2023年高考英語 真題 新課標I卷講評課件 高考英語復(fù)習(xí)

2023年新高考1卷筆試語篇話題體裁詞數(shù)難度閱讀A篇人與社會：自行車租賃和城市游覽應(yīng)用文209+82易閱讀B篇人與自然：大自然的自我凈化記敘文340+134中閱讀C篇人與自我：極簡的數(shù)字生活說明文322+107難閱讀D篇人與社會：“群體智慧”效應(yīng)說明文339+112難七選五人與自我：自我寬恕的方法說明文245+82中完形填空人與自我：越野賽跑運動員在比賽中將受傷的運動員背至終點就醫(yī)夾敘夾議文226+64中語法填空人與社會：中國傳統(tǒng)美食—小籠包說明文208難書面表達人與自我：對口語練習(xí)隨機分組存在的問題提出建議應(yīng)用文107中讀后續(xù)寫人與自我：學(xué)生通過老師的鼓勵提升了寫作信心記敘文323中總體分析導(dǎo)語：本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，屬于“人與社會”主題語境。文章主要介紹了阿姆斯特丹MacBike公司的自行車租賃和城市游覽項目的相關(guān)信息。A篇文章來源:由一個國外自行車租賃網(wǎng)站的幾篇網(wǎng)站組合而成。Step1：快速瀏覽全文，了解文章大意Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題A

BikeRental&GuidedTours

WelcometoAmsterdam,welcometoMacBike.Youseemuchmorefromtheseatofabike!Cyclingisthemosteconomical,sustainableandfunwaytoexplorethecity,withitsbeautifulcanals,parks,squaresandcountlesslights.YoucanalsobikealonglovelylandscapesoutsideofAmsterdam.

WhyMacBike

MacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.Withover2,500bikesstoredinourfiverentalshopsatstrategiclocations,wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake(剎車),bikeswithhandbrakeandgears(排擋),bikeswithchildseats,andchildren’sbikes.Prices

GuidedCityTours

The2.5-hourtourcoverstheGooyerWindmill,theSkinnyBridge,theRijksmuseum,HeinekenBreweryandmuchmore.ThetourdepartsfromDamSquareeveryhouronthehour,startingat1:00pmeveryday.YoucanbuyyourticketinaMacBikeshoporbookonline.Step1：快速瀏覽全文，了解文章大意1.自行車租賃2.城市游覽21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?

A.Itgiveschildrenadiscount. B.Itoffersmanytypesofbikes.

C.Itorganizesfreecycletours.

D.Ithasover2,500rentalshops.WhyMacBikeMacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.Withover2,500bikesstoredinourfiverentalshopsatstrategiclocations,wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake(剎車),bikeswithhandbrakeandgears(排擋),bikeswithchildseats,andchildren’sbikes.找同義句解析：理解具體信息。根據(jù)WhyMacBike部分的Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,including...andchildren’sbikes.可知，MacBike公司的一個優(yōu)勢在于它提供多種類型的自行車。故選B。Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題22.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthree

gearsfortwodays?

A.€15.75.

B.€19.50.

D.€29.50.仔細審題，認真觀察，

快速計算。14.75+8=22.75解析：簡單推理判斷。根據(jù)Prices部分的信息可知，帶手剎和3個擋位的自行車一天的租費是14.75歐元，每超出一天（Eachadditionalday）的費用是8.00歐元，故兩天的租費是22.75歐元。C.€22.75.Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題23.Wheredoestheguidedcitytourstart?

A.TheGooyer,Windmill.

B.TheSkinnyBridge.

C.HeinekenBrewery.

D.DamSquare.GuidedCityToursThe2.5-hourtourcoverstheGooyerWindmill,theSkinnyBridge,theRijksmuseum,HeinekenBreweryandmuchmore.ThetourdepartsfromDamSquareeveryhouronthehour,startingat1:00pmeveryday.YoucanbuyyourticketinaMacBikeshoporbookonline.快速定位解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)GuidedCityTours部分的ThetourdepartsfromDamSquareeveryhouronthehour,startingat1:00pmeveryday.可知，有導(dǎo)游解說的城市游覽的起點是DamSquare。啟程，出發(fā)Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題本文是一篇記敘文，屬于“人與自然”主題語境。文章主要講述了JohnTodd借鑒大自然溪流的自我凈化功能，利用微生物和植物建立了一個生態(tài)凈化機器來處理污水。B篇文章來源：HeroesoftheEnvironment_TrueStoriesofPeopleWhoAreHelping

toProtectOurPlanet[2009]--HarrietRohmer,JulieMcLaughlinStep1：快速瀏覽全文，了解文章基本結(jié)構(gòu)Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題B【1】WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.【2】Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.【3】ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥).

