2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語二試題真題（含答案）

2023年全國碩士研究生招生考試

英語（二）試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD

ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Here'sacommonscenariothatanynumberofentrepreneursfacetoday:you'retheCEOofa

smallbusiness,andthoughyou'remakinganice_1_,youneedtofindawaytotakeittothe

nextlevel.Whatyouneedtodois_2_growthbyestablishingagrowthteam.Agrowthteamis

madeupofmembersfromdifferentdepartmentswithinyourcompany,anditharnessesthepower

ofcollaborationtofocus_3___onfindingwaystogrow.

Let'slookatareal-world_4___.Priortoformingagrowthteam,thesoftwarecompany

BitTorrenthad50employeesworkinginthe_5__departmentsofengineering,marketingand

productdevelopment.Thisbroughtthemgoodresultsuntil2012,whentheirgrowthplateaued.

The—6—wasthattoomanycustomerswereusingthebasic,freeversionoftheirproduct.And

_7_makingimprovementstothepremium,paidversion,fewpeopleweremakingtheupgrade.

Thingschanged,_8_,whenaninnovativeproject-marketingmanagercameaboard,_9_a

growthteamandsparkedthekindof_10—perspectivetheyneeded.Bylookingatengineering

issuesfromamarketingpointofview,itbecameclearthatthe_11_ofupgradeswasn'tduetoa

qualityissue.Mostcustomersweresimplyunawareofthepremiumversionandwhatitoffered.

Armedwiththis_12_,themarketingandengineeringteamsjoinedforcestoraiseawareness

byprominently___13thepremiumversiontousersofthefreeversion.14,

upgradesskyrocketed,andrevenueincreasedby92percent.

Butinorderforyourgrowthteamtosucceed,itneedstohaveastrongleader.Itneedssomeone

whocan___15_theinterdisciplinaryteamandkeepthemoncourseforimprovement.

Thisleaderwill_16—thetargetarea,setcleargoalsandestablishatimeframefbrthe

___17___ofthesegoals.Thegrowthleaderisalso_18_forkeepingtheteamfocusedon

movingforwardandsteeringthemclearofdistractions.—19—attractivenewideascanbe

distracting,theteamleadermustrecognizewhentheseideasdon't_20___thecurrentgoaland

needtobeputonthebackburner.

1.[A]purchase[B]profit[C]connection[D]bet

2.[A]define[B]predict[C]prioritizeIDJappreciate

3.[A]exclusively[B]temporarily[Clpotentially[D]initially

4.[A]experiment[B]proposal[C]debate[D]example

5.[A]identical[B]marginal[C]provisional[D]traditional

6.[AJrumor[B]secret[CJmyth[D]problem

7.[A]despite[B]unlike[C]由rough[D]besides

8.[A]moreover[B]however[C]therefore[D]again

9.[A]inspected[B]created[C]expanded[DJreformed

10.[A]cultural[B]objective[C]fresh[D]personal

11.[Alend[B]burden|C|lack[D]decrease

12.[A]policy[B]suggestion[C]puipose[D]insight

13.[A]contributing[B]allocating[C]promoting[D]transforming

14.[Alasaresult[B]atanyrate[Clbytheway[D]inasense

15.IAJuniteIB]financeIC]follow[D]choose

16.[AJshareIB]identify[C]divide[D]broaden

17.[A]announcement[B]assessment[Cladjustment[D]accomplishment

18.[A]famous[Blresponsible[C]available[D]respective

19.[AJbefore[B]once[CJwhileIDJunless

20.[A]serve[B]limit[C]summarize[D]alter

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbyChoosingA,B,CorD.Mark

youranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Inthequestfortheperfectlawn,homeownersacrossthecountryaretakingashortcut—andit

istheenvironmentthatispayingtheprice.Abouteightmillionsquaremetresofplasticgrassis

soldeachyearbutoppositionhasnowspreadtothehighestgardeningcircles.

