInfbnnationAdministration,biomasshasbeenoneoftheleadingrenewableenergy

s