薦美國合同法（中英文對照）

美國合同法（中英文對照）CONTENT目錄(共十六章385條)Chapter1MEANINGOFTERMS第一章合同條款的含義Chapter2FORMATIONOFCONTRATCTS---PARTIESANDCAPACITY第二章合同的訂立—當(dāng)事人及其締約能力Chapter3FORMATIONOFCONTRACTS---MUTUALASSENT第三章合同的訂立—意思表示一致CHAPTER4FORMATIONOFCONTRACTS—CONSIDERATION第四章合同的訂立—約因CHAPTER5THESTATUTEOFFRAUDS第五章防止欺詐條例CHAPTER6MISTAKE第六章錯誤CHAPTER7MISREPRESENTATION,DURESSANDUNDUEINFLUENCE第七章虛假的意思表示，脅迫以及不當(dāng)影響CHAPTER8UNENFORCEABILITYONGROUNDSOFPUBLICPOLICY第八章合同因公共政策而不可執(zhí)行CHAPTER9THESCOPEOFCONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONS第九章合同義務(wù)的范圍CHAPTER10PERFORMANCEANDNON-PERFORMANCE第十章合同的履行與不履行CHAPTER11IMPRACTICABILITYOFPERFORMANCEANDFRUSTRATIONOFPURPOSE第十一章履行不能和履行目的落空CHAPTER12DISCHARGEBYASSETORALTERATION第十二章雙方合意或變更合同以解除合同義務(wù)CHAPTER13JOINTANDSEVERALPROMISORSANDPROMISEES第十三章連帶允諾人和受允諾人CHAPTER14CONTRACTBENEFICIARIES第十四章合同受益人CHAPTER15ASSGINEMNTANDDELEGATON第十五章合同權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓與合同義務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)托CHAPTER16.REMEDIES第十六章違約救濟部分章節(jié)示例如下：Chapter1MEANINGOFTERMS第一章合同條款的含義§1.CONTRACTDEFINED合同定義Acontractisapromiseorasetofpromisesforthebreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy,ortheperformanceofwhichthelawinsomewayrecognizesasaduty.合同指的是一個允諾或一組允諾，如果違反此允諾，則法律給與救濟；如果其履行了允諾，則法律以某種方式將其視為一項義務(wù)。§2.PROMISE;PROMISOR;PROMISEE.允諾；允諾人；受允諾人(1)Apromiseisamanifestationofintentiontoactorrefrainfromactinginaspecifiedway,somadeastojustifyapromiseeinunderstandingthatacommitmenthasbeenmade.允諾就是以特定方式實施或禁止實施某種行為的意思表示，這種意思表示使受允諾人正當(dāng)?shù)卣J(rèn)為一個允諾已經(jīng)作出。(2)Thepersonmanifestingtheintentionisthepromisor.作出該意思表示的人是允諾人(3)Thepersontowhomthemanifestationisaddressedisthepromisee.該意思表示所指向的人為受允諾人。(4)Whereperformancewillbenefitsapersonotherthanthepromisee,thatpersonisbeneficiary.如果該允諾的履行使除受允諾人之外的他人獲利，則該人為受益人?！?.AGREEMENTDEFINED;BARGAINDEFINED協(xié)議的定義；Anagreementisamanifestationofmutualassentonthepartoftwoormorepersons.Abargainisanagreementtoexchangepromisesortoexchangeapromiseforaperformanceortoexchangeperformances..交易磋商約定的定義一個協(xié)議就是兩個或兩個以上的人一致的意思表示。一個交易磋商約定是為允諾與允諾之間的交換，或為允諾與義務(wù)履行的交換，或為義務(wù)履行之間的交換而達成的協(xié)議?！?.HowaPromiseMayBeMade允諾如何作出Apromisemaybestatedinwordseitheroralorwritten,ormaybeinferredwhollyorpartlyfromconduct.一個允諾可以用口頭言詞或書面文字作出，也可以完全或部分地從行為中推斷而得。§5.TermsofPromise,Agreement,orContract允諾，協(xié)議或合同的條件(1)Atermofpromiseoragreementisthatportionoftheintentionorassentmanifestedwhichrelatestoaparticularmatter.允諾或協(xié)議的條件就是當(dāng)事人就特定的事項表示了部分的締約意圖或?qū)喖s的贊同。(2)Atermofcontractisthatportionofthelegalrelationsresultingfromthepromiseorsetofpromiseswhichrelatestoaparticularmatter,whetherornotthepartiesmanifestanintentiontocreatethoserelations.合同的條件就是由于當(dāng)事人就特定事項作出了一個或一系列的允諾，由此引起他們之間部分法律關(guān)系的存在，不管當(dāng)事人是否作出意思表示要建立這些法律關(guān)系?！?.FormalContracts要式合同Thefollowingtypesofcontractsaresubjectinsomerespectstospecialrulesthatdependontheirformalcharacteristicsanddifferfromthosegoverningcontractsingeneral:下列類型的合同根據(jù)其形式上的特征，在某些方面受不同于一般合同規(guī)則的法律規(guī)則的調(diào)整：§7.Voidablecontracts可撤消的合同Avoidablecontractisonewhereoneormorepartieshavethepower,byamanifestationofelectiontodoso,toavoidthelegalrelationscreatedbythecontract,orbyratificationofthecontracttoextinguishthepowerofavoidance.如果合同的一方或多方當(dāng)事人有權(quán)通過意思表示，或通過訂立一個取消撤消權(quán)的合同，撤消該合同已經(jīng)建立的法律關(guān)系，則該合同為可撤消的合同?！?.UnenforceableContracts不能強制執(zhí)行的合同Anunenforceablecontractisoneforthebreachofwhichneithertheremedyofdamagesnortheremedyofspecificperformanceisavailable,butwhichisrecognizedinsomeotherwayascreatingadutyofperformance,thoughtherehasbeennoratification.不可強制執(zhí)行的合同是指這樣一種合同，即違反該合同導(dǎo)致?lián)p害賠償救濟和強制履行救濟均不可適用，但是卻被認(rèn)為是以其他方式創(chuàng)設(shè)了并沒有獲得認(rèn)可的履行義務(wù)。Chapter2FORMATIONOFCONTRATCTS------PARTIESANDCAPACITY第二章合同的訂立——當(dāng)事人及其締約能力§9.PartiesRequired合同當(dāng)事人Theremustbeatleasttwopartiestoacontract,apromisorandapromisee,buttheremaybeanygreaternumber.合同必須至少有兩個當(dāng)事人，即允諾人和受允諾人，但是也可以有兩個以上更多的當(dāng)事人。§10.MultiplePromisorsandPromiseesoftheSamePerformance針對同一項履行的多個允諾人和受允諾人(1)Wheretherearemorepromisorsthanoneinacontract,someorallofthemmaypromisethesameperformance,whetherornottherearealsopromisesforseparateperformances.如果一個合同中有多個允諾人，則部分或全部的允諾人可以就同一項履行作出允諾，不管他們是否就個別的義務(wù)履行作出允諾。(2)Wheretherearemorepromisesthanoneinacontract,apromisemaybemadetosomeorallofthemasaunit,whetherornotthesameoranotherperformanceisseparatelypromisedtooneormoreofthem.如果一個合同中不只有一個允諾，則部分或全部的允諾人可以一個單位作出允諾，不管相同或另外的履行義務(wù)是否被單獨地對一個或一個以上的允諾人允諾?！?1.WhenaPersonMayBeBothPromisorandPromisee何時允諾人和受允諾人可以同為一人Acontractmaybeformedbetweentwoormorepersonsactingasaunitandoneormorebutfewerthanallofthesepersons,actingeithersinglyorwithotherpersons.在由兩個或兩個以上的人共同代表的一個單位和這些人中的一個或部分多數(shù)之間可以締結(jié)合同，這些人可以單獨地或者同他人一起行事。§12.CapacitytoContract締約能力(1)Noonecanbeboundbycontractwhohasnotlegalcapacitytoincuratleastvoidablecontractualduties,Capacitytocontractmaybepartialanditsexistenceinrespectofaparticulartransactionmaydependuponthenatureofthetransactionoruponothercircumstances.沒有法律行為能力的締約人所締結(jié)的合同所產(chǎn)生的義務(wù)是可撤消的，該合同對締約人并沒有約束力。是否享有部分締約能力以及是否就某一特定交易享有締約能力取決于該交易的本質(zhì)或者其他一些情況。CHAPTER9THESCOPEOFCONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONS第九章合同義務(wù)的范圍TOPIC1.THEMEANINGOFAGREEMENTS主題一合同的含義§200.INTERPRETATIONOFPROMISEORAGREEMENT允諾或合同的解釋Interpretationofapromiseoragreementoratermthereofistheascertainmentofitsmeaning.允諾或合同的解釋在此所指的是確定其含義。§201.WHOSEMEANINGPREVAILS以誰作的解釋為準(zhǔn)(1)Wherethepartieshaveattachedthesamemeaningtoapromiseoragreementoratermthereof,itisinterpretedinaccordancewiththatmeaning.(2)Wherethepartieshaveattacheddifferentmeaningstoapromiseoragreementoratermthereof,itisinterpretedinaccordancewiththemeaningattachedbyoneofthemifatthetimetheagreementwasmade(1)如果雙方當(dāng)事人對允諾或合同或某土條款賦予了同樣的含義，則依該含義解釋合同。(2)如果雙方當(dāng)事人對允諾或合同或某一條款有不同解釋，則以其中一方當(dāng)事人賦予的含義解釋合同：(a)thatpartydidnotknowofanydifferentmeaningattachedbytheother,andtheotherknewthemeaningattachedbythefirstparty;or(b)thatpartyhadnoreasontoknowofanydifferentmeaningattachedbytheother,andtheotherhadreasontoknowthemeaningattachedbythefirstparty.(a)當(dāng)事人一方在訂立合同時不知道另一方賦予合同不同的含義，而另一方知道該方當(dāng)事人賦予合同的含義，則依該方當(dāng)事人的含義進行解釋；或(b)當(dāng)事人一方?jīng)]有理由知道另一方賦予合同不同的含義，而另一方有理由知道該方當(dāng)事人賦予合同的含義，則依該方當(dāng)事人的含義進行解釋。(3)ExceptasstatedinthisSection,neitherpartyisboundbythemeaningattachedbytheother,eventhoughtheresultmaybeafailureofmutualassent.(3)除本節(jié)的規(guī)定外，雖然雙方當(dāng)事人沒有達成一致的意思表示，任何一方都不受他方當(dāng)事人所賦予合同之含義的約束。§202.RULESINADIOFINTERPRET?ATION解釋規(guī)則(1)Wordsandotherconductareinterpretedinthelightofallthecircumstances,andiftheprincipalpurposeofthepartiesisascertainableitisgivengreatweight.(2)Awritingisinterpretedasawhole,andallwritingsthatarepartofthesametransactionareinterpretedtogether.(1)應(yīng)根據(jù)所有的情況解釋當(dāng)事人的文字或其他行為，同時，如果能查明雙方締約的主要目的，則應(yīng)充分考慮其主要締約目的。(2)書面文書應(yīng)以一個整體來解釋，并且作為同一交易的組成部分的所有書面文書應(yīng)放在一起進行解釋。(3)Unlessadifferentintentionismanifested,(a)wherelanguagehasagenerallyprevailingmeaning,itisinterpretedinaccordancewiththatmeaning;(b)technicaltermsandwordsofartaregiventheirtechnicalmeaningwhenusedinatransactionwithintheirtechnicalfield.(3)除非有不同的意圖表示，(a)如果合同語言存在通用的主流含義，則依主流含義解釋。(b)對技術(shù)或?qū)I(yè)術(shù)語的解釋應(yīng)在技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的范圍內(nèi)賦予它們在交易使用中的技術(shù)含義。(4)whereanagreementinvolvesrepeatedoccasionsforperformancebyeitherpartywithknowledgeofthenatureoftheperformanceandopportunityforobjectiontoitbytheother,anycourseofperformanceacceptedoracquiescedinwithoutobjectionisgivengreatweightintheinterpretationoftheagreement.(4)如果合同中涉及一方當(dāng)事人重復(fù)履行義務(wù)，并且該當(dāng)事人明知該履行行為的性質(zhì)，同時另一方當(dāng)事人有機會提出反對意見，那么，如果另一方當(dāng)事人對任何履行過程地接受或沒有反對地默認(rèn)，則這些行為在合同解釋時應(yīng)給予充分地考慮。(5)Whereverreasonable,themanifestationsofintentionofthepartiestoapromiseoragreementareinterpretedasconsistentwitheachotherandwithanyrelevantcourseofperformance,courseofperformance,courseofdealing,orusageoftrade.(5)如果合理地話，對雙方當(dāng)事人對允諾或合同的意思表示的解釋應(yīng)符合彼此的真實意圖、任何相關(guān)的履行過程、交易過程或行業(yè)慣例?！?03.STANDARDSOFPREFERENCEININTERPRETATION解釋合同時的優(yōu)先標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Intheinterpretationofapromiseoragreementoratermthereof,thefollowingstandardsofpreferencearegenerallyapplicable:在解釋允諾、合同或某一條款時，通常應(yīng)適用下列優(yōu)先標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：(a)aninterpretationwhichgivesareasonable,lawful,andeffectivemeaningtoallthetermsispreferredtoaninterpretationwhichleavesapartunreasonable,unlawful,orofnoeffect;(b)expresstermsaregivenweightthancourseofperformance,courseofdealing,andusageoftrade,courseofperformanceisgivengreaterweightthancourseofdealingorusageoftrade,andcourseofdealingisgivengreaterweightthanusageoftrade;(a)合理、合法、有效的解釋優(yōu)先于不合理、不合法或無效的解釋；(b)明確的條款優(yōu)先于履行過程、交易過程和行業(yè)慣例，履行過程優(yōu)先于交易過程或行業(yè)慣例，交易過程優(yōu)先于行業(yè)慣例；(c)specifictermsandexacttermsaregivengreaterweightthangenerallanguage;(d)separatelynegotiatedoraddedtermsaregivengreaterweightthanstandardizedtermsorothertermsnotseparatelynegotiated.(c)特殊確切的條款優(yōu)先于概括的語言；(d)單獨磋商或加注條款優(yōu)先于格式化條款或其他非單獨磋商之條款?！?04.SUPPLYINGANOMITTEDESSENTIALTERM補充一個被忽略的重要條款Whenthepartiestoabargainsufficientlydefinedtobeacontracthavenotagreedwithrespecttoatermwhichisessentialtoadeterminationoftheirrightsandduties,atermwhichisreasonableinthecircumstancesissuppliedbythecourt.如果雙方當(dāng)事人經(jīng)磋商足以締結(jié)一個合同，但是還沒有就對雙方權(quán)利義務(wù)的確立至關(guān)重要的條款達成一致，則在此特殊的情況下，法院可以將這一合理的條款補充到合同中去。CHAPTER14CONTRACTBENEFICIARIES第十四章合同受益人§302.INTENDEDANDINDCIDENTALBENEFICIARIES.意向中的受益人與意外受益人(1)Unlessotherwiseagreedbetweenpromiorandpromisee,abeneficiaryofapromiseisanintendedbeneficiaryifrecognitionofarighttoperformanceinthebeneficiaryisappropriatetoeffectuatetheintentionofthepartiesandeither(a)theperformanceofthepromisewillsatisfyanobligationofthepromiseetopaymoneytothebeneficiary;or(b)thecircumstancesindicatethatthepromiseeintendstogivethebeneficiarythebenefitofthepromisedperformance.(2)Anincidentalbeneficiaryisabeneficiarywhoisnotanintendedbeneficiary.除非立約人與受約人另有約定，允諾的受益人是意向中的受益人，即如果承認(rèn)受益人具有要求履行允諾的權(quán)利是符合雙方當(dāng)事人真實有效的意思表示的適當(dāng)要求；且(a)允諾的履行將解除受約人對受益人的給付義務(wù)；或(b)當(dāng)時的情況表明受約人有意使受益人享受履行允諾所帶來的利益。(2)意外受益人指的是意向中的受益人之外的受益人。§303.CONDITIONALPROMISES;PROMISESUNDERSEAL有條件的允諾；蓋印允諾Thestatementsinthischapterareapplicabletobothconditionalandunconditionalpromisesandtosealedandunsealedpromises.本章的規(guī)定同時適用于有條件的允諾和無條件的允諾，蓋印允諾和無蓋印的允諾?！?04.CREATIONOFDUTYTOBENEFICIARY允諾人對受益人之義務(wù)的產(chǎn)生Apromiseinacontractcreatesadutyinthepromisortoanyintendedbeneficiarytoperformthepromise,andtheintendedbeneficiarymayenforcetheduty.合同的允諾如果使得允諾人對任何意向中的受益人負(fù)有履行允諾的義務(wù)，則該意向中的受益人可以強制執(zhí)行該義務(wù)。§305.OVERLAPPINGDUTIESTOBENEFICIARYANDPROMISEE允諾人對受益人和受允諾人所承擔(dān)義務(wù)的競合(1)Apromiseinacontractcreatesadutyinthepromisortothepromiseetoperformthepromiseeventhoughhealsohasasimilardutytoanintendedbeneficiary.(2)Wholeorpartialsatisfactionofthepromisor’sdutytothebeneficiarysatisfiedtothatextentthepromisor’sdutytothepromisee.(1)合同的允諾也使得允諾人對受允諾人負(fù)有履行允諾的義務(wù)，盡管允諾人對意向中的受益人也負(fù)有履行允諾的義務(wù)。(2)允諾人對受益人義務(wù)的全部或部分履行全部或部分地解除了其對受允諾人的義務(wù)?！?06.DISCLAIMERBYABENEFICIARY受益人棄權(quán)Abeneficiarywhohasnotpreviouslyassentedtothepromiseforhisbenefitmayinareasonabletimeafterlearningofitsexistenceandtermsrenderanydutytohimselfinoperativefromthebeginningbydisclaimer.如果受益人事先并沒有就使其受益的允諾表示同意，則該受益人可以在得知這一允諾和條款之后的合理期間內(nèi)，主張任何對之履行的義務(wù)自棄權(quán)行為作出之日始無效。§307.REMEDYOFSPECIFICPERFORMANCE強制履行救濟Wherespecificperformanceisotherwiseanappropriateremedy,eitherthepromiseeorthebeneficiarymaymaintainasuitforspecificenforcementofadutyowedtoanintendedbeneficiary.如果強制履行是另外一種適當(dāng)?shù)木葷?，則受允諾人或受益人可以提起訴訟，強制允諾人履行其對意向中的受益人所負(fù)有的義務(wù)。§308.IDENTIFICATIONOFBENEFICIARIES受益人的認(rèn)定Itisnotessentialtothecreationofarightinanintendedbeneficiarythathebei