語法名詞和冠詞

第1講冠詞和名詞(一)冠詞考點(diǎn)1冠詞的基本用法【考題小練】1.WhenItaughtartat__schoolinSeattle,IusedTinkertoysasatestatthebeginningofaterm.2.MyparentshadmovedtoEnglandfromIndiaduring___1970s.athe3.Thefrequentterrorismactivitiesinrecentyearsconstitute(構(gòu)成)___enormoussecuritychallengetoallcountries.an【考點(diǎn)精講】

冠詞包括不定冠詞a/an和定冠詞the,不用冠詞的情況也可稱為零冠詞?？疾楣谠~的基本用法主要就是考查冠詞的泛指和特指,在語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)中都會(huì)有所涉及。在語法填空中對(duì)冠詞進(jìn)行考查時(shí),不給出提示詞。1.不定冠詞(a/an)的用法(八個(gè)“一”)“一”(=one)IwatchTVforsixteenorseventeenhoursaday.“每一”(=per)Pricesstartat￡13.95ayardforprintedcotton.“同一”(=thesame)Theyhappentobeofanageandwearclothesofacolor.“一類”(=復(fù)數(shù)名詞)Avirusisaverysmalllivingthingthatcausesdisease.“任一”(=any)Adictionaryisenough.“某一”(=acertain)AMrSmithiswaitingtoseeyou.“一個(gè)、一場(chǎng)、一次、一件”(抽象名詞)Asamanager,heisasuccesswhileasafatherheisafailure.“一種(份,陣……)”(物質(zhì)名詞)Whataheavyrain!(1)不定冠詞有a和an兩種形式,常位于名詞或名詞的修飾語前。當(dāng)緊跟不定冠詞的單詞的第一個(gè)音素為輔音音素時(shí),用a;而當(dāng)緊跟不定冠詞的單詞的第一個(gè)音素為元音音素時(shí),用an。注意:判斷用a還是an的依據(jù)是緊跟不定冠詞的詞的第一個(gè)音素是不是元音音素,而不是該詞的第一個(gè)字母是不是元音字母。例如:anhonestboy一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的男孩。(2)不定冠詞的使用①不定冠詞可以用在某些物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞前,使之具體化。這樣的物質(zhì)名詞有:rain,snow,fog,wind,drink,coffee,beer,fire,paper等;抽象名詞有:success,failure,surprise,pleasure,beauty,wonder,comfort,danger,shock等。②knowledge,collection,understanding等名詞后加of...時(shí),其前常用不定冠詞a/an。③“amost+形容詞”表示“很……,非常……”,most在此不表示最高級(jí)含義,相當(dāng)于very,而“the+most+多音節(jié)形容詞”為多音節(jié)形容詞的最高級(jí)形式,表示“最……”。Thisisamostinterestingfilm.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhaveeverseen.2.定冠詞the的用法(1)表示特指的人或物,或者雙方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物或者指上文已經(jīng)提到過的人或物。*Doyouknowthemanstandingatthegateofthedoor?(2)用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,表示整個(gè)類屬。*AlexanderBellinventedthetelephonein1876.(3)用于某些形容詞、分詞前表示一類人/物或用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前表示一家人。*TheGreensentertaineduswithdinnerthedaybeforeyesterday.(4)用在被短語或從句修飾的名詞前表示特指。