TheChelseaFlowerShowhasbannedfakegrassfromthisyeafsevent,declaringittobenot

partofitsethos.TheRoyalHorticulturalSociety(RHS),whichrunstheannualshowinwest

London,saysithasintroducedthebanbecauseofthedamageplasticgrassdoestothe

environmentandbiodiversity.

EdHome,oftheRHS,said:"Welaunchedoursustainabilitystrategylastyearandfakegrassis

justnotinlinewithourethosandviewsonplastic.Werecommendusingrealgrassbecauseofits

environmentalbenefits,whichincludesupportingwildlife,mitigatingfloodingandcoolingthe

environment.^^

TheRHS'sdecisioncomesascampaignerstrytoraiseawarenessoftheproblemsfakegrass

causes.ATwitteraccountcalledShitLawns,whichclaimsto“cutthroughthegreenwash”of

artificialgrass,alreadyhasmorethan20,000followers.Itistryingtoencouragepeopletosign

twopetitions,onecallingforabanonthesaleofplasticgrassandanothercallingforan

“ecologicaldamage“taxonsuchlawns.Theyhavegathered7,260and11,272signatures.

However,supportersoffakegrasspointoutthatthereisalsoanenvironmentalimpactwith

naturallawns,whichneedmowingandthereforeusuallyconsumeelectricityorpetrol.The

industryalsopointsoutthatrealgrassrequiresconsiderableamountsofwater,weedkillerorother

treatmentsandthatpeoplewholayfakegrasstendtousetheirgardenmore.Theindustryalso

claimsthatpeoplewholayfakegrassspendanaverageof￡500ontreesorshrubsfortheirgarden,

whichprovideshabitattorinsects.

Inresponsetoanotherpetitionlastyearaboutbanningfakelawns,whichgathered30,000

signatures,thegovernmentrespondedthatithas“noplanstobantheuseofartificialgrass”.

Itadded:"Weprefertohelppeopleandorganizationsmaketherightchoiceratherthan

legislatingonsuchmatters.However,theuseofartificialgrassmustcomplywiththelegaland

policysafeguardsinplacetoprotectbiodiversityandensuresustainabledrainage,whilemeasures

suchasthestrengthenedbiodiversitydutyshouldservetoencouragepublicauthoritiestoconsider

sustainablealternatives.^^

21.TheRHSthinksthatplasticgrass.

[A]isharmfultotheenvironment

[Blisahottopicingardeningcircles

[C]isoveipraisedintheannualshow

fD]isruiningtheviewofwestLondon

22.Thepetitionsmentionedinpara.3revealthecampaigner's.

fA]disappointmentwiththeRHS

[B]resistancetofakegrassuse

[C]angerovertheproposedtax

[D]concernaboverealgrasssupply

23.Inpara4,supportersoffakegrasspointoutthat.

[A]thenecessitytolowerthecostsoffakegrass

[Blthedisadvantagesofgrowingrealgrass

[C]thewaytotakecareofartificiallawns

[D]thechallengesofinsecthabitatprotection

24.Whatwouldthegovernmentdowithregardtoartificialgrass?

[A]urgelegislationtorestrictitsuse

[B]takemeasurestoguaranteeitsquality

[CJreminditsuserstoobeyexistingrules

[D]replaceitwithsustainablealternatives

25.Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatfakegrass.

[AJisbeingimprovedcontinuously

fB]hasbeenamarketsharedecline

[C]isbecomingaffordable

[D]hasbeenacontroversialproduct

Text2

It'seasytodismissasabsurdtheTrumpadministration'sideasforpluggingthechronicfunding

gapofournationalparks.Cananyonereallythinkit'sagoodideatoallowAmazondeliveriesto

yourtentinYosemiteorfoodtruckstolineupundertheredwoodtreesatSequoiaNationalPark?

