Translation-of-Personal-Names-in-English-Literary-Works-英語文學(xué)作品中的人名漢譯畢業(yè)論文

PAGE屆別2017屆學(xué)號畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）英語文學(xué)作品中的人名漢譯（宋體、小二）TranslationofPersonalNamesinEnglishLiteraryWorksTranslationofPersonalNamesinEnglishLiteraryWorks（英文標題：TimesNewRoman,小三，加粗）AThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsFortheBachelor’sDegreeinEnglishLanguageandLiteratureBy(漢語拼音)UndergraduateProgramDepartmentofForeignLanguagesXiangnanUniversitySupervisor:AcademicTitle:Signature＿______ApprovedDecember2016CONTENTS（TimesNewRoman大寫、小三，居中、加粗、空一行）（目錄內(nèi)容：TimesNewRoman,五號字，其中一級標題還要加粗，分散對齊，行間距20磅，標題除每一行的首字母和專有名詞大寫外，單詞首字母不要大寫；各級標題的排序用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示，不能用ChapterOne或PartOne之類的標識，引言、結(jié)論、參考文獻和致謝部分不要排序；各級標題各自對齊，二級標題比一級標題縮進3個字符后，再對齊，以此類推；中文摘要和英文摘要的頁碼標序分別用小寫的i,ii表示。）AbstractinChinese……….…………………iAbstractinEnglish…………………….……iiIntroduction………...……...………….……..………………1Thedefinitionandcharacteristicsofpersonalname21.1Thedefinitionofpersonalname…..…21.2Thecharacteristicsofpersonalname……..…………21.2.1Symbolicness21.2.2Definiteness31.2.3Variation3Personalnameandculture52.1Relationshipbetweenpersonalnamesandculture52.2Culturalinformationinliteraryworks52.3Personalnamesinliteraryworks6NamingmethodsofpersonsinEnglishliterature…...….………….73.1Implyingthemeaninginpronunciation………...………….…………73.2Expressingthemeaningbypersonalnames…………..………………...73.3Originatingfromtheallusions………..………………74.Translationstrategies..………………...…….…94.1Twofundamentalstrategies:domesticationandforeignization…..………..…..……………..94.2Translationstrategiesforpersonalnamesinliteraryworks……….………94.2.1Foreignization………………..…………….…………9Transliteration………………...….………………94.2.2Domestication……..………..……….…….…..….………..…………..10Culturecompensation……………..……..………..Givingupthename,onlygettingthemeaning..……………..…..11Conclusion………………………..……...12Bibliography………………………….13Acknowledgments….14PAGE16摘要（小三，宋體、居中、空一行）（正文：宋體、小四、行間距20磅）人名是一門藝術(shù)，也是人類社會中最普遍的語言現(xiàn)象，是人們利用語言符號區(qū)別他人的特定標志。人名同復(fù)雜的社會文化有著深刻的聯(lián)系，因而有著深刻的文化內(nèi)涵。本文選取了文學(xué)作品中的人名作為研究對象。文學(xué)作品中的人名，往往是作者根據(jù)其創(chuàng)作意圖，為更深刻地揭示人物性格，預(yù)示人物命運，體現(xiàn)作品的背景和主題而精心設(shè)計的，具有深遠的延伸寓意。然而某些寓意深刻的人名增添了文學(xué)作品的復(fù)雜性，從而使譯者在翻譯時難以把握。為了最大限度地傳達原作的寓意，保持原作的風(fēng)格，譯者在翻譯文學(xué)作品中的人名時，應(yīng)從文化的角度入手，采取歸化和異化的基本翻譯策略，以音譯、文化補償和取意舍名等方式靈活處理。關(guān)鍵詞：人名翻譯；文學(xué)作品；文化內(nèi)涵；翻譯策略（關(guān)鍵詞之間用分號隔開）ABSTRACT（TimesNewRoman、大寫、小三、加粗、居中、空一行）（正文：小四、TimesNewRoman、行間距20磅）Namingisanart.Names,whichareusedbyhumanbeings,arethecommonestlanguagephenomenoninhumansociety.Theyarethesignsforpeopletodistinguishonepersonfromanother.Namingisaspecialandlinguisticphenomenonwhichrelatestoculturesextensivelyandprofoundly.Thepresentpaperwillfocusonthestudyofpersonalnamesinliteraryworks.Someofthesenamesgivevividimagesofthecharacters,someofthemshowthetemperamentsofthecharacters,andsomeofthemsuggestthefateofthecharacters.Suchpersonalnamesinliteraryworksaremuchmoreintentionallygiventhanindailylife.Theytakethetasktohelpwiththedevelopmentofthewholework,sothetranslationofthemshouldalsobetakenintocarefulconsideration.Forthepurposeofbeingfaithfultothemeaningandstyleofthesourcetext,whentranslatingthepersonalnamesinliteraryworks,atranslatorshouldstartfromtheperspectiveofculture,flexiblytakingthetwobasictranslatingstrategies:domesticationandforeignization.Keywords:translationofpersonalname;literaryworks;culturalconnotation;translationstrategies.