TheyoungmanisthestudentwhoItaught10yearsago.(5)表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物,如themoon,thesun,theearth,theuniverse,theworld,thesky等。*Nooneknowswhenthemooncameintoexistence,asithappenedsolongago.【點(diǎn)津】①當(dāng)這些名詞前有修飾語時(shí),亦可用不定冠詞,如abrightmoon,anewworld。②有些事物雖然也是獨(dú)一無二的,但習(xí)慣上卻不用冠詞,如space太空,nature自然,man人類等。(6)用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞/副詞最高級(jí)以及形容詞only,very,same等前面。IsthisthefirsttimeyouhavevisitedBeijing?Chinaisoneoftherichestcountriesinnaturalresourcesintheworld.【點(diǎn)津】當(dāng)序數(shù)詞不表示順序而表示“又一,再一”時(shí),用不定冠詞,如asecondtime意為“再一次;又一次”。(7)用于表示方位、西洋樂器等的名詞前,如intheeast,inthenorthwest,playthepiano等。(8)用于表示某世紀(jì)/年代/時(shí)期或朝代的名詞前。*Itisnotrareinthe1990sthatpeopleintheirfiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.(9)用在表示度量單位的名詞前,如bythehour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo,但是size/weight/time這類名詞跟by連用時(shí)不加冠詞。Ihiredthecarbythehour.(10)與形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)連用,一般用于以下兩種情況:①用于“the+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示“越……,就越……”之意。*Themorewedoforthepeople,thehappierwe’llbe.②用在“the+比較級(jí)+ofthetwo”結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示“兩個(gè)中較……的一個(gè)”。*Sheisthetallerofthetwogirls.(11)在“動(dòng)詞(take/catch/pat/hit/...)+sb.+介詞(by/in/on)+the+名詞(身體某一部位)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,名詞前要用定冠詞the,而不用物主代詞。Thepolicecaughtthethiefbythearm.3.零冠詞的用法(1)專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名等名詞前,一般不加冠詞。*HeislivinginCanadanow.(2)表示季節(jié)、月份、星期和節(jié)日的名詞前和學(xué)科、語言、三餐、球類運(yùn)動(dòng)、棋類游戲的名詞前不用冠詞。*Weusuallyhavebreakfastat7o’clock.【點(diǎn)津】表示一日三餐等的名詞前一般不用冠詞。但若指具體的某頓飯或三餐前有形容詞修飾時(shí)要用冠詞。如:haveawonderfulsupper。(3)稱呼語及表示獨(dú)一無二的頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語及同位語時(shí),不加冠詞。*Dr.PeterSpence,headmasteroftheschool,toldus,“AfifthofpupilsheregoontostudyatOxfordorCambridge.”(4)turn(變成)后的單數(shù)名詞作表語不用冠詞。但名詞前若有形容詞修飾,則必須加冠詞。