Buttheadministrationisrightaboutonething:U.S.nationalparksareincrisis.Collectively,

theyhaveamaintenancebacklogofmorethan$12billion.Roads,trails,restrooms,visitorcenters

andotherinfrastructurearecrumbling.

Butprivatizingandcommercializingthecampgroundswouldnotbethepanaceathatthe

InteriorDepartment'sOutdoorAdvisoryCommitteewouldhaveusbelieve.Campgroundsarea

tinyportionoftheoverallinfrastructurebacklog,andconcessionairesintheparkshandover,on

average,onlyabout5%oftheirrevenuestotheNationalParkService.

Moreover,increasedprivatizationwouldcertainlyundercutoneofthemajorreasonswhy300

millionvisitorscometotheparkseachyear:toenjoynatureandgetarespitefromthecommercial

drumbeatthatoverwhelmsdailylife.

Therealproblemisthattheparkshavebeenchronicallystarvedoffunding.Weconducteda

comprehensivesurveyexamininghowU.S.residentsviewtheirnationalparks,andwefoundthat

Americansplaceaveryhighvalueonthem—whetherornottheyactuallyvisitthem.Thepeer-

reviewedeconomicsurveyof700U.S.taxpayers,conductedbymailandinternet,alsofoundthat

peoplewouldbewillingtopayasignificantamountofmoneytomakesuretheparksandtheir

programsarekeptintact.Some81%ofrespondentssaidtheywouldbewillingtopayadditional

taxesforthenext10yearstoavoidanycutstothenationalparks.

ThenationalparksprovidegreatvaluetoU.S.residentsbothasplacestoescapeandassymbols

ofnature.Ontopofthis,theyproducevaluefromtheirextensiveeducationalprograms,their

positiveimpactontheclimatethroughcarbonsequestration,theircontributiontoourculturaland

artisticlife,andofcoursethroughtourism.TheparksalsohelpkeepAmerica'spastalive,

workingwiththousandsoflocaljurisdictionsaroundthecountrytoprotecthistoricalsites—

includingEllisIslandandGettysburg-andtobringthestoriesoftheseplacestolife.

Theparksdoallthisonashoestring.Congressallocatesonly$3billionayeartothenational

parksystem—anamountthathasbeenflatsince2001(ininflation-adjusteddollars)withthe

exceptionofaonetimeboostin2009aspartoftheObamastimuluspackage.Meanwhile,the

numberofannualvisitorshasincreasedbymorethan50%since1980,andnowstandsat330

millionvisitorsperyear.

26.WhatproblemareU.S.nationalparksfacedwith?

LA]declineofbusinessprofits

[B]inadequatecommercialization

[C]lackoftransportationservices

[D]poorlymaintainedinfrastructure

27.Increasedprivatizationofthecampgroundmay?

[A]spoilvisitorexperience

(BJhelppreservenature

[C]bringoperationalpressure

[D]boostvisitstoparks

28.Accordingtopara.5,mostrespondentsinthesurveywould?

[A]gotothenationalparksonaregularbasis

fB]advocateabiggerbudgetforthenationalparks

[C|payextraforthenationalparks

[D]supportthenationalparks*recentreforms

29.Thenationalparksarevaluableinthatthey

[A]leadthewayintourism

[BJhavehistoricalsignificance

[C]sponsorresearchonclimate

fD]provideanincomeforlocals

30.Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthatthenationalparksystem

[A]isabletocopewithshortages

fB]isabletomeetvisitors'demand

[Clisinneedofanewpricingpolicy

[D]isinneedofafundingincrease

Text3

TheInternetmaybechangingmerelywhatweremember,notourcapacitytodoso,suggests

ColumbiaUniversitypsychologyprofessorBetsySparrow.In201,Sparrowledastudyinwhich

participantswereaskedtorecord40factsinacomputer("anostrich'seyeisbiggerthanitsbrain,

forexample).Halfoftheparticipantsweretoldtheinformationwouldbeerased,whiletheother

halfweretolditwouldbesaved.Guesswhat?Thelattergroupmadenoefforttorecallthe

informationwhenquizzedonitlater,becausetheyknewtheycouldfinditontheircomputers.In

thesamestudy,agroupwasaskedtoremembertheirinformationandthefoldersitwasstoredin.

