定語從句 說課一等獎

定語從句知識梳理限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句意義描述主句所涉及的人或物的具體情況,是主句不可或缺的一部分,若省去,主句意義不完整,甚至沒有意義對主句所描述的人或物提供一些附加情況,起補充說明作用,若省去,主句意義仍完整結構要求緊跟先行詞,主句和從句間不用逗號分開主句和從句間用逗號分開限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句功能修飾先行詞既可修飾先行詞也可修飾整個句子引導詞關系代詞:who，whom，whose，which，that關系副詞：when，where，why關系代詞:who，whom，whose，which，as關系副詞：when，whereThisisthehouse(which)weboughtlastmonth.這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。Theman(whom/that/who)Imetinthestreetwasadriver.我在街上碰到的那個人是個司機。Hismother,wholovedhimverymuch,diedin1998.他的母親很愛他,但在1998年去世了。注意:①專有名詞具有“獨一無二”的含義,通常只能由非限制性定語從句修飾。LuXun,whodiedin1936,wasafamouswriterinChina.魯迅于1936年去世,是中國一位著名的作家。②既可以作為限制性定語從句又可作為非限制性定語從句,注意意義上的差別。Thereare20studentsinthisclasswhoarefromthenortheastofChina.在這個班里,有20名來自中國東北的學生。Thereare20studentsinthisclass,whoarefromthenortheastofChina.這個班有20名學生,他們來自中國的東北。(一)關系代詞關系代詞與關系副詞that關系副詞代替功能在從句中的成分例句when(＝at/on/in/duringwhich)時間名詞時間狀語Shestillrememberthedaywhen(onwhich)shewontheprize.她仍然記得她獲獎的那一天。where(＝in/atwhich)地點名詞地點狀語Thisisthefactorywhere(atwhich)hisfatheronceworked.這就是他父親曾經(jīng)工作過的工廠。(二)關系副詞why(＝forwhich)reason原因狀語Hedidn'tknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)hewasdismissed.他不知道他為什么被解雇了。注意:

①在口語和非正式場合,when,where和why或相當于關系副詞的“介詞＋which”結構可用that來代替并可省略。

Doyouknowanywhere(that)Icangetadrink?

你知道在哪兒我能喝杯酒嗎？②why或that引導的定語從句,先行詞是reason,且reason又作主句主語時,表語從句不能用because引導,而要用that引導。其句型為：Thereasonwhy...isthat...或Thereasonthat...isthat...。Thereasonwhyhewaslateforschoolwasthathewasinjuredinthetrafficaccidentonhiswaytoschool.他上學遲到的原因是他在上學路上的交通事故中受傷了。Thereasonthatheexplainedatthemeetingwasthathehadtolookafterhismotherinhospital.他在會上解釋的原因是他不得不去照顧他住院的母親。③“地點模糊”的先行詞后跟where引導的定語從句。當先行詞為point,situation,conditions,case,position,stage,scene,spot,activity,family,job等表示某人/物所處的情況、發(fā)展的階段或表達某事的某個方面時,用where引導定語從句,where相當于fromwhich,underwhich等,表示“在這種情況下”,“從……中”等。We’rejusttryingtoreachapointwherebothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.我們只是盡力想能達到雙方共同坐下來商談的地步。(三)關系代詞與關系副詞的選擇依據(jù)1.考慮代替先行詞的關系詞在從句中充當?shù)恼Z法成分,如果關系詞在從句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語,就用關系代詞；如果關系詞在從句中作狀語,就用關系副詞。ThehouseHaveyouaskedherforthereasonneedsrepairing.他住的房子需要修理。whereheliveswhich/thathelivesin你是否問過她缺席的原因？that/whichmyexplainherabsence?whyshewasabsent?2.辨別先行詞表示的是人、物、時間、地點還是原因。Idon’tlikethemanwhoalwaysspeaksillofothers.我不喜歡總是說他人壞話的人。Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenweworkedtogether.我永遠也忘不了我們在一起工作的日子。3.判斷從句是限制性還是非限制性定語從句。Adictionaryisabookthatgivesthemeaningsofwords.詞典是解釋詞語意思的書。Adictionaryisabook,whichgivesthemeaningsofwords.詞典是一本書,它給出詞語的意思。4.判斷關系詞在從句中作賓語還是作狀語,取決于定語從句中的謂語動詞。ThisisthepointwhereIdisagree.這就是我不同意的地方。(disagree為不及物動詞,故關系詞用where。)Thisisthepoint(which/that)Idisagreewith.這就是我不同意的地方。(從句缺少介詞with的賓語,用that/which引導,也可以省略)1.只用that不用which引導定語從句的情況。