First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.【4】Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.【5】Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.【6】

“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”Step1：快速瀏覽全文，了解文章基本結(jié)構(gòu)24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?

A.Hewasfondoftraveling.

B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.

D.Helongedtobeadoctor.【1】WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.【2】Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.快速定位解析：理解具體信息。根據(jù)第一段中的explore、observing和wonder以及第二段中的observingnature和askingquestions可知，John從小就喜歡探究和觀察大自然；喜歡動腦筋，善于思考，故選C。Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題探索觀察好奇他有求知欲。弄懂C.Hehadaninquiringmind.25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?

A.Tofeedtheanimals.

B.Tobuildanecosystem.

C.Toprotecttheplants.

【3】ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥).First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.【4】Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.解析：理解具體信息。第三段首句說明了John的目的，即利用自己的裝置去除污泥中的有害物質(zhì)，接下來介紹了他的eco-machine的制作過程，即他首先設(shè)計了相互連接的一系列的玻璃纖維箱，然后從當?shù)氐某靥梁托∠獛Щ貋砹艘恍﹦又参?，這些玻璃纖維箱和這些動植物逐漸形成了一個生態(tài)體系，為了測試這個生態(tài)體系是不是有自我凈化功能，John把污泥放進了水箱里。選D。Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題過程結(jié)果D.Totesttheeco-machine.起因26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?

A.ToreviewJohn’sresearchplans.

B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.

C.TocompareJohn’sdifferentjobs.

D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn’sinvention.【5】Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.?Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.?Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.解析：理解目的。第五段列舉了兩個實例，第一個例子說明了John開發(fā)了一個類似于溫室的設(shè)施，可以處理來自南伯靈頓1600戶家庭的污水，第二個例子說明了他開發(fā)了一個生態(tài)機器來處理福州運河的水，由此可知，作者提及福州是為了展示John想法的一個具體應(yīng)用。選B。Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題Example1Example227.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?

B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.

C.LifeonEarthisdiverse.

D.Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.【1】WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.【6】

“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”解析：理解具體信息。結(jié)合首尾段內(nèi)容可知，John的生態(tài)凈化機器是基于“大自然具有自我修復(fù)的功能”這一依據(jù)制成的。選A。Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題A.Naturecanrepairitself.首尾呼應(yīng)首段尾段導(dǎo)語：本文是一篇說明文，屬于“人與自我”主題語境。文章介紹了一本書的寫作目的和框架，倡導(dǎo)人們要建立一種極簡的數(shù)字生活方式，從而擺脫數(shù)字生活和電子設(shè)備的束縛。C篇文章來源:選自美國暢銷書作家卡爾·紐坡特《深度數(shù)位大掃除》一書，這本書建議人們摒棄無用的電子信息，在喧囂世界過專注人生。Step1：快速瀏覽全文，了解文章大意和基本結(jié)構(gòu)Step

2：審題—快速定位（找關(guān)鍵詞）—做題C【1】Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.【2】Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.【3】Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.【4】Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.【5】Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate(培養(yǎng))asustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude(獨處)andthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatworksforyourparticularcircumstances.

Step1：快速瀏覽全文，了解文章大意和基本結(jié)構(gòu)

ThegoalofthisbookPartOneofthebookPartTwoofthebook【5】【2】【3】【4】【1】

本書的目標是為（踐行）數(shù)字極簡主義闡明理由，包括詳細探討它所要求的內(nèi)容和它有效的原因。如果你認為它適合你的話，然后教你如何踐行這種哲學(xué)。

為此，我將書分為兩部分。在第一部分中，我描述了數(shù)字極簡主義的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，從調(diào)查使越來越多人的數(shù)字生活變得難以忍受的力量開始，然后詳細討論數(shù)字極簡主義哲學(xué)。

第一部分以我對采用這種哲學(xué)建議的方法結(jié)尾：數(shù)字清理器。這個過程要求你暫時離開可選的在線活動30天。30天后，你將加回一些你精心挑選的，對你重視的東西有巨大好處的在線活動。

在第一部分的最后一章中，我會指導(dǎo)你進行自己的數(shù)字減法。在此過程中，我將借鑒我在2018年進行的一個實驗。在那次實驗中，1600多人同意進行數(shù)字減法。你將聽到這些參與者的故事，了解哪些策略對他們有效，以及他們所遇到的陷阱，你應(yīng)該避免。

本書的第二部分更深入地探討了一些想法，這些想法將幫助你培養(yǎng)可持續(xù)的數(shù)字極簡主義生活方式。在這些章節(jié)中，我探討了一些問題，如獨處的重要性和培養(yǎng)高品質(zhì)的休閑時間來代替大多數(shù)人現(xiàn)在花費在漫無目的地使用設(shè)備上的時間的必要性。每章的結(jié)尾都附有一系列做法，旨在幫助你依據(jù)本章的重要思想行事。你可以把這些做法視為一種工具箱，以幫助你在自己特定的情況下構(gòu)建適合自己的極簡主義生活方式。28.Whatisthebookaimedat?

A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.

B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.

C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.

D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.【1】Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.【5】Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate(培養(yǎng))asustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle....倡導(dǎo)簡單的數(shù)字生活方式看首尾段解析：理解具體信息。根據(jù)第一段的Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism以及最后一段中的Thesecondpartofthisbook…h(huán)elpyoucultivateasustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.可知，這本書的主要目的是：提倡簡單的數(shù)字生活方式。選B。這本書的目標是為了證明數(shù)字極簡主義Step

2：審題—快速定位（找關(guān)鍵詞）—做題29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?

A.Clear-up.

B.Add-on.

C.Check-in.

D.Take-over.【3】Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.清理快速定位解析：理解詞匯。根據(jù)畫線單詞后的句子Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivities…carefullychosenonlineactivities…benefitstothethingsyouvalue.可知，數(shù)字declutter要求我們先遠離一些線上活動，然后挑選出一些對我們有益的線上活動，故可推知，劃線單詞的意思為“清理、整理”。選A。補充登記接管Step

2：審題—快速定位（找關(guān)鍵詞）—做題30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?

A.Theoreticalmodels.

B.Statisticalmethods.

C.Practicalexamples.

D.Historicalanalyses.【4】Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.解析：理解具體信息。根據(jù)第四段中的Inthefinalchapterofpartone以及最后一句You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategies…theyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.可知，這一章節(jié)主要講述了一些實驗參與者的事例供讀者參考。選C。Step

2：審題—快速定位（找關(guān)鍵詞）—做題理論模型統(tǒng)計方法實際案例歷史分析31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesoffered

in

parttwo?

B.Recommendthemto

friends.

C.Evaluatetheireffects.

D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.【5】Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate(培養(yǎng))asustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude(獨處)andthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatworksforyourparticularcircumstances.解析：理解具體信息。根據(jù)最后一段末句Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeant可知，作者建議人們根據(jù)自己的特殊情況，運用這些做法來幫助自己形成極簡的數(shù)字生活方式。選A。Step

2：審題—快速定位（找關(guān)鍵詞）—做題A.Usethemasneeded.

導(dǎo)語：本文是一篇說明文，屬于“人與社會”主題語境。文章主要介紹了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)的原理以及一項新研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)。D篇文章來源:文章選自美國國家公共電臺發(fā)表于2018年3月12日標題為NoManIsAnIsland:TheWisdomOfDeliberatingCrowds的文章。Step1：快速瀏覽全文，了解文章大意或基本結(jié)構(gòu)Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題D【1】OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.【2】Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.【3】ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.【4】Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.Step1：快速瀏覽全文，了解文章大意