Theydidn'tremembertheirinformation.Buttheyrememberedhowtofindthefolders.Inother

words,humanmemoryisnotdeterioratingbut"adaptingtonewcommunicationstechnology,"

SpaiTowsays.

Inaverypracticalway,theInternetisbecominganexternalharddriveforourmemories,a

processknownas“cognitiveoffloading.n"Traditionally,thisrolewasfulfilledbydatabanks,

libraries,andotherhumans.Yourfathermayneverrememberbirthdaysbecauseyourmother

does,forinstance.Someworrythatthisishavingadestructiveeffectonsociety,butSparrowsees

anupside.Perhaps,shesuggests,thetrendwillchangeourapproachtolearningfromafocuson

individualfactsandmemorizationtoanemphasisonmoreconceptualthinking-somethingthatis

notavailableontheInternet."Ipersonallyhaveneverseenallthatmuchintellectualvaluein

memorizingthings/Sparrowsays,addingthatwehaven'tlostourabilitytodoit.

Still,otherexpertssayit'stoosoontounderstandhowtheInternetaffectsourbrains.Thereis

noexperimentalevidenceshowingthatitinterfereswithourabilitytofocus,fbrinstance,wrote

psychologistsChristopherChabrisandDanielSimons.Andsurfingthewebexercisedthebrain

morethanreadingdidamongcomputer-saveolderadultsina2008studyinvolving24participants

attheSemelInstituteforNeuroscienceandHumanBehaviorattheUniversityofCalifornia,Los

Angeles.

TheremaybecostsassociatedwithourincreasedrelianceontheInternetbutI'dhaveto

imaginethatoverallthebenefitsaregoingtooutweighthosecosts,observespsychologyprofessor

BenjaminStorm:'Itseemsprettyclearthatmemoryischanging,butisitchangingfbrthebetter?

Atthispoint,wedon'tknow.

31.Sparrow'sstudyshowsthatwiththeInternet,thehumanbrainwill

[AJanalyzeinformationindetail

fB]collectinformationefficiently

[Clswitchitsfocusofmemory

[D]extenditsmemoryduration

32.Theprocessof"cognitiveoffloading11

fA]helpsusidentifyfalseinformation

[B]keepsourmemoryfromfailing

[C]enablesustoclassifytrivialfacts

fD]lessensourmemoryburdens

33.WhichofthefollowingwouldSparrowsupportabouttheInternet?

[A]Itmayreformourwayoflearning

fB]Itmayimpactoursocietynegatively

[C]Itmayenhanceouradaptabilitytotechnology

[D]Itmayinterferewithourconceptualthinking

34.ItisindicatedinPara3thathowtheInternetaffectsourbrains?

[A]requiresfurtheracademicresearch

[B]ismoststudiesinolderadults

[C]isreflectedinourreadingspeed

ID]dependsonourweb-surfinghabits

35.NeitherSparrownorStormwouldagreethat

fA]ourrelianceontheInternetwillbecostly

[BJtheInternetisweakeningourmemory

[C]memoryexerciseisamustforourbrain

[D]ourabilitytofocusdeclinewithage

Text4

Teenagersareparadoxical.That*samildanddetachedwayofsayingsomethingthatparentsoften

expresswithconsiderablystrongerlanguage.Buttheparadoxisscientificaswellaspersonal.In

adolescence,helplessanddependentchildrenwhohavereliedongrown-upsforjustabout

everythingbecomeindependentpeoplewhocantakecareofthemselvesandhelpeachother.Atthe

sametime,oncecheerfulandcompliantchildrenbecomerebelliousteenagerisk-takers,oftentothe

pointofself-destruction.Accidentaldeathsgoupdramaticallyinadolescence.