(1)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞用最高級修飾，或先行詞本身就是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級時,用that不用which。

ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.ThisisthebestfilmthatIeverseen.先行詞(2)先行詞是不定代詞all,little,few,much,something,anything,everything,none,nothing,some等時,用that不用which。HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMrLisaid?李老師講的你都記下來了嗎？Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.對他來說似乎世界上沒有什么不可能的事。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的都做了。(3)先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,oneof,theonly,thevery,theright,thelast,few,just等修飾時,用that不用which。Allthegueststhatwereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.所有應邀來參加她婚禮的客人都是重要人物。ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.這正是我要買的詞典。Givemeanybooksthatyouwouldrecommend.給我你要推薦的書。(4)先行詞既有人又有物,兼顧兩者,用that不用which。Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool.他們談論著他們所能記起的在校時的人和事。(5)主句是以who或which開頭的疑問句時,用that不用which。Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?站在門口的那個人是誰？WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？(6)當先行詞在主句中作表語,而且關系代詞在定語從句中也作表語時,用that不用which。Shenzhenisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.深圳不再是過去的樣子了。(7)主句是therebe句型時,修飾主語的定語從句用that不用which。Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.在那個角落還有一個座位空著。(8)有兩個定語從句時,一個從句的關系代詞已用which,另一個要用that。Thecountrybuiltupafactorywhichproducesthingsthathaveneverbeenseenbefore.這個國家建立了一個生產(chǎn)以前從未見到過的東西的工廠。(9)用作關系副詞,修飾表示時間的名詞,如day,time,moment等代替when時,用that不用which。Ithappenedonthedaythat(when)hewasborn.這事碰巧發(fā)生在他出生的那天。2.只用which不用that引導定語從句的情況。(1)關系代詞前有介詞時,用which不用that。Thechaironwhichshesatismadeofwood.她坐的那把椅子是用木頭做的。(2)引導非限制性定語從句時,用which不用that。Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.足球,一項非常有趣的運動,在全世界流行。(3)先行詞后面有插入語時,用which不用that。HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asI'vetoldyou,willhelpyouimproveyourEnglish.這就是我告訴過你的那本英語語法書,它能幫你提高英語水平。(4)先行詞本身就是that時,用which不用that。What’sthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?剛才在天空中一閃而過的是什么？(5)代表主句中謂語的整體概念時,用which不用that。Hecanswiminthesea,whichIcan’t.他能在大海里游泳,我不能(在大海里游泳)。(6)代表整個主句時,用which不用that。Hebrokemycup,whichmademeangry.他打破了我的杯子,這使我很生氣。3.只用who而不用that引導定語從句的情況。(1)先行詞是指人的不定代詞,如:one,ones,anyone,noone,those,all,nobody,anybody,none等時,用who不用that。Peoplealllikethosewhohavegoodmanners.人們都喜歡那些有禮貌的人。(2)在therebe句型中,多用who指代人。TherearesomepeoplewhowanttohaveholidaysinHainan.有一些想去海南度假的人。(3)當先行詞指特定的人時,關系代詞多用who,不指特定的人時,多用that。Theauntwhocametoseeuslastweekismyfather’syoungersister.上周來看我們的姑姑是我父親的妹妹。(4)在非限制性定語從句中作主語時,用who不用that。ProfessorWang,whoisoversixty,stillworksharddayandnight.王教授已年過六旬,依然夜以繼日努力工作著。(5)當先行詞有較長的后置定語或在被分割的定語從句中時,用who不用that。ProfessorSmithiscomingsoonwhowillgiveusatalkonhowtolearnEnglish.史密斯教授不久就要來給我們作一場關于如何學英語的講座。4.ofwhom,ofwhich與whose的用法解析。(1)whose的用法①whose引導定語從句,后應緊跟名詞,構成名詞短語。Theboy,whosefatherisanengineer,studiesveryhard.那位小男孩學習很努力,他的父親是位工程師。②whose引導定語從句時,先行詞既可指人,也可指物。Thebicycle,whosebrakewasdamaged,hasnowbeenrepaired.那輛自行車的閘壞了,現(xiàn)在已修好了。

定語從句的用法較為復雜，高考除了單獨考查定語從句知識外，還常常結合句式結構、時態(tài)等來綜合考查?？v觀近幾年各地高考試題，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其考點主要包括：

1.考查關系代詞和關系副詞的區(qū)分。如:that,which和where,when的區(qū)分;that,which和why的區(qū)分等。考點歸納2.考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物,在定語從句中作定語,后跟名詞。指物時,whose＋名詞＝名詞＋ofwhich＝ofwhich＋名詞。如：

Theclassroomwhosedoor/thedoorofwhich/ofwhichthedoorisbrokenisonthesecondfloor.3.考查as/which引導的非限制性定語從句。尤其要重視which，as引導的非限制性定語從句和it，what引導的主語從句的區(qū)分。4.考查定語從句中的主謂一致現(xiàn)象。如：I,whoamyourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouwheneveryouareintrouble.5.考查“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句?！敖樵~＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句，關系代詞指人時用whom，指物時用which，不能用that。關系代詞作定語時也可用whose。如：Theteacherinfrontofwhosehousestandsatalltreeisverypatientwithhisstudents.同時還要重視“復雜介詞或代詞”出現(xiàn)時與并列句的區(qū)別。如：

Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.(定語從句)Helovedhisparentsdeeplyandbothofthemareverykindtohim.(并列句)

此外，“介詞＋which＋名詞”結構，也是一個較為特殊的結構。如：

Hewasveryill,inwhichcase(＝andinthiscase)wesenthimtohospitalfirst.6.考查一些特殊的先行詞。如:當situation,point,case,activity,scene及period,festival,occasion等出現(xiàn)時,要注意具體情況具體分析;作主語、賓語和表語時,用關系代詞that/which;作狀語時,用關系副詞where/when或“介詞＋which”,表示在某種特定的情形下。真題再現(xiàn)1._____isoftenthecasewithchildren,Amywasbetterbythetimethedoctorarrived.(陜西2013)A.It

B.ThatC.What

D.As2.Happinessandsuccessoftencometothose_____aregoodatrecognizingtheirownstrengths.(湖南2013)A.whom

B.whoC.what

D.which3.Wehavelaunchedanotherman-madesatellite,_____isannouncedintoday’snewspaper.(天津2013)A.that

B.whichC.who

D.what4.Finallyhereachedalonelyisland_____wascompletelycutofffromtheoutsideworld.(山東2013)A.when

B.whereC.which

D.whom5.Hewrotealetter_____heexplainedwhathadhappenedintheaccident.

(江西2013)A.what

B.whichC.where

D.how6.Thebooktellsstoriesoftheearthquakethroughtheeyesofthose_____liveswereaffected.(福建2013)A.whose

B.thatC.who

D.which7.Thechildren,_____hadplayedthewholedaylong,werewornout.(浙江2013)A.allofwhat

B.allofwhichC.allofthem

D.allofwhom8.Hemaywinthecompetition,_____heislikelytogetintothenationalteam.

(遼寧2013)A.inwhichcase

B.inthatcaseC.inwhatcase

D.inwhosecase9.Johninvitedabout40peopletohiswedding,mostof_____arefamilymembers.

(重慶2013)A.them

B.thatC.which

D.whom10.ThepresidentoftheWorldBanksayshehasapassionforChina,_____heremembersstartingasearlyashischildhood.(江蘇2013)A.where

B.whichC.what

D.when鞏固練習1.Thisisanewkindofcellphone,one_____canhelpyoudoanythingonlinewhenyoudon’thaveacomputerathand.A.that

B.whoC.what

D.as2.DirectorAngLee,twoof_____filmswonOscars,isthoughthighlyofinChina.A.his

B.whose

C.whom

D.which3.Theairmonitoringmachine,_____hasjustbeenfixedinthecity,willtellustheairquality.A.that

B.which

C.what

D.who4.SometimesIreachapointinmylife_____Iamtiredofmyjobandwanttogetawaytotakeupadifferentone.A.where