水利工程環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

英語(yǔ)原文：MethodsandproceduresforEIAEIAisthestrategicfortheactiveenvironmentalmanagementofbasindevelopmentandtheconstructionitems.Forwaterresourcesandpowerdevelopment,duringbasin-wideplanningandfeasibilitystudystageofprojectsenvironmentalimpactassessmentshouldbeprepared.Forbasin-wideplanningdocumentachapteronenvironmentalimpactsassessmentisnecessarywhileforfeasibilitystudyofprojectstheenvironmentalimpactstatementshouldbeprepared.1purposesoftheassessmentThepurposeofEIAistoassesstheenvironmentaleffectsduetoriverbasindevelopmentplayingorproposedhydroelectricproject.Forthepurposeofrationallyutilizingnaturalresources,protectingtheenvironment,improvingenvironmentalquality,andmaintainingtheecologicalbalance,theoptimumplancanbescreenedoutthroughthecomparisonofthetechnical,economicalandenvironmentalindicesofthealternativeplansoftheproject.Besides,thecorrespondingmitigationmeasuresfortheadverseeffectsandtheimprovementmeasuresforthebeneficialeffectsshouldbeputforwardsduringvariousstages,suchasplanning,design,construction,andmanagement.TheworkofEIAisveryimportant,asEIA(s)isthefundamentaldocumentfordecisionmakingandpolicyarrangementfortheproject.ThedevelopmentofEIAmakesitpossibletochangetheworkofenvironmentalprotectionfromastatusofpassivecontrolintoastatusofactivepreventionInaddition,themostimportantpointisthatthroughtheworkofEIAtheprojectcoulddevelopmorecomprehensivebenefitsandeliminatetheadverseeffect.

2TheclassificationoftheassessmentAccordingtothetemporalandspatialdimensionstheenvironmentalimpactassessmentcanbeclassifiedintotwocategories.Fromtemporaldimensionitcanbefurtherclassifiedastheretrospectiveenvironmentalimpactassessmentforexitingprojects,thepresentenvironmentalimpactassessmentforprojectunderconstructionandtheprospectiveenvironmentalimpactassessmentforprojectsunderplanning.Generallyspeaking,theenvironmentalimpactassessmentrefersalmostalltotheprospectiveEIA.Fromspatialdimensionitcanbeclassifiedasassessmentforindividualproject,forasystemofprojects,andevenforalltheprojectsincludedintheriverbasinplanning.Thedepthofworkforenvironmentalassessmentshouldbecompatiblewithstageofplanninganddesign.Intheriverbasinplanningstage,theenvironmentalassessmentshouldbemadeforthewholebasin,andapreliminarysuggestionformitigationmeasuresoftheadverseeffectsshouldbeproposed.Ifnecessary,reportsonspecialtopicsshouldbeprovidedforsignificantimpacts.Inthefeasibilitystudystage,theenvironmentalassessmentforeachofimportantparametersandcomprehensivechapterofenvironmentalprotectionshouldbeprovidedogiveadetaileddescriptionfordemonstrationtheenvironmentaleffectofprojectandimplementingthemitigationandimprovementmeasuresfortheadverseeffects,.Intechnicaldesignstage,anadditionalstudyshouldbemadefortheremainingkeyproblems.Inthestageofconstruction,theenvironmentalprot6ectionplanningandthepracticingschedulefortheconstructionareaandthereservoirregionshouldbeincluded.3MethodsandproceduresInpractice,methodsarecloselyinterconnectedwithprocedures.AccordingtotheprocessofEIA.Themethodsusedcanbedividedintotwocategories.Oneisforassessingtheenvironmentalchangeandimpactofeachindividualparameter,andtheotherisforassessingtheimpactofthewholeproject.Afterassessment,appropriatemitigationmeasurescanbeestablished,andcomprehensiveindicesandindicatorsforthewholeprojectcanbederivedsoastofacilitatethecomparisonofalternativeprojectdesigns.Theassessmentproceduresconsistoffivemainsteps:Impactidentification,impactprediction,impactevaluation,mitigationandprotectivemeasures,andmonitoringprograms.Amongthefivestepstheimpactidentification,impactpredictionandimpactevaluationaremostimportant.Foreachsteptherearedifferentmethodsandconsiderations.ImpactidentificationThestepstakentoidentifyenvironmentalparameterslikelytohaveimpactsareasfollows:⑴Understandingthecharacteristicsoftheproject,suchasbackwatercurve,changeofhydraulicandhydrologicalregime(suchaschangeofdischargeandsiltdistribution).⑵Selectionofanexistingsimilarprojectandcarryingoutretrospectiveenvironmentalassessmentforreference.⑶Investigationanddescriptionofthestatusoftheexistingenvironmentalsettingandbaseline.⑷Useofchecklistsofinteractionmatricesforimpactidentification.⑸Proposingtheparameterswithlikelyimpactsortheunknownparametersforfurtherimpactprediction.Thepurposesofthisaretoidentifythesignificantenvironmentalmodification,andtoestimatetheprobabilitythattheimpactwilloccur.Impactpredictionbeginswithqualityidentification,thensimplemethodsareusedforquantificationandfinallymulti-factormodelingisusedfordetailedquantification.Someofthemethodsmightbeclassifiedasfollows:1Mathematicalmodelingofempiricalformula(suchasthereservoirandsoon).2Investigationandmeasurement(suchasthroughinvestigationofthescopeofdistributionofterrestrialfloraandfaunawithintheinundatedzonetopredicttheimpactonthem,thesamemethodisusedforpredictionoftheimpactonhistoricandarchaeologicalsites).3Analysisoftheeffectsofchangesinthehydraulicandhydrologicalregime(suchasthroughthestudyofchangeofflowandsiltpatternstopredicttheareasinfluencedoraffectedbyflood,water-loggingandsalinitydownstream,orthroughthechangeofhabitatsoffloraandfaunatopredictthefutureconditionofthedifferentspecies).4Analogyorcomparisonwithexistingprojects(suchastheuseofcomparisontoidentifythechangeinwatertemperaturequalitatively).Impactevaluation1.Environmentalimpactofeachindividualenvironmentalparameter.Onemustinvestigatethechangeinenvironmentalquality,proposetheremedialmeasuresforadverseeffects,calculatetherelationshipbetweenbenefitsandcosts,andseewhethertheenvironmentalchangeisbeneficialandacceptable.Themethodsconsistof:⑴Acomparisonofenvironmentalindicesorindicationsbetweenthesituationswithandwithouttheproject.⑵Establishingthevaluefunctiongraphsforeachindividualparameterandseeingwhethertheenvironmentalqualityisimprovedornot(0-10canbeusedtoshowthedegreeoftheenvironmentalquality,where0thatindicatestheenvironmentqualityistheworst,and10thebest).⑶Proposingremedialmeasuresforadverseeffectsandcalculatingcosts.⑷Reassessingtheenvironmentqualityaftertheremedialmeasureistaken.⑸Estimatingthedifferencesinadverseeffectbetweenthesituationswithandwithoutmitigationmeasures.⑹Calaculatingthebenefitsofmeasures⑺Anaktzingtherelationshipbetweenbenefitsandcosts,toseewhethertheimpactontheparameterisacceptable,andtoseeeffectivenessofmeasures.ComprehensiveassessmentoftheprojectThepurposeofcomprehensiveassessmentistoevaluatetheindexofimpactofthewholeprojecttocomparealltheoptionsandtoselecttheoptimumplan.Cost-benefitandadverseeffectsoftheprojectarecalculatedtoconclusionforeveryproject.Methodsofenvironmentalevaluationsystem,multi-criteriaanalysisorcost-benefitanalysismightbeused.Justlikeadhocmethods,checklists,matrices,overlays,networks,cost