AnewstudypublishedinthejournalChildDevelopment,byEvelineCroneoftheUniversityof

Leidenandcolleagues,suggeststhatthepositiveandnegativesidesofteenagersgohandinhand.

Thestudyispartofanewwaveofthinkingaboutadolescence.Foralongtime,scientistsand

policymakersconcentratedontheideathatteenagerswereaproblemthatneededtobesolved.The

newworkemphasizesthatadolescenceisatimeofopportunityaswellasrisk.

Theresearchersstudied“prosocial“andrebellioustraitsinmorethan200childrenandyoung

adults,rangingfrom11to28yearsold.Theparticipantsfilledoutquestionnairesabouthowoften

theydidthingsthatwerealtruisticandpositive,likesacrificingtheirownintereststohelpafriend,

orrebelliousandnegative,likegettingdrunkorstayingoutlate.Otherstudieshaveshownthat

rebelliousbehaviorincreasesasyoubecomeateenagerandthenfadesawayasyougrowolder.But

thenewstudyshowsthat,interestingly,thesamepatternholdsforprosocialbehavior.Teenagers

weremorelikelythanyoungerchildrenoradultstoreportthattheydidthingslikeunselfishlyhelp

afriend.

Mostsignificantly,therewasapositivecorrelationbetweenprosocialityandrebelliousness.The

teenagerswhoweremorerebelliouswerealsomorelikelytohelpothers.Thegoodandbadsides

ofadolescenceseemtodeveloptogether.

Istheresomecommonfactorthatunderliestheseapparentlycontradictorydevelopments?One

ideaisthatteenagebehaviorisrelatedtowhatresearcherscall“rewardsensitivity.^Decision-

makingalwaysinvolvesbalancingrewardsandrisks,benefitsandcosts."Rewardsensitivity^

measureshowmuchrewardittakestooutweighrisk.

Teenagersareparticularlysensitivetosocialrewards-winningthegame,impressinganew

friend,gettingthatboytonoticeyou.Rewardsensitivity,likeprosocialbehaviorandrisk-taking,

seemstogoupinadolescenceandthendownagainasweage.Somehow,whenyouhit30,the

chancethatsomethingexcitingandnewwillhappenatthatpartyjustdoesn'tseemtooutweighthe

effortofgettingupoffthecouch.

36.AccordingtoParagraph1,childrengrowingintoadolescencetendto

fA]developoppositepersonalitytraits

[BJseetheworldinanunreasonableway

[C]havefondmemoriesofthepast

[D]showattentionfbrtheirparents

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatCrone'sstudy

[A]exploresteenagers'socialresposibilities

[B]examinesteenagers'emotionalproblems

[C]providesanewinsightintoadolescence

fD]highlightnegativeadolescentbehaviour

38.WhatdoesCrone'sstudyfindaboutprosocialbehavior?

[A]Itresultsfromthewishtocooperate

[B]Itiscultivatedthrougheducation

[C]Itissubjecttofamilyinfluence

ID]Ittendstopeakinadolescence

39.Itcanbelearnedfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatteenagers

[A]overstresstheirinfluenceonothers

[B]carealotaboutsocialrecognition

[CJbecomeanxiousabouttheirfuture

[D]endeavortoliveajoyfullife

40.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

[A]whyteenagersareself-contradictory

[B]whyteenagersarerisk-sensitive

[C]Howteenagersdevelopprosociality

[D]Howteenagersbecomeindependent

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfrom

thelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhich

youdonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Net-zerorulessettosendcostofnewhomesandextensionssoaring

Newbuildingregulationsaimedatimprovingenergyefficiencyaresettoincreasethepriceof

newhomes,aswellasthoseofextensionsandloftconversionsonexistingones.