1907年3月7日，英國統(tǒng)計學(xué)家弗朗西斯·加爾頓發(fā)表了一篇論文，闡述了所謂的“群體智慧”效應(yīng)。他進行的估計實驗表明，在某些情況下，大量獨立估計的平均值可能相當準確。

這種效應(yīng)利用了這樣一個事實，即當人們犯錯誤時，這些錯誤并不總是相同的。有些人會傾向于高估，甚至低估。當這些誤差中有足夠多的誤差被平均在一起時，它們會相互抵消，從而產(chǎn)生更準確的估計。如果相似的人傾向于犯同樣的錯誤，那么他們的錯誤不會相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計是獨立的。如果由于任何原因，人們的錯誤變得相關(guān)或依賴，估計的準確性就會下降。

但由華金·納瓦哈斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一項新研究提供了一個有趣的轉(zhuǎn)折點(轉(zhuǎn)折)關(guān)于這一經(jīng)典現(xiàn)象。這項研究的關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn)是，當人群被進一步劃分為允許進行討論的小組時，這些小組的平均值比同等數(shù)量的獨立個體的平均值更準確。例如，從四個五人討論組的估計中獲得的平均值明顯比從20個獨立個體獲得的平均值更準確。

在一項針對100名大學(xué)生的后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中的實際行為。他們是否傾向于選擇那些對自己的估計最有信心的人？他們追隨那些最不愿意改變主意的人嗎？這種情況有時會發(fā)生，但并不是主要的反應(yīng)。最常見的情況是，這些團體報告說，他們“共同論證和推理”。不知何故，這些論證和推理導(dǎo)致了錯誤的全球減少。盡管納瓦哈斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性，仍存在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的?！?】Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?

A.Themethodsofestimation.

B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.

C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.

D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.解析：理解主旨大意。通讀第二段的內(nèi)容可知，第二段解釋了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)的基本邏輯：即大量獨立估算的平均值可以消除誤差從而使預(yù)測更準確。

這種效應(yīng)利用了這樣一個事實，即當人們犯錯誤時，這些錯誤并不總是相同的。有些人會傾向于高估，甚至低估。當這些誤差中有足夠多的誤差被平均在一起時，它們會相互抵消，從而產(chǎn)生更準確的估計。如果相似的人傾向于犯同樣的錯誤，那么他們的錯誤不會相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計是獨立的。如果由于任何原因，人們的錯誤變得相關(guān)或依賴，估計的準確性就會下降。Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題排除法【3】ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif

________.

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimates

C.individualsdidnotcommunicate估算不完全獨立解析：理解具體信息。根據(jù)第三段中的Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthat…可知，當群體被進一步分成更小的小組且被允許進行交流和討論時，這些估算值的準確率會提高。選D。Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題D.estimateswerenotfullyindependent解析：推斷。根據(jù)第四段中的…theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.可知，研究人員想更好地了解小組成員在討論中實際做了什么才使估算準確率提高，因此，后續(xù)研究關(guān)注的重點是小組內(nèi)的討論過程。選C?！?】Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?

A.Thesizeofthegroups.

B.Thedominantmembers.

C.Thediscussionprocess.

D.Theindividualestimates.Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題【4】Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,

Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?

A.Unclear.

B.Dismissive.

C.Doubtful.

D.Approving.不明朗鄙視懷疑解析：理解觀點、態(tài)度。根據(jù)最后一段AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.可知，作者認為雖然Navajas進行的研究有局限性和許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的。后半句是作者想要表達的重點，因此作者是持“贊許、支持的”態(tài)度的。Step

2：審題—準確定位（題文同序）—做題肯定導(dǎo)語：本文是一篇說明文，屬于“人與自我”主題語境。文章主要介紹了自我寬恕的方法。七選五Step

1:

快速瀏覽、把握大意Step

2:分析7個選項、做好標記Step

3:分析空格位置、準確對應(yīng)三分法PersonalForgiveness【1】Takingresponsibilityformistakesisapositivestep,butdon’tbeatyourselfupaboutthem.Toerr(犯錯)ishuman.36Youcanusethefollowingwritingexercisetohelpyoudothis.【2】Inajournaloronapieceofpaper,puttheheading“Personalstrengths.”37Areyoucaring?Creative?Generous?Agoodlistener?Funtobearound?Theydon’thavetobeworld-changing,justaspectsofyourpersonalitythatyou’reproudof.【3】Atthetopofasecondpage,puttheheading“Actsofkindness.”O(jiān)nthisone,listallthepositivethingsyou’vedoneforothers.Itmightbethetimewhenyouhelpedafriendwiththeirhomework,whenyoudidtheironingwithoutbeingasked,orwhenyoubakedcookiesafterthefamilyhadhadatiringday.38