（關(guān)鍵詞除了專有名詞之外，單詞首字母不要大寫；關(guān)鍵詞之間用分號隔開）特別說明：一、封面和封二之間插入“分頁符”；二、封二和目錄之間插入“分節(jié)符”（方法：點擊“插入—分隔符—分節(jié)符類型中的“下一頁”—“確定”）；三、目錄和中英文摘要之間插入“分節(jié)符”，中英文摘要之間則插入“分頁符”，中英文摘要的頁碼分別用“i、ii”標記；四、中英文摘要和正文之間插入“分節(jié)符”；五、正文各節(jié)之間插入“分頁符”六、頁眉部分為“外國語學(xué)院英語專業(yè)2017屆畢業(yè)論文”（楷體_GB2312、小三號字,但頁眉部分的文字內(nèi)容只出現(xiàn)在論文正文部分，其它部分（不含封面和封二）頁眉只留一條下劃線，沒有文字內(nèi)容。）外國語學(xué)院英語專業(yè)2016屆本科畢業(yè)論文Introduction（TimesNewRoman、頂左對齊、小三、加粗、不空行）（正文內(nèi)容：小四、TimesNewRoman、每段的首行向右縮進3個英文字符、行間距20磅）Eachpersoninthesocietyhashisorhernamewhichdiffershimorherfromothermembersinthecommunity.Namesareusedbyhumanbeingsandtheyarethesignsforpeopletodistinguishonepersonfromanother.Namingisaspecialsocialandlinguisticphenomenonwhichrelatestoculturesextensivelyandprofoundly.Theinformationofanation'shistory,language,psychology,religion,customs,conceptsofmoralandvalueareallimplicatedinpersonalnames.Thereforepersonalnamesarenotonlylinguisticsymbolsbutsocialsymbols,whicharewindowsforpeopletoseethroughdifferentculturesindifferentsocieties.Theycontainprofoundcultureconnotation,sothestudyingofnamesattractsanumberoftranslators.Forexample,AndreLefevere,adoctorofBelgium,makesadiscussionabout“names”inhisworkTranslatingLiterature:PracticeandTheoryinacomparativeLiteratureContext.Here“name”referstothosefamouspeople’snamesorcharactersinEnglishliteraryworks.Personalnamesinliteraryworksworkquitedifferentlyfrompersonalnamesindailycommunication.Theyarenotonlysimplesignsforlabelingsomepersons,butcloselyconnectedwiththesepersons'characteristicsandevenfates,bothinrealityandinfiction.So,inlateruseofthesenames,peoplefamiliarwiththesourcesofthesenamescaneasilygettheproperassociationsintheirminds.Thus,thepopularityandfrequentuseofthesenameshasbecomepartoftheculture,andbymanymeanstheusageofthesenameshasbeenspreadtosomeothercultures.Inthispaper,IwilltalkabouttranslationofpersonalnamesinEnglishliteraryworks.（特別提醒：各節(jié)之間要插入分頁符，即1和2之間，2和3之間，插入分頁符，但一節(jié)之內(nèi)的各小點之間不要插入分頁符，即1.1和1.2之間不要插入分頁符，也不需要空行。插入分頁符的辦法：單擊文檔上方的“插入”，選擇“分隔符”中的“分頁符”，單擊“確定”，即可。）英文引文文內(nèi)標注法：另外注意引文后句號的位置。如果在引文中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)作者，那么在引文后標注（作者名字+文獻年份：頁碼）就可以了。例如：（劉重德,1996:56)或者（Nida,2003:45)Somescholarsbelievethat“identityisfoundattheunstablepointwherethe‘unspeakable’storiesofsubjectivitymeetthenarrativesofhistory,ofaculture”(Hall,2006:13).Whatisplagiarism?Simplyspeaking,“Usinganotherperson’sideasorexpressionsinyourwritingwithoutacknowledgingthesourceconstitutesplagiarism”(Gibaldi,Manual,2008:143).1.TheDefinitionandFeaturesofPersonalName1.1.TheDefinitionofPersonalName（小四，加粗，二級標題在一標題的基礎(chǔ)上往右縮進3個英語字符,三級標題和二級標題的位置一樣）Asweknow,“name”isveryimportantinourdailylife,wehavetousevarious“names”everyday,butwhatis“name”?Canyougivethedefinitiontous?InOxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionary,“name”isdefinedas“anameorwordsthataparticularperson,animal,placeorthingisknownby

”.Thedefinitionisverysimple,andErnstPulgraminhis“TheoryofNames”offersamoredetaileddefinitionofanameasfollowing:“Apropernameisanounusedinanon-universalfunction,withorwithoutrecognizablecurrentlexicalvalue,ofwhichthepotentialmeaningcoincideswithandneverexceedsitsactualmeaning,andwhichisattachedasalabeltooneanimatebeingoroneinanimateobject(ortomorethanoneinthecaseofcollectivenames)forthepurposeofspecificdistinctionfromamonganumberoflikeorinsomerespectssimilarbeingsorobjectsthatareeitherinnomannerdistinguishedfromoneanotheror,forourinterest,notsufficientlydistinguished.”