Therules,whichcameintoeffectonWednesdayinEngland,arepartofgovernmentplansto

reducetheUK'scarbonemissionstonetzeroby2050.Theysetnewstandardsforventilation,

energyefficiencyandheating,andstatethatnewresidentialbuildingsmusthavechargingpoints

forelectricvehicles.

Themovesarethemostsignificantchangetobuildingregulationsinyears,andindustryexperts

saytheywillinevitablyleadtohigherpricesatatimewhenashortageofmaterialsandhigh

labourcostsisalreadydrivingupbills.

BrianBerry,chiefexecutiveoftheFederationofMasterBuilders,atradegroupforsmalland

medium-sizedbuilders,saysthemeasureswillrequirenewmaterials,testingmethods,products

andsystemstobeinstalled.44A11thiscomesatanincreasedcostduringatimewhenpricesare

alreadyskyhigh.Inevitably,consumerswillhavetopaymore,“hesays.

GarethBelsham,ofsurveyorsNaismiths,sayspeoplewhoareupgrading,orextendingtheir

home,willbedirectlyaffected/'ThebiggestchangesrelatetoheatingandinsulationJhesays.

"Therearenewrulesconcerningtheamountofglazingusedinextensions,andanynewwindows

ordoorsmustbehighlyinsulated.^^

Windowsanddoorswillhavetoadheretohigherstandards,whiletherearenewlimitsonthe

amountofglazingyoucanhavetoreduceunwantedheatfromthesun.

ThomasGoodman,ofMyJobQuote,asitewhichsourcesquotes,saysthiswillbringinnew

restrictionsforextensions/'Glazingonwindows,doorsandrooflightsmustcovernomorethan

25%ofthefloorareatopreventheatloss,“hesays.

AstherulescameintoeffectlastWednesday,propertydeveloperswererushingtofileplans

justbeforethedeadline.Anyplanssubmittedbeforethatdateareconsideredtobeunderthe

previousrules,andcangoaheadaslongasworkstartsbefore15Junenextyear.

Builderswhichhavecostedprojects,buthavenotfiledthepaperwork,mayneedtogobackand

submitfreshestimates,saysMarcusJeffordofBuildAviator,whichpricesprojects.

Asthechangesareaimedtomakehomesmoreenergyefficient,theywilleventuallydrive

downheatingbills.Butintheshort-termhomeownersarelikelytofacehighercostsforwork.

Materialspricesarealreadyup25%inthelasttwoyears,accordingtofiguresfromthe

ConstructionProductsAssociation.Howmuchoverallpriceswillincreaseasaresultoftherule

changesisnotclear.4tWhileadmirableintheirintentions,theywilladdtothecostof

housebuildingatatimewhenmanyalreadyfeelthattheyarepricedoutofhomeownership,says

Rolande.<4Anaverageextensionwillprobablyseearound￡3,000additionalcostthankstothenew

regs.”

JohnKelly,aconstructionlawyeratFreethslawfirm,believespriceswilleventuallycome

down.Butnotintheimmediatefuture.<4Asthemarketplaceadaptstothenewrequirements,and

thetechnologiesthatsupportthem,thescalingupofthesetechnologieswilleventuallybringcosts

down,butintheshortterm,wewillallhavetopaythepriceofthenecessarytransition,hesays.

However,thelong-termeffectsofthechangeswillbemorecomfortableandenergy-efficient

homes,addsAndrewMellor."Homeownerswillprobablyrecoupthatcostovertimeinenergybill

savings.Itwillobviouslybeveryvolatileatthemoment,buttheywillhavethatbenefitover

time.”

[A]Theriseofhomepricesisatemporary

matter.

41.BrianBerry[B]Builderspossiblyneedtosubmitnew

estimatesoftheirprojects.

42.GarethBelsham[C]Therewillbespecificlimitsonhome

extensionstopreventheatloss

43.MarcusJefford[D]Thenewruleswilltakehomepricetoan

evenhigherlever.

44.JohnKellyIE]Manypeoplefeelthathomepricesare

alreadybeyondw