社區(qū)規(guī)劃--理論與實踐課件

社區(qū)規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(2)

—計劃經(jīng)濟模式下的住房規(guī)劃與設(shè)計CommunityPlanning&DesignTheory&Practice0101049

policyDoaskforpermissionifyouneedhelp!Welcomeyourparticipation.Youwillbeawardedifanswerquestionsonyourown/actively.城市規(guī)劃原理P:484-553城鄉(xiāng)住區(qū)規(guī)劃，readrelevantliteraturecritically?Howmanyfromurbancommunity?多少來自商品房住區(qū)？多少來自福利房住區(qū)？Comments雖然改革30多年了，新版教材基本仍然是計劃經(jīng)濟的陳舊的“硬”規(guī)劃內(nèi)容；不能適應(yīng)當(dāng)前的市場經(jīng)濟要求；硬規(guī)劃軟規(guī)劃CommunityPlanning&DesignunderCommandEconomyDemandestimationHukousystemimmigrationcontrolPlanofrecruitment,employmentPlanning&Design(1）

ComprehensivePlanning

levelDemandestimation

PopulationGrowthRate人口增長率，機械和自然增長率landuseplanning,emphasizinglayoutandtwo-dimensionalphysicalstructure,R2,allpublichousing,standardsfirmlycontrolledbythegov..

“十一五”時期，針對房價攀升的問題，國家住建部多次發(fā)文要求編制住房規(guī)劃，但當(dāng)前市場經(jīng)濟條件下how?Planning&Design(2）

DetailedPlanning&DesignDemandestimation，計劃PrinciplesofLayoutCollectivelifestyle

undersocialismEquippedwitheducation(kindergarten,primaryschool,middleschool,highschool),retail(food,vegetable,clothetc),postal,recreationandmedicalservices.Whatisthedifferenceoflifestylesundermarketsystem

fromthoseundersocialism?emphasesPhysicalenvironment國家規(guī)范與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)means

minimumrequirements仍然是計劃經(jīng)濟觀念、意識和模式，城市居住區(qū)規(guī)劃設(shè)計規(guī)范(2002)changing居住區(qū)(3-5萬)居住小區(qū)(1.0-1.5萬）居住組團（1000-3000）LayoutStructure（1）

居住區(qū)居住小區(qū)LayoutStructure（2）

居住區(qū)居住組團LayoutStructure（3）

居住區(qū)居住小區(qū)居住組團

居住區(qū)用地構(gòu)成住宅用地、公建用地、道路用地和綠化用地用地比例？公建配置？Changing?綠地與公共空間，Useful?住宅布置方式1.行列式p5052.院落式/周邊式P5063.混合式P5074.自由式P507理念？實踐原則（“性”）：整體性、經(jīng)濟性、科學(xué)性、生態(tài)型、地方性與時代性、超前性與靈活性、領(lǐng)域性與社會性、健康性；“以人為本”，Who?社會、經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境效益的統(tǒng)一；布局pragmatic?重點在于物質(zhì)環(huán)境的營造，過分強調(diào)軸線布局、景觀、平面構(gòu)圖，見物不見人；對“人”的生活方式、行為、習(xí)慣等漠不關(guān)心；實例布局開放空間的效用HousingReforminChina3stagesThefirststage(79-88)anexperimentstagewhenchangeswerecarriedoutinapiecemealfashiontestedinafewselectedcities;thesaleofnewhousingatconstructioncostsin1979,andextendedtooldpublichousingin1980withshareownership(82-85).Moreattributes:landacquisition,compensationandprovisionoflocalpublicfacilities;haltedin1985.Thesecondstage(89-98)Large-salehousingreform,investment,managementanddistributionThethirdstage:(98-)HousingReforminChina3stagesThesecondstage(89-98)Large-salehousingreform,investment,managementanddistribution,privatizationofpublichousing,rentalreform,housingfinance.InOctober1991,amajornationalhousingreformconferencewasheldinBeijing.Theconferenceresolution,OnComprehensiveReformoftheUrbanHousingSystem,compiledbytheStateCouncil’sHousingReformSteeringGroup,wasissuedinNovember1991.Thisresolutionledtothelarge-scalesaleofexistingpublichousingatverylowprices,particularlytotheircurrentoccupiers.In1993,concernaboutthelow-pricesalesofpublichousingledgovernmenttosuspendthehousingreformprogramme.In1993thesaleofexistingpublic-sectorhousingatverylowpriceshadbeenstoppedHousingReforminChinaestablishing:(1)adualhousingprovisionsystemwithasocialhousingsupplyprovidingeconomicandcomfortablehousingtomiddle-andlow-incomehouseholdsandacommercialhousingsupplyforhigh-incomefamilies;(2)apublicandprivatehousingsavingssystem;(3)housinginsurance,financeandloansystemswhichwouldenablebothpolicy-orientedandcommercialdevelopments;and(4)ahealthy,standardizedandregulatedmarketsystemofpropertyexchange,repairandmanagement.HousingReforminChina3stagesThethirdstage:(98-)Theoveralltimescalewassetattheendof1998.Localauthoritieswerelefttodecidewhenthechangewouldtakeplaceandthedetailsofsubsidypolicy.Inordertocatchthelastwelfaretrain,someworkunitscouldextendtheimplementationtotheyear2000,andboughthousingfromcommercialdevelopersatmarketpricestosellorallocatetotheiremployeesatdiscountedprices.Thepolicyaimedtoestablishanewsystemsothathousingconsumptionisnolongeraburdentothestateorworkunits.UrbanLandUseReformLandinurbanChinaisownedbythestateandadministrateddirectlybymunicipalities,rurallandhasbeenownedcollectivelybyruralcommunitiessincetheChineseCommunistPartytookpowerin1949(Li,1999).Municipalitiescanrequisitionrurallandatitsdiscretionbypayingsomecompensationandtransferringrelatedruralresidentsintourbanregistration.Duringthepre-reformera(from1949to1979),landuserswereallpublicworkunits,thuslandallocationwasbasedonadministrativeplanning,landwasnominallyworthlessandtheacquisitionofthelandwasnothingmorethanabureaucraticarrangement.LandUseRightsSystem(LURS)TheLandUseRightssystem,literallythe“paidtransferofland-userights”(tudiyouchangzhuanran),wasmadeofficialbyaddingthestatement“Therightoflandusecanbetransferredinaccordancewiththerelevantlegislation”totheConstitution(Li,1999).LandstillbelongstotheState,makinglanduserightsacceptableonthebasisofthesocialistdoctrine.LandUseRightsSystem(LURS)LandUseRights(LURs)areseparatedfromownershiprightsandbecometradableinthemarketbyprivatetreaty,negotiationandauction(Li,1999).LURsarerightswithtimelimitsfordifferentkindsoflanduse.Thelongestleaseholdtermis70yearsforresidential,50yearsforindustrial,50yearsforeducational/culturaland40yearsforcommercial/officeaccordingtothe1990ProvisionalRegulationsontheConveyance,GrantingandTransferringoftheStateLURinCitiesandTowns.Withintheleaseholdperiod,LURscanbetransferredandtradedwiththepermissionofthegovernment.Attheendofthiscontractperiod,thelandandallitsattachmentwouldautomaticallyreverttothestatewithoutpaymentandcompensation,butthelanduserscouldrenewthecontractafterpayingforextensionCommercialHousingProvisionDevelopersInternationalPublic-ownedcompaniesPrivatecompaniesDevelopmentProcessLandmarket(twotiers)PlanningpermissionAffordableHousingProvisionTheEconomyHabitableHousing(EHH)planAnjuProjectIncomesystem?SubmarketboundariesHomeMortgagesHomemortgagesinChina,whereavailableatall,usuallyrequirelargedownpaymentsandhighmonthlyinstallmentsthatfewworkerscanafford(RosenandRoss,2000).TherelativelyfewChinesecitizenswhohavetakenoutthesemortgageswerelargelyprivatebusinessownersoremployeesofforeign-fundedenterprisesthatofferedspecialincentivestoenabletheirworkerstobuyahome.OnlythreeChinesebanks(ICBC,ABCandCCB)wereauthorisedtoprovidehomemortgagespriorto1998.HedonicmodelInthehedonicmodelformallyrenderedbyRosen(1974),ahousingunitisdescribedbyavectorofnobjectivelymeasurablecharacteristics.Thehousingunit(abundleofcharacteristics)commandsapriceinthemarket.Variousbundlesandtheirassociatedpricesrevealtheimplicitpricesofthecharacteristics,knownashedonicprices.HedonicmodelAlthoughthereisnoconsensusintheliteratureregardingthevariablestobeincludedintothehedonicpricefunction,characteristicsinthreecategoriesaregenerallyconsideredappropriate(Bowen,etal.,2001):housingstructuralcharacteristics(S),socialandenvironmentalattributes