-benefitanalysis,simulationmodeling,andsystemanalysis,etc.Thesuperioritiesanddeficienciesofallthemaincanbeassessedbysixindices.Theproceduresforbasinenvironmentalimpactassessmentaresameasthoseforawaterresourcesproject,butthemethodsarenotsoperfectnow.Amethodisbasedonthequantifiedindicesofenvironmentalimpacts,subjecttosatisfyingofthemultipurposeofdevelopmentasitsconstraintsandtheminimumoftotaladverseimpact(aspeopledisplaced)asobjectives,bythedynamicprogrammingtechniqueandthematrixapproachetc.,tolayouttheplananddeterminethescaleofeachwaterproject.Forexample,DongjiangRiverBasin(inGuandongProvince)planning,theweightedregioncontrollingapproachandkeyelementscontrollingapproachhavebeenusedforfuzzyassessment.Anotherapproachusedbyindividualorganizationis:⑴Consideringallprojectsorcomponentsofcomponentsofthewholebasinasaunitorseveralsuitableunitstoassessthewholeenvironmentalimpactsontheupperpart(abovethelowestcascade)ofthebasin.⑵Computingthetotalindicesoftheconjunctiveoperationofallprojectsofthebasinsuchasthechangingofhydrologicandsedimentationregime,etc.toassessthewholeenvironmentalimpactsonthemiddle,lowerreaches,andtheestuary.⑶PreparingtheEIAofsinglekeyprojectoritscoordinationwithotherprojectsinordertopreventthenegationofthekeyprojectbyenvironmentalimpactstoinfluencethefeasibilityofthewholeplan.ResearchoftheimportantpointsforEIA1Levelsoftheenvironmentalsystems.Theenvironmentisacomplicatedsystem.ForEIAthetotalityofenvironmentshouldbedividedintoseverallevelsofsub-systems.Usuallyunderthetotalityofenvironmentitisdividedintofourlevelsofsysrt4ema,namelyenvironmentalcategories,environmentalcomponents,environmentalparameters,andenvironmentalmeasurements.InChinatheenvironmentalcategoriesarefurtherclassifiedasnaturalenvironmentandsocialenvironment.Undertheitemofnaturalenvironmentitisagainsubdividedintomanyenvironmentalcomponentssuchaslocalclimateofreservoirarea,whichagainconsistsoftheenvironmentalparameterssuchasprecipitation.Windandfogastheirsublevel.Forevaluationofthechangeofprecipitationmanyvaluesofenvironmentalmeasurementssuchasinternalmoisture,externalmoisture,andtheirrelationshipstoprecipitationsareutilized.2GeographicstudyareasTheareaaffectedbyaprojectisdeterminedonthescale,character,andlocationoftheproject.Inadditiontotheregionsdirectlyaffectedbytheproject,effectsoncertainneighboringregions,onthewholebasin,onaneighboringbasin,andevenontheestuaryshouldbeconsidered.Theaffectedareaisnotthesameforeachplanandforeachenvironmentalfactor,buttheaffectedareasforallalternativeplansshouldbecoordinated.Inotherwords,theareaofstudyshouldincludethewholeareaaffectedaswellassomeadditionalareaforputtingtheeffectsintoperspective.Inthecaseofawaterqualityparameter,suchastemperature,theareaaffectsintoperspective.Intheareaandthereachesdownstream,wherethetemperatureofthewaterisestimatedtochangeatleast1.0.3TimeframeforcomparisonsInaplanninginvestigation,thetimeframeformakingcomparisonsofenvironmentaleffectsshouldbethesameasthetimeframeformakingeconomicevaluations.Ordinarily,projectionsaremadebasedonthefuturewithandwithoutprojectconditionsforthetimelevelsofunderconstruction,completionandinoperation(25yearsaftercompletion).外文譯文：水利工程環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)是評(píng)價(jià)由于人類的活動(dòng)(如興建大壩工程等)所引起的環(huán)境改變及其影響，它是區(qū)域開發(fā)和建談項(xiàng)目環(huán)境管理的一種戰(zhàn)略防御手段。水利水電工程在流域規(guī)劃和可行性研究階段必須進(jìn)行環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)，在流域規(guī)劃階段編制環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)篇章，在可行性研究階段編制環(huán)境影響報(bào)告書。1評(píng)價(jià)目的江河流域規(guī)劃和水電工程環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)的目的，是從合理利用自然資源、保護(hù)環(huán)境、提高環(huán)境質(zhì)量和維護(hù)生態(tài)平衡觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，根據(jù)不同工程方案的技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境指標(biāo)，優(yōu)選方案。在規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、施工和管理等階段，分別提出減免不利影響和發(fā)揮有利影響的措施。這項(xiàng)工作十分重要，工程環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)報(bào)告是決策和制訂有關(guān)政策的關(guān)鍵性文件，環(huán)境影響報(bào)告書是審批工程的重要依據(jù)，它可以起到一票否決的作用。2評(píng)價(jià)分類環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)的種類可依據(jù)工程的時(shí)、空關(guān)系分為兩大類。從時(shí)間關(guān)系講，可分為對(duì)己建工程影響的回顧評(píng)價(jià)，對(duì)在建工程環(huán)境影響的施工評(píng)價(jià)和對(duì)擬建工程環(huán)境影響的預(yù)評(píng)價(jià)，一般講，環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)多指預(yù)評(píng)價(jià)。從空間關(guān)系講可分為單一工程的環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)和幾個(gè)工程聯(lián)合運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)乃至流域規(guī)劃全部工程聯(lián)合運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的流域規(guī)劃環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)。水利工程的環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)在規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)各階段作出相應(yīng)深度的工作。在流域規(guī)劃階段，應(yīng)進(jìn)行環(huán)境影響的總體評(píng)價(jià)，并提出對(duì)不利影響減免措施的初步設(shè)想，對(duì)環(huán)境有重大影響的問題需附專題報(bào)告。在可行性研究階段，需作出對(duì)重點(diǎn)單因子影響和工程的綜合評(píng)價(jià)。初步設(shè)計(jì)必須有環(huán)境保護(hù)篇章，詳細(xì)論證工程對(duì)重點(diǎn)環(huán)境問題的影響并提出有關(guān)改善措施的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)。技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)對(duì)遺留的重點(diǎn)問題進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充研究，施工階段應(yīng)有施工期的環(huán)境保護(hù)規(guī)劃及實(shí)施方案。3評(píng)價(jià)方法與步驟環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)的方法與步驟是緊密聯(lián)系的。依據(jù)環(huán)境影響的評(píng)價(jià)程序，采用的方法可分成兩大類:一類是評(píng)價(jià)每一單因子的環(huán)境改變及其影響，另一類是評(píng)價(jià)整個(gè)工程的影響。經(jīng)過評(píng)價(jià)可以提出合適的減免措施和整個(gè)工程的綜合指標(biāo)，以便比選方案。評(píng)價(jià)的步驟主要包括五步:即影響識(shí)別、影響預(yù)測(cè)、影響評(píng)價(jià)、擬定保護(hù)措施和監(jiān)測(cè)方案。在上述五個(gè)步驟中，以影響識(shí)別、影響預(yù)測(cè)和影響評(píng)價(jià)三者最為重要，以下就這三者分別進(jìn)行敘述，一、影響識(shí)別目的在提出可能產(chǎn)生影響的環(huán)境因子，步驟如下：(1)了解工程狀況及其特征，如回水曲線、水文、水力情勢(shì)變化(諸如流量變化及泥沙分布)。(2)選擇一個(gè)已建成的相似工程并進(jìn)行回顧評(píng)價(jià)作為參考。(3)環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查與描述。(4)決定進(jìn)行影響識(shí)別的工程組成部分。(5)利用清單法和影響矩陣法進(jìn)行識(shí)別。(6)提出可能有較大影響或情況不明的環(huán)境因子進(jìn)行影響預(yù)測(cè)。二、影響預(yù)測(cè)影響預(yù)測(cè)目的是驗(yàn)明環(huán)境的變化和估價(jià)影響發(fā)生的機(jī)率。影響預(yù)測(cè)由定性開始，到用簡(jiǎn)單方法定量，再用多因素的模型詳細(xì)定量。其方法大致可以區(qū)分如下：(1)數(shù)學(xué)模型計(jì)算，如預(yù)測(cè)水質(zhì)或降雨量。(2)特征指標(biāo)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式，如利用值或利用弗勞德數(shù)F廠以預(yù)報(bào)水庫(kù)水溫結(jié)構(gòu)等。(3)調(diào)查和度量，如通過調(diào)查水庫(kù)淹沒區(qū)內(nèi)的陸生動(dòng)植物分布，以預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)它們的影響;同樣方法也可用于預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)文物、古跡的影響。(4)分析水文、水力情勢(shì)變化引起的影響，如通過對(duì)水、沙變化情勢(shì)的研究以預(yù)測(cè)影響下游洪、澇、漬、咸的面積及情況;又如通過生物生境的變化以預(yù)測(cè)不同物種將來的興衰或消滅情況。(5)與現(xiàn)有工程進(jìn)行類比或?qū)Ρ?，如利用這一比較以確定水溫的定性變化。影響評(píng)價(jià)·單因子評(píng)價(jià)其目的在