Hisbrotherhasturnedwriter.Latersheturnedasuccessfulsinger.(5)在as/though引導(dǎo)的部分倒裝句中,“零冠詞+單數(shù)名詞+as/though+主語+謂語+主句”,意為“雖然/盡管……但是……”。*Heroasheis,hehassomeshortcomings.(6)用在“名詞+介詞短語”的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中。*Theteachercamein,bookinhand.【題組訓(xùn)練】1.Iwasinvitedtoattend___interviewforajobasahotelreceptionist.2.There’snosuchthingaslivingalone.Nevermindifyou’re___onlypersoninyourhouseandhavenodog,nocat,notevenfish. 世紀(jì)金榜導(dǎo)學(xué)號(hào)anthe3.(2019·石家莊模擬)Onethingwecandotohelpsolvethisproblemistowalkoruse__bicyclewhenpossible.4.(2019·深圳模擬)Manyfactorscontributeto___enjoyableexperience.aan考點(diǎn)2冠詞的固定搭配【考題小練】1.Girls,whoalwaysspendmoneyonclothes,shouldkeep___eyeopenfordiscounts.2.____numberoftheseresultsonwhythiskindofbirdcan’tflyareextremelyinteresting.anThe3.Zinioisaplatformfordigitalmagazines,withmorethan5,500magazinesfrom__widerangeofpublishers.a1.含不定冠詞的固定搭配haveaknowledge/understandingof 了解haveagoodviewof飽覽inahurry匆忙地asaresult因此 asarule通常asawhole總體上 asamatteroffact事實(shí)上ataloss不知所措 inaword總之2.含定冠詞的固定搭配makethemost/bestof充分利用 intheend最后bytheway順便說一下 inthedistance在遠(yuǎn)處intheway擋道 onthewhole總的來說3.含零冠詞的固定搭配atpresent目前takepartin參加inpeace平靜 bychance/accident碰巧onpurpose故意 onsecondthoughts再三考慮aheadoftime提前 inadvance提前4.常用的固定詞組辨析【題組訓(xùn)練】1.(2019·廣州模擬)Mysonisin__hurrytoleaveanyway.2.BiketoWorkDayisstartedbytheLeagueofAmericanBicyclistsin1956with___aimofpromotingthebicycleasaseriouschoiceofgettingtoandfromwork.athe3.Ambitions,meaningthingsyouwanttoachieveverymuch,play___importantroleinourdailylife.4.Thewebsiteasksvisitorstojoininthemovementtoreduce___numberofilliterate(不識(shí)字的)peopleintheworld.anthe5.(2019·贛州模擬)Allof__sudden,herhandicapwasgoneandallIsawwasthisbeautifulgirl,whosesmilejustmeltedmeandalmostinstantlygavemeacompletelynewsenseofwhatlifeisallabout. 世紀(jì)金榜導(dǎo)學(xué)號(hào)a(二)名詞名詞按其詞匯意義可分為專有名詞和普通名詞。普通名詞包括可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分,不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式?？键c(diǎn)1名詞單復(fù)數(shù)【考題小練】單句改錯(cuò)1.Theairportbusleavesevery30minuteandwilltakeyourighttotheFriendshipHotel. ()minute→minutes2.First,weshouldadoptapositiveattitudestowardsfailure. ()3.Bytheway,afterthecontest,Iamtodropinatyouruniversitiestovisityou. ()4.CarlaskedhimtovisitthehospitalandtopayhisrespecttoFrancis. ()attitudes→attitudeuniversities→universityrespect→respects【考點(diǎn)精講】1.可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)一般在名詞后面加-s或-es。變化形式如下表:構(gòu)成方法例詞一般在詞尾加-smap→maps,sea→seas.girl→girls,day→days構(gòu)成方法例詞以-s,-x,-ch,-sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es(stomach除外)class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,dish→dishes以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f或-fe為-v,再加-esleaf→leaves,knife→knives,wife→wives,wolf→wolves加-sbelief→beliefs,chief→chiefs,proof→proofs,roof→roofs,gulf→gulfs,safe→safes2.可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化名詞變復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則變化的形式如下表:構(gòu)成方法例詞增加字母child→children,ox→oxen改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man→men,woman→women,foot→feet,goose→geese,mouse→mice構(gòu)成方法例詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形sheep,deer,series,means,fish,species表示“某國(guó)人”的名詞加-sAmerican→Americans,German→Germans,Greek→Greeks單復(fù)數(shù)同形Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese構(gòu)成方法例詞表示“某國(guó)人”的名詞以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的,將-man和-woman分別改為-men,-womenEnglishman→Englishmen3.合成名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)son-in-law→sons-in-law,looker-on→lookers-on,passer-by→passers-by,story-teller→story-tellers無主體名詞時(shí)通常在最后一個(gè)詞后加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾grown-up→grown-ups,stand-by→stand-bys合成名詞“man/woman+名詞”構(gòu)成的合成詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),man/woman和名詞均變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womansinger→womensingers,manservant→menservants【題組訓(xùn)練】1.Itisespeciallyeffectiveingettingridofthebacteriaonyour_____(tooth)andkeepthemhealthy!世紀(jì)金榜導(dǎo)學(xué)號(hào)2.Butmanyofushaveneverconsideredhowour________(emotion)areaffectedbywhatweeat.teethemotions3.BuiltbyEmperorQinShihuangasadefenceagainstthe_______(enemy)fromtheNorth,today,theGreatWallisChina’ssymboltotherestoftheworld.4.(2019·濮陽模擬)Abusdriver’smainresponsibilityissafelytransporting__________(passenger).enemiespassengers考點(diǎn)2不可數(shù)名詞【考題小練】單句改錯(cuò)1.Wordscamethathewascaughtcheatingintheexam. ()2.Somesellerswereshoutingatthetopoftheirvoicestoattractpeople’sattentions. ()Words→Wordattentions→attention3.Itisafunforustogoswimminginariverinsummerindeed. ()刪除第一個(gè)“a”【考點(diǎn)精講】1.常見的不可數(shù)名詞一般來說,物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞是不可數(shù)的,因此沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般也不能用a或an修飾。通常只用作不可數(shù)名詞的名詞有:milk,music,homework,housework,weather,news,butter,information,bread,advice,progress,orange(橙汁),equipment,meat,fun,luggage,luck,work(工作),traffic,furniture,wealth,word(消息),room(空間),man(人類)等?！军c(diǎn)津】①word意為“消息”,room意為“空間”,man意為“人類”時(shí)通常不帶任何修飾成分。②不可數(shù)名詞可以通過在名詞前加表示數(shù)量的詞來表示數(shù)量概念。apieceofpaper一張紙/一片紙③furniture,equipment,information,advice,progress,weather,fun這七個(gè)詞為純粹的不可數(shù)名詞。2.常使用復(fù)數(shù)形式的單詞和短語①表示由兩個(gè)相連的類似部分組成的事物的名詞只用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:jeans,pants,scissors,compasses,glasses。②表示問候、祝賀、感謝等的名詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式,常見的有regardsgreetings,respectswishes,congratulations,thanks等。③一些固定短語中的名詞只用復(fù)數(shù)形式,常見的有taketurnstodosth.,inhighspirits,makefriendswith,asfollows,shakehandswith等。3.抽象名詞的具體化具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時(shí),可以與不定冠詞連用,常考到的有:單詞抽象名詞具體化名詞意義success成功成功的人或事beauty美;美麗美麗的人或事物danger危險(xiǎn)危險(xiǎn)的人或因素單詞抽象名詞具體化名詞意義delight高興令人高興的事failure失敗失敗的人或事物surprise驚奇令人驚奇的事情【題組訓(xùn)練】單句改錯(cuò)1.Althoughhehadplentyofworkstodo,hestillstayedwithmeandplayedgameswithme. ()2.Wegavehimsomeadvicesonwhattochoose. ()works→workadvices→advice3.WecangotothelibraryorsurftheInternetforvariouskindsofinformations. 世紀(jì)金榜導(dǎo)學(xué)號(hào)