(Dunkling,LeslieAlan,2001:56)Itiseasyforustoknowthat“personalname”arepeople'sname-thenamethatapersoninheritsatbirthandtheothernamethataregiventohimorher.Inthisarticle,wewillfocusonpersonalnamesinliteraryworks.1.2.TheCharacteristicsofPersonalNameFromthedefinition,wecanseeanameisbasicallyfunctionedas“alabel”,withthepurposeof“specificdistinction”.Asspecialsignsindicatingindividualsinthesociety,personalnames,havesomeparticularcharacteristicsthatnoothersignscanreplace.1.2.1.Symbolicness（三級標題與二級標題的位置一致，字體為小四，加粗，起始的正文內(nèi)容則還是保持與原來的一致，即首行只往右縮進3個英文字符。）Personalnames,asabranchofthesystemofnames,aresymbolswhichrepresentdifferentfiguresofthehumanbeings.Thestartofnamingpeopleisanimportantmarkwhichdistinguishmenfromanimals.Allhumanbehaviororiginatesintheuseofsymbols.Itwasthesymbolwhichtransformedouranthropoidancestorsintomenandmadethemhuman.Allcivilizationshavebeengenerated,andareperpetuated,onlybytheuseofsymbols.ItisthesymbolwhichtransformsaninfantofHomosapiensintoahumanbeing;deafmuteswhogrowupwithouttheuseofsymbolsarenothumanbeings.Allhumanbehaviorissymbolicbehavior;symbolicbehaviorishumanbehavior.Thesymbolistheuniverseofhumanity.Thestatementrevealsthatonebasiccharacteristicofpersonalnamesissymbolic.Onceamanhasgothisname,thenameworksasasymboltodistinguishhimselffromtheotherpeople.1.2.2.DefinitenessThesecondfeatureofpersonalnamesisdefiniteness.Eachpersonalnamerelatestoaconcreteperson.It’saspecifiedmarkforeachperson.Thisisdifferentfromtheothercommonnamesorcollectivenounswhichrefertothingsofthesamecategory.Forinstance，諸葛亮(ZhugeLiang)usuallyreferstotheprimeministerinShuinThreeStatesPeriodinChina.MargaretThatcherreferstothewomanprimeministerintheUK.MarieCuriereferstothefamousPolishphysicistandchemistwhodiscoveredtwonewelements(radiumandpolonium).1.2.3.VariationItisnecessaryforustoknowthatpersonalnamesarenotpurelylinguisticphenomenon.Asasocialphenomenonofhumancivilization,personalnamecanreachtoeveryaspectofhumanbeings,includingculture,history,economy,andsoon.Thethirdcharacteristicofpersonalnamesisvariation.Thevariationreflectsmainlyintwoaspects-meaningandfunction.Thevariationofmeaningisthatpeopleoftenbreakthroughthesymbolicnessofpersonalnameswhentheyarenaming.Theyconsciouslymakethepersonalnameshavecertainmeaningordeliberatelypursuegoodnames.Inthenamingsystemsofmostpeoples,thereisatendencythatpeoplechoosethewordswhichhavegoodconceptualmeaningsandexcludethosewithbadconnotations.InthenamingsystemofChinesepeople,thepurelysymbolicfamilynames,cooperatingwithgivennames,usuallyregaintheoriginalmeaningandmakethepersonalnamesexpressgoodconnotation.Asweknow,thefunctionofpersonalnamesistodistinguish.Eachpersonalnameisattachedtoaconcretepersonandusedtorefertotheperson.Butinrealitythepersonalnamessometimesdeviatefromthefeatureofdefinitenessandthusproducethevariabilityoffunction.Foronething,severalpersonsmayhavethesamepersonalnamesbecauseoftheinfluenceofpeople'scommonpsychologyinnamingprocess,thereforethedefinitenessofpersonalnamescannotbeassured.Foranotherthing,personalnameswhicharepropernounsareoftentransformedintocommonnouns.Thisisthegeneralizationofpersonalnames.Theyarenotusedtorefertothedefiniteperson,butusedasageneralreference.Sothereisthedeviationfromthedefiniteness.TherearemanyexamplesinEnglish.Forinstance,JohnHancockwasapoliticianduringtheAmericanCivilWar.Nowhisnamemeans“tosignthenames”asinthesentence“PutyourJohnHancockonthispaper.”In1776,whentheIndependenceDeclarationwaspassedafterhotdiscussion,JohnHancocksignedhisnamesfirst.Hisnameswerebigandnoticeable.Whenothersaskedhimwhyhesignedhisnamesinthatway,heexplained,“SoFatGeorgeinLondoncanreaditwithouthisglasses”(張逵,2006:23).BecauseJohnHancocksignedhisnