中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理

中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理一、名詞解釋15分5題1.TraditionalChineseMedicine:TCMisatraditionalsciencewhichstudiesphysiologyandpathologyofhumanbeinganddiagnosis,preventandtreatmentofdiseases.2.TheConceptofholism:TheConceptofholismmeansthatthehumanbodyisanorganicwholeandthathumanbeingareinterrelatedwithnature.TreatmentDeterminationBasedonSyndromeDifferentiation:Itmeanstoanalyze,synthesize,judgeandsummarizetheclinicaldataofsymptomsandsignscollectedwiththefourdiagnosticmethods(namelyinspection,1isteningandsmelling，inquiry，takingpulseandpalpation)intocertainsyndrome.Thenthetherapeuticmethodsaredecidedaccordingtotheresultofsyndromedifferentiation.SyndromedifferentiationandtreatmentsisabasicprincipleinTCMtounderstandandtreatdisease.YinandYang:Yinandyangisasummaryofcertainrelatedandcontradictorythingsandphenomenainnature.Thefive-elementdoctrine:Thefive-elementdoctrine"referstothemovementandtransformationofthesefiveelements(wood,fire,earth,metalandwater)aswellastheirinterrelationships.Qi:Qiisthemostessentialsubstancethatconstitutesthebodyandmaintainsthelifeactivitiesofthebody.Blood:Bloodisaredliquidcirculatingwithinthevessels,beingoneofthebasicsubstancesconstitutingthebodyandmaintainingitsvitalactivities.Pathogenesis:Pathogenesiscanrevealthemechanismofonset,developmentandchangeofadisease.Theonset,developmentandchangeofdiseasearerelatedtotwoaspectsincludinghealthyqiandpathogenicfactors.9.DifferentiationsofSyndrome:"Syndromedifferentiation"isasummarizationofthepathologicalchangesofadiseaseatacertainstageinitscourseofdevelopment,includingthelocation,causeandnatureofadiseaseaswellasasituationofmutualconflictbetweenpathogenicfactorsandpowerofresistance.10.TheEightPrincipalSyndromes:TheEightPrincipleSyndromesincludeexterior,interior(distinguishthelocation-deeporsuperficial);cold,heat(differentiatethenatureofadisease);deficiency,excess(judgethestrongandweakbetweenthehealthyqiandpathogenicfactors)andyin,yang(distinguishthecategoryofdiseases).Deficiencysyndromes:Deficiencysyndromesareconditionsinwhichthebodyresistanceislower,itsphysiologicalfunctionsareweakordeclined.12.Deficientsyndromeofblood: Zang-fuorgans,tissuesandvesselscan ’tbenourishedowingtothedecreasedquantityorqualityofblood.Prevention:Itreferstotakingcertainstepsinadvancetostoptheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofdiseases.PreventionbeforeDiseaseOccurs:Thisimpliesthatbeforeadiseaseoccurs,variousmeasuresshouldbetakentopreventitsoccurrence.TreatmentbeforeDiseaseDevelops:Preventionbeforeadiseaseoccursistheidealpreventativemeasure.However,onceadiseasealreadyoccurs,oneshouldstriveforanearlydiagnosisandtreatmentsotopreventthediseasefromprogressing.16. TreatmentAimedattheRootoftheDisease:Definition:Itmeanstofindtherootcauseofadiseaseandfocusthetreatmentonit.1/22中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理Routinetreatment:Thismethodisusedforacasewhosesignsareconsistentwithitsessence,butthenaturesofherbsareoppositetothenatureofthedisease.18.Contrarytreatment:Thisisatherapeuticmethodforthefalsesignsofadisease.Itissuitableforcaseswhosemanifestationsareoppositeofthenaturesofdiseases.Itisawayoftreatingdiseasewithherbswhosenaturesareconsistentwiththefalsemanifestationsofthedisease.19.TreatingtheBranchinEmergencies:Thebranchisveryurgentandserious,ifnottreateditwillendangerthelifeofthepatient.20.TreatmentoftheRootinChronicCondition:Thediseaseismild,achroniccondition,notdangerous,therootofthediseaseshouldbetreated.21.TreatingtheBranchandRootSimultaneously:Whenboththebranchandrootareacute,thebranchandtherootshouldbetreatedatthesametime.22.Acupuncture-Moxibustion：Acupuncture-moxibustion,guidedbythetheoryoftraditionalChinesemedicine,appliesneedlingandmoxibustiontopointsonthehumanbodytoregulatethefunctionsofthezang-fuorgans,meridiansandcollaterals,andqiandbloodtopreventandtreatdisease.23.Jing-luo：Ageneraltermforthejingmai(meridians)andluomai(collaterals),whicharethepathwaysthroughwhichtheqiandbloodofhumanbodycirculates.Jingmeans“gothrough”or“apath”.Theyarethemaintrunks,thickandlarge.Theyrunlongitudinallyandinteriorlywithinthebody.Luomeans“somethingthatconnects”or“anet”.Theyarethebranchesofthemeridians,thinandsmall.Theyruntransverselyandsuperficially,andcrisscrossandnetthewholebody.EightExtraMeridians：Refertotheeightmeridiansthathavespecificfunctions,andincludetheDu,Ren,Chong,Dai,Yangqiao,Yinqiao,YangweiandYinweimeridians.Acupoints：Acupointsarethespecificsitesthroughwhichtheqiofthezang-fuorgansandmeridiansistransportedtothebodysurface,andthroughwhichacupunctureandmoxibustionandothertherapiesareappliedbyexternalstimulation.26.Acupoints ofthefourteen meridians：TheacupointsdistributedalongthetwelveregularmeridiansandtheDuandRenmeridiansarecalled “acupointsofthefourteenmeridians ”,or“meridianpoints ”.27. Extrapoints：Extraordinarypoints,alsocalled“extrapoints”,arepointswithadefinitelocationandaspecificname,butarenotrelatedtothefourteenmeridians.Thesepointsareespeciallyeffectiveinthetreatmentofcertaindiseases.Ashipoints：Referstothesitewhichisneitherapointofthefourteenmeridiansnoranextrapoint,butsolelythetenderspotinstead.29. Moxibustion：Moxibustionisatherapyinwhichburningmoxaisusedtoproduceaheatstimulationtohumanbody.Cuppingtherapy：Cuppingisatherapyinwhichajarisattachedtotheskinsurfacetocauselocalcongestionthroughthenegativepressurecreatedbyheatproducedbyignitedmaterialinthejar.Thereareagreatvarietyofjars,butcommonlyusedonesarebamboojars,glassjarsandpoteryjars.Thelattertwoaremorepowerfulinsuction.Tuina:TuinaisatherapeuticapproachguidedbythetheoryofTCM.Itisusedtotreatdiseasesthroughmassagemanipulationsorbymeansofsomemassagetoolsappliedtocertainpartsonpointsonthehumanbodysurface.Itbelongstothecategoryofexternaltreatmentin2/22中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理TCMandisanimportantcomponentofChinesemedicine.Gaomo：Gaomoormassagewithointmentisactuallyageneraltermoftechniquesinwhichsomeointmentsappliedtothetreatedareasofthebodysurfacebeforeperformingsomemanipulationsinthecourseofmassage.Medicatedhotcompresstherapy：Medicatedhotcompressreferstofumigating,washing,ironingorto-and-frorubbingtheaffectedsitesof patient ’sbodysurfaceindifferentwayswithdifferentChinesemedicinesundertheguidanceofthebasictheoryofTCM.二、 填空題 15分15題；判斷 10分10題；選擇 40分20題；問答 20分5題TCMisasystemofmedicaltheorycharacteristicontheholismandtreatmentbasedonsyndromedifferentiation.（中醫(yī)學(xué)的基本特點(diǎn)，兩個(gè)）2. Allofcreationisbornfromthemarriageoftwopolarprinciples, YinandYang.ThestrategyofChinesemedicineistorestoreharmony.TheultimategoalofTCMtreatmentistobalancetheyinandyang.5. "HuangdiNeijing"( 我國(guó)最早的醫(yī)學(xué)著作 )BencaoGangmu（在世界上影響最大的藥物學(xué)專著，作者李時(shí)珍）YinYangYinoryangattributeofathingisnotabsolute,butrelativeYinandyangcantransformeachotherunderagivencondition.b) Ontheotherhand,withinyinoryangtherestillmightbefurthersubdividedyinandyang.Thisphenomenonthatthingsarebothmutuallyoppositeandrelatedisinfiniteinnature.B.MajorContentsofYin-yangTheoryOppositionofYin-yangInterdependencebetweenYinandYangWax-waneofYin-yangTransformationofYin-yangToexplainthetissuesandthestructuresofthehumanbody.ToexplainthephysiologicalfunctionsofthebodyToexplainpathologicalchangesofthebodyTomakeadiagnosisTheApplicationofYin-yanginTreatmentofDisease五行A.五行歸屬關(guān)系5flavorssourbittersweetpungentsaltyE5colorsgreenredyellowwhiteBlackR5changesgerminationgrowthalterationreapingStoringUT5climateswindsummer-heatdampnessdrynesscoldAN5directionseastsouthmiddlewestnorth5seasonsspringsummerLate-summerautumnwinterFiveelementswoodfireearthmetalwater5zang-visceraliver3/22spleenlungkidneyheart5fu-visceragallbladdersmallstomachlargeurinaryintestinebladderintestine中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理ApplicationoftheFiveElementsinTCMExplainingthephysiologicalfunctionsofthefiveZang-visceraandtheirrelationshipsExplaininginteractionofthefivezangviscerapathologicallyDiagnosisandTreatmentApplicationZang-fuClassificationsoftheInternalOrgansFivezang-viscera:theheart,liver,spleen,lungandkidneyproducingandstoringessentialqiSixfu-viscera:gallbladder,stomach,smallintestine,largeintestine,urinarybladderandsan-jiao receiving,transforming,andtransportingfoodandwater.Extraordinaryfu-viscera:brain,marrow,bone,vessel,gallbladderanduterussimilarto“thefusix-organs”inmorphology,buttheirfunctionsaresimilartothefivezang-organs,storingessence.B.PhysiologicalFunctionoffivezang-visceraThephysiologicalfunctionofheartGovernsBloodandtheVesselsControlsMentalActivitiesSweatistheFluidfromHeartTheHeartOpenstotheTongueandManifestsontheFaceThephysiologicalfunctionoflungsGoverningQiandregulatingrespirationInChargeofDispersingandDescendingRegulatingWaterMetabolismGovernstheSkinandHairOpenstotheNoseThephysiologicalfunctionofspleenGovernsTransformationandTransportationControlsBloodSendsupEssenceGovernsMusclesandLimbsOpenstotheMouth,ManifestsontheLipsThephysiologicalfunctionofliverRegulatestheSmoothFlowofQi4/22中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理StoresBloodGovernsTendonsandManifestsontheNailsOpenstotheEyes.ThephysiologicalfunctionofkidneyThekidneysstorevitalessence,governgrowth,developmentandreproduction.GovernsWaterMetabolism.GovernstheReceptionofQi.Kidneysgovernboneandmanufacturemarrowtoformthebrainandmanifestsinthehair.Thekidneysopentotheears,theexternalgenitalsandtheanus.10.QiA. TheconstructionofQi :congenitalQi；acquiredQiB. TheProductionof Qithecongenitalessence-qitheacquired-qiofwaterandgrainthenaturalfreshairC.FunctionsofQiPropellingfunction（推動(dòng)）Warmingfunction（溫煦）Defendingfunction（防御）d) controllingfunction （固攝）Transformingfunction（氣化）D.MovementofQi氣的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式Themovingtypesofqicanbedividedintofourkinds,namelyascending,descending,cominginandgoingout.（升、降、出、入）liver-qiisascendinglung-qiisdescendingspleen-qiisascendingstomch-qiisdescendingBloodA. TheproductionofBlood:Bloodismainlycomposedofnutritiveqi（營(yíng)氣）andbodyfluids（津液）.Kidney-essencemaytransformintobloodeachother.FunctionofBlood:Bloodhasthefunctionofnourishingandmoisteningthewholebody.Bloodisalsothemajorbaseofmaterialforthevitalmovementofthebody.EtiologyClassification:Endogenous；Exogenous；non-endo-exogenousContent：sixexogenousfactors（六淫）pestilentfactors（癘氣）sevenemotionalfactors（七情）dietaryfactors,over-strainandover-ease（飲食、勞逸）traumaticinjuries（外傷）f) Phlegmretentionand Bloodstasis（痰飲、瘀血）5/22中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理TheSixEvil\DifferencesbetweentheSixEvilandSixQiSixQinatureweathercondition，wind,cold,summer-heat,dampness,drynessandfireTheSixEvilUnderabnormalweathercondition,forexampleResistanceofthebodybecomeweak;Climatechangesharply,andwind,cold,summer-heat,dampness,drynessandfireWindThenaturefeature:mainlyprevailsinspring,alsooccursinanyseasonWindbelongstoliverinfiveelements.Thepathologicalcharacter:1) WindisYangevil,natureofwindisdispersing 開泄Windisgoodatmobilityandchangesquickly.（善行數(shù)變）3) Windswaysinnature.(spasm,trembling,shaking) 主動(dòng)Windistheleaderofexogenousevils.風(fēng)為百病之長(zhǎng)ColdThenaturefeature:prevalenceinwinterbelongtokidneyThepathologicalcharacter:1) ColdisYinevil,itiseasytodamageyang-qi 損傷陽(yáng)氣Coldinnatureiscoagulationandblockage.寒性凝滯3) Coldinducingcontraction 寒性收引Coldhasthepropertyofclarity.寒性清澈Summer-heatThenaturefeature:predominantinsummerbelongtoheartThepathologicalcharacter:Summer-heatisYangevilandveryhot.陽(yáng)邪，炎熱Summer-heatisrisinganddispersionandconsumeqiandbodyfluidseasily.升散，耗氣傷津Summer-heatoftenmixedwithdamp.暑多挾濕DampnessThenaturefeature:prevailbetweensummerandfallbelongtospleenThepathologicalcharacter:1) DampnessisYinevil,hinderthemovementofqi,easilydamageYangqi 阻遏氣機(jī)，損傷陽(yáng)氣heavyandturbid重濁(heavysensation,filthyandfouldischargesorsecretions,suchaspus,turbidurine)6/22中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理stickyandstagnant粘滯(stickystool,longcourse,relapserepeatedly,difficulttocure)sinkingdownward趨下(inthelowerpartofthebody,leukorrhea,diarrhea,turbidurine)DrynessThenaturefeature:prevailinfallwarmdrynessandcool-drynessconnecttoLung(“frailorgan”嬌臟)Thepathologicalcharacter:easilydamagebodyfluids傷津drysymptomsapttoimpairLung傷肺consumelungfluidsFireThenaturefeature:prevailinsummerfiveclimaticfactorsYangevilconnecttoheartThepathologicalcharacter:Burningheat(highfever,aversiontoheat,fidgets,thirst,sweating)tendstoflameup炎上(theupperpart,heart,stomach,liver)apetoconsumeQiandfluid傷津耗氣(thirst,dryness,shortbreath)generateswindandcausebleeding生風(fēng)動(dòng)血(windresultingfromextremeheat,leadtobleeding)ThesevenemotionTheSevenemotionsandinternalinjurycausedbysevenemotions:Underthenormalcondition,Joy,angry,anxiety,thinking,sad,fearandfrightarecalledthesevenemotions;Undertheabnormalcondition,sudden,intenseorprolongedemotionalstimulationbeyondtheregulatoryrangeofphysiologicalactivitiesofthebody,Joy,angry,anxiety,thinking,sad,fearandfrightarecalledinternalinjurycausedbysevenemotions.七情與五臟配屬關(guān)系Joy-heartAngry-liverAnxiety-lungThinking-spleenSad-lungFear-kidneyFright-kidneyPathogenicCharacteroftheSevenEmotionsa) DirectInjuryoftheViscus 直接傷及內(nèi)臟7/22中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理InfluenceonQiMovementoftheVisceraOverangryqiupward氣上liverOverjoyqislackening氣緩heartOversadqiconsumed氣消lungOverthinkingqidepressed氣結(jié)spleenGreatfearqisinking氣下kidneyGreatfrightqidisorder氣亂kidneyD.DietaryFactors,OverstrainandOvereasea)ImproperdietspleenandstomachIrregulardietUnhygienicdietDietarybiasImproperWorkandLeisureOverwork consumesqiandbloodOverease stagnationofqiandbloodPathogenesisBasicPathogenesisExcessofyangandDeficiencyofyinproduceheatsyndromeExcessofyinandDeficiencyofyangproducecoldsyndromeDiagnosisBasicDiagnosticMethodsInspection；auscultationandolfaction；Inquiry；TakingpulseandpalpationInspectionInspectvitality①Vigorousvitality有神Lackofvitality少神③ Lossofvitality 無神④Pseudovitality假神InspectionoftheTongue①tonguecoating；②tonguebodyDivideintofourportions:correspondtotheorgans?Thetipcorrespondstotheheart?Themiddlecorrespondstothespleenandstomach?Therootcorrespondstothekidney?TheedgescorrespondtotheliverandgallbladderThenormaltongue?lightredtongue?thinandwhitecoatingInspectionofthetonguecoatingconsistofobservingcolorsofthetonguecoating；texture(thequalityofthetonguecoating)?White-exteriororcoldsyndrome?Yellow-interiororheatsyndrome?Thin-exteriorsyndromeormildcase8/22中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理?Thick-damp,phlegmandretainedfluid,accumulationoffood.?Dry-impairmentofbodyfluid.?Sticky-excessiveturbiddamp.?Peeled-deficiencyofhealthyqi,consumedyinfluid.Observationofthetonguebody?Redtongue-heatsyndrome?enlargedtongue-insufficiencyofspleen-yang,retentionofphlegmanddampness?thintongue-deficiencyofqiandblood,yinauscultationandolfactionInquiryTakingpulseandpalpationPulse-takingDefinition:oneofdiagnosticmethodsfeelthepatientsarterialpulsewiththedoctors’fingersbyjudgingpulseconditions,learntheconditionofthediseaseTheLocationofPulseTakingIngeneral,therearethreewaysofpulse-taking?generalpulsetaking?pulse-takinginthreeparts?pulse-takingincunkou(wildlyused,beappliednow.)ThepositionofthefingerTakingpulseoftenusefingertip,indexfingercorrespondstoCun-pulse,middlefingercorrespondstoGuan-pulse,fourthfingercorrespondstoChi-pulse.ii. Onthelefthandthecun-------hearttheguan-------liver/gallbladderthechi------kidneyiii.Ontherighthandthecun------thelungtheguan-------spleen/stomachthechi-----kidneyHowtopressure?Firstly,thethreefingerstouchtheradialarterythrobswiththeslightpressure,thensecondarypressure,heavypressure,andfeelchangesofthepulses.Secondly,eachfingerrepeatsslightpressure,thensecondarypressure,heavypressure,andfeelchangesofthepulses.(三部九候）Time:themorningisbetterTheNormalPulse①Character:evenandgentlepulselocatedatcunguan,andchi.9/22中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理moderateforce.regularrhythm----eachrespiration4beatsatarateof60-90beatsperminute.ThepathologicpulseReferstoabnormalpulsemanifestedusuallyintermsofthepulselocation,frequency,rhythm,shapeandpowerconditionofthepulse.Thereare28kindsofpathologicpulseinclinicalpractice.Thepulseconditionisknownbyitslocation,beating,qualityshape,force.Forinstance:?afloatingpulse,deeppulse----thedepthoflocationofthepulse.?aslow,rapidpulse----comingspeedofthepulse.?afeeble,excessivepulse----forceofbeating.?afull,threadypulse----shapeandforce.floatingpulsetheexteriordeeppulsetheinteriortheslowpulsethecoldthefastpulsethetheheattheweakpulsedeficiencythepowerfulpulseexcessPathogenicfactors:Althoughthemanifestationsofdiseasesarequitecomplicated,diseasescansumuptheexteriororinterior,thecoldandheat,deficiencyandexcesssyndromes.DifferentiationofsyndromesA. DifferentiationoftheColdandHeatSyndromes 辨寒熱Coldandheataretheprinciplesthatidentifythespecificnatureofadisease.b) Differentiatingsyndromesofcoldandheat,infact,istellingtheconditionof yinandyang.Coldsyndromesarecausedbyinsufficientyang-qiorexposuretopathogeniccold.Heatsyndromesresultfrominsufficientyinorexcessiveyangorexposuretopathogenicheat.coldorComplexionFourStoolsandTonguePulseheatthirstlimbsUrineLoosestoolsPaletonguefearcold,absenceclearSloworcoldwhitecoldpaleprofusetenseprefertoheatofthirstcoatingurinefearheat,thirstConstipation,RedtongueprefertoandpreferhotconcentratedyellowRapidheattoflushcoldcoldurinecoatingwaterwater10/22中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理B. DifferentiationoftheDeficiencyandExcesssyndrome 辨虛實(shí)a) Deficiencyandexcessdescribethestrugglebetweenthehealthy qiandpathogenicfactors.Excessmeanspredominationofpathogenicfactors.c) Deficiencymeansinsufficientofhealthy qi.Classificationsofdeficiencysyndromes:Deficiencyofqi；Deficiencyofblood；Deficiencyofyin；DeficiencyofyangDeficiencySyndromeExcessSyndromeCourseofdiseaseLong(chronic)Short(currentlyoccurred)PhysiqueWeakStrongSpiritListlessExcitedVoiceandbreathingLowvoice,feeblebreathingLoudsound,harshbreathingPainAlleviatedbypressureAggravatedbypressureabdominaldistensionRelievedoccasionallyNotrelievedFeverFeverishsensation,slightHighfeverfeverintheafternoonAversiontocoldAlleviatedwithwarmNotalleviatedwithwarmclothing(chills)clothingandheavybeddingTongueAlittlecoatingornocoatingOld-lookingtonguewithonthetonguethickcoatingPulseForcelessForcefulC.DifferentiationofSyndromesofYinandYangYinandyangaretwoguidelinesindifferentiationofsyndromes.SyndromescanattributetoYinorYangOndiagnosis,yinandyangmustbedifferentiatedfirst.d)Yangsyndromes－－exterior,heat,excessYinsyndromes－－interior,cold,deficiencydeficientsyndromedeficiencyofqisinkingofqiexcessivesyndromestagnationofqiadverseflowofqiD.SyndromedifferentiationofblooddiseaseDeficiencyofblooddeficientsyndromeStasisofbloodexcessivesyndromeColdinbloodHeatinbloodPreventionA.Including：PreventionBeforeDiseaseOccurs；TreatmentBeforeDiseaseDevelops11/22中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理TherapeuticPrinciplesTreatmentAimedattheRootoftheDiseaseRoutineTreatmentandContraryTreatmentTreatingthePeripheralandtheRootStrengtheningthehealthyenergyandeliminatingthepathogenicfactorsRegulatingyinandyangTreatmentandtheSeason,LocalityandIndividualTreatmentTreatingthebranchandtheRootinclude:TreatingtheBranchinEmergenciesTreatmentoftheRootinChronicConditionTreatingtheBranchandRootSimultaneouslyTherapeuticMethodsDiaphoresis(sweating)Emesis(vomiting)purgation(diarrhoea)Mediation(liverproblem)WarmingClearingheatawayEliminationTonificationAcupunctureA. Acupunctureandmoxibustionmainlyconsistoffourparts：Meridiansandcollaterals;Acupoints;Techniquesofacupunctureandmoxibustion;ClinicalapplicationofacupunctureandmoxibustionClassificationofmeridians：TwelveRegularMeridiansEightExtraMeridiansTwelvecutaneousregionsTwelvedivergentmeridiansTwelvemuscleregionsFifteencollateralsTheNomenclatureoftheTwelveRegularMeridiansLungMeridianofHand-TaiyinThreeyinPericardiumofMeridianofHand-JueyinHeartMeridianofHand-ShaoyinhandThreeyangLargeIntestineMeridianofHand-YangmingSanjiaoMeridianofHand-ShaoyangSmallIntestineMeridianofHand-Taiyang12/22中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理SpleenMeridianofFoot- TaiyinThreeyin LiverMeridianofFoot- JueyinKidneyMeridianofFoot- ShaoyinfootThreeyangStomachMeridianofFoot-YangmingGallbladderMeridianofFoot-ShaoyangBladderMeridianofFoot-TaiyangTheCharacteristicsoftheDistributionoftheTwelveMeridiansTheTaiyinmeridiansareontheanteriorborder,Jueyinmeridiansonthemiddle,Shaoyinmeridiansontheposteriorborder.TheYangmingmeridiansareontheanteriorborder,Shaoyangmeridiansonthemiddle,Taiyangmeridiansontheposteriorborder.However,onthelowershankwheretheLiverMeridianofFoot-Jueyinisonthe(1)TwelveRegularMeridians-DistributionanteriorandtheSpleenMeridianofFoot-Taiyinisinthemiddle.ExteriorPathwaymedialaspectUpperlimbsThreeyinmeridiansofofthefourlimbshandYinLowerlimbsThreeyinMeridiansMeridiansofchestfoot(1)TwelveRegularMeridians-DistributionabdomenExteriorPathwayUpperlimbsThreeyanglateralandposterioraspectsmeridiansofofthefourlimbshandYangLowerlimbsThreeyangMeridiansMeridiansofhead,face19foottrunkE.TwelveRegularMeridians-Relationship(1)TwelveRegularMeridians-Relationship(1)Meridians-RelationshipExterior-interiorRelationshipofthemeridiansoftheFootThepairedyinandyangmeridianswithanexterior-interiorrelationshipareconnectedwithinthebody.

Exterior-interiorRelationshipofthemeridiansoftheHandThepairedyinand20yangmeridianswithanexterior-interiorrelationshipareconnectedwithinthebody.TheSpleenmeridianTheStomachMeridianTheLungmeridianTheLargeIntestineMeridianoftheFoot-TaiyinofFoot-YangmingoftheHand-TaiyinofHand-YangmingTheLiverofMeridianTheGallbladderMeridianofThePericardiumTheSanjiaoMeridianofFoot-JueyinFoot-ShaoyangmeridianofHand-ShaoyangoftheHand-JueyinTheKidneyMeridianTheBladderMeridianofTheHeartmeridianTheSmallIntestineMeridianofHand-TaiyangofFoot-ShaoyinFoot-TaiyangoftheHand-ShaoyinThePathwaysoftheTwelveRegularMeridiansThePathwaysoftheTwelveRegularMeridiansThree yangmeridiansofthehandHand HeadThreeyinmeridiansofthehandChest HandPathwayred=yang13/22blue=yin(1)TwelveRegularMeridians-Pathways中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理ThePathwaysoftheTwelveRegularMeridiansThreeyangmeridiansofthefootHead FootThreeyinmeridiansofthefootFoot AbdomenorchestPathwayG. CharacteristicsofEightExtraMeridians red=yanga) Noneofthempertaintoorconnectwithazangorfuorganblue=yinTheyarenotexteriorly-interiorlyrelatedc) Theydon’thaverelatedhandorfootmeridians,someofthemdon’thaveayinoryangaspectTheydon’thaveacyclicalflowofqiasintheregularmeridiansApartfromtheDuandRenmeridianswhichhavetheirownpoints,theothermeridianssharetheirpointswiththetwelveregularmeridians.H.FunctionsofmeridiansandcollateralsLinkingZangandFuorgansandCommunicatingtheinteriorandexteriorTransportingqiandbloodandnourishingthewholebodyResistingpathogensandprotectingthebodyI. Classificationofacupoints ：Acupointsofthefourteenmeridians ，Extrapoints，AshipointsTherapeuticEffectsofAcupointsa) LocalTherapeuticEffects：Acupointscantreatdisordersofnearbytissuesandorgans.(includingthepointsofthefourteenmeridians,theextraordinarypointsandtheAshipoints)TheRemoteTherapeuticEffects：Thepointsofthefourteenmeridians,especiallythoseofthetwelveregularmeridianslocatedbelowtheelbowandkneejoints,areeffectivenotonlyforlocaldisordersbutalsofordisordersofthetissuesandzang-fuorganssofarasthecourseoftheirpertainingmeridianscaneffect.TheSpecialTherapeuticEffectsMethodsofacupointselectionThecommonlyusedmethodsofpointlocationInclude:proportionalmeasurements;14/22Proportional中measurements醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理(2)FingermeasurementThelengthandwidthofthepatient'sfinger(s)areb) fingermeasurementtakenasastandardforpointlocation.Fig.1Middlefinger Fig.2Thumb Fig.3Four-fingersmeasurement measurement measurement(3)simplemeasurement.Hegu(LI4合谷)；Quchi(LI11曲池)；Yingxiang(LI20迎香)；Neiguan(PC6內(nèi)關(guān))；zúsānli(ST36足三里)；jīngmíng(BL1睛明)；fēngmén(BL12風(fēng)門)；fèishū(BL13肺俞)；xīnshū(BL15心俞)；gānshū(BL18肝俞)；dǎnshū(BL19膽俞)；píshū(BL20脾俞)；wèishū(BL21胃俞)；shènshū(BL23腎俞)；zhìyīn（BL67至陰）；fēngchí（GB20風(fēng)池）；jiānjǐng（GB21肩井）；sānyīnjiāo(SP6三陰交)；yǒngquán（KI1涌泉）；Guānyuán(RN4關(guān)元)；Shénquè(RN8神闕)；Dànzhōng(RN17膻中)；Dàzhuī(DU14大椎)；Bǎihu(DUì20百會(huì))；Shuǐgōu(DU26,alsoknownasRenzhong水溝)“Theseaoftheyinmeridians”isTheRenMeridian；“Theseaoftheyangmeridians”isTheDuMeridianSelectionoftheInstrumentsThefiliformneedleisoneoftheninekindsofneedlesinancientChina.Mostofthefiliformneedlesusedatpresentaremadeofstainlesssteel.Theappropriatelengthandthicknessoftheneedlesareselectedaccordingtothe15/22中醫(yī)知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理patient’ssex,age,bodytype,andconstitution,andthelocationofdisease,thicknessandthinnessofthesitewhereacupunctureistobe