【4】Youcouldaskafriendorfamilymembertohelpaddtoyourlist.39Thatway,youcouldexchangethoughtsonwhatmakeseachofyouspecialandtheaspectsofyourpersonalitythatshinethrough.Infact,don’twaituntilyou’vemadeamistaketotrythis—it’sagreatwaytoboostself-confidenceatanytime.【5】It’ssomethingofacliché(陳詞濫調(diào))thatmostpeoplelearnnotfromtheirsuccessesbuttheirmistakes.Thethingis,it’strue.40We’reallchangingandlearningallthetimeandmistakesareapositivewaytodevelopandgrow.自我寬恕讀標題和首句Step

1:

快速瀏覽、把握大意1、為錯誤承擔(dān)責(zé)任而不是自責(zé)。2、搜集自己的“個人優(yōu)點”。3、羅列自己的“善舉”。4、從朋友或家人那里找到自己的“好”。5、從他們的錯誤中學(xué)習(xí)。A.Alittleself-forgivenessalsogoesalongway.B.Nowlistallthecharacteristicsyoulikeaboutyourself.C.Theymightevenliketohaveagoatdoingtheexercise.D.It’sjustasimportanttoshowyourselfsomeforgiveness.E.Itdoesn’tmeanyouhavetoignorewhat’shappenedorforgetit.F.Whateveritis,nomatterhowsmallitmightseem,writeitdown.G.Whateverthemistake,rememberitisn’tafixedaspectofyourpersonality.標記:句式（祈使句、半句、疑問句）或詞匯（名詞、代詞、連詞）等。

技巧1：選項中的代詞不一樣時，借助指代一致鎖定答案

技巧2：選項中的名詞不一樣時，借助對象一致鎖定答案

技巧3：選項中的連詞不一樣時，借助邏輯一致鎖定答案Step2:分析7個選項、作好標記PersonalForgiveness【1】Takingresponsibilityformistakesisapositivestep,butdon’tbeatyourselfupaboutthem.Toerr(犯錯)ishuman.36Youcanusethefollowingwritingexercisetohelpyoudothis.A.Alittleself-forgivenessalsogoesalongway.B.Nowlistallthecharacteristicsyoulikeaboutyourself.C.Theymightevenliketohaveagoatdoingtheexercise.D.It’sjustasimportanttoshowyourselfsomeforgiveness.E.Itdoesn’tmeanyouhavetoignorewhat’shappenedorforgetit.F.Whateveritis,nomatterhowsmallitmightseem,writeitdown.G.Whateverthemistake,rememberitisn’tafixedaspectofyourpersonality.指代上文中出現(xiàn)的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞36.找指代項Step3:分析空格位置、準確對應(yīng)犯錯是人之長情，因此寬恕自己很重要1、為錯誤承擔(dān)責(zé)任而不是自責(zé)?！?】Inajournaloronapieceofpaper,puttheheading“Personalstrengths.”37Areyoucaring?Creative?Generous?Agoodlistener?Funtobearound?Theydon’thavetobeworld-changing,justaspectsofyourpersonalitythatyou’reproudof.A.Alittleself-forgivenessalsogoesalongway.B.Nowlistallthecharacteristicsyoulikeaboutyourself.C.Theymightevenliketohaveagoatdoingtheexercise.D.It’sjustasimportanttoshowyourselfsomeforgiveness.E.Itdoesn’tmeanyouhavetoignorewhat’shappenedorforgetit.F.Whateveritis,nomatterhowsmallitmightseem,writeitdown.G.Whateverthemistake,rememberitisn’tafixedaspectofyourpersonality.37.瞻前顧后Step3:分析空格位置、準確對應(yīng)37.解析：此空設(shè)于段中，與下文存在