()4.(2019·泰安模擬)WespentthreeweeksvisitingBeijing,Shanghaiandseveralothertouristattraction.()informations→informationattraction→attractionsⅠ.語法填空解題技法【高考試水區(qū)】1.(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Instead,sheisearning￡6,500adayas__modelinNewYork.a2.(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly,I’mface-to-facewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingat___topofherlungs.3.(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentover___past25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.thethe4.(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall______(cause).causes5.(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Thisswitchhasdecreased________(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.6.(2018·浙江高考)FewpeopleIknowseemtohavemuchdesireortimetocook.MakingChinese______(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome. 世紀(jì)金榜導(dǎo)學(xué)號(hào)pollutiondishes【微技能點(diǎn)撥】1.

根據(jù)泛指或特指選擇冠詞如果空格后的名詞或“形容詞+名詞”前沒有形容詞性物主代詞、不定代詞、名詞所有格或指示代詞等限定詞時(shí)很可能填冠詞。(1)如果空格及后面的名詞可翻譯成“一個(gè)(本、種等)”,一般填a/an,如果可翻譯成“這/那個(gè),這/那些”一般填the;(2)如果名詞后有of短語、不定式、分詞或從句等作定語時(shí)很可能填the。2.

根據(jù)固定句式或固定搭配選擇冠詞英語中有很多帶有冠詞的固定句式或短語,記住這些句式和短語也有利于解決此類問題。3.

根據(jù)語境標(biāo)志詞判斷名詞(1)看到冠詞或形容詞或形容詞性物主代詞時(shí),要想到名詞;(2)遇到介詞或及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)要想到名詞;(3)當(dāng)看到并列連詞所連接的前或后是名詞時(shí)要想到名詞。4.

根據(jù)規(guī)則確定名詞單復(fù)數(shù)(1)如果空格處被these,several,many和數(shù)詞等修飾時(shí),要考慮用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式;(2)如果一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)詞原形或are,要考慮用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式;(3)在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中要熟記名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則,方能解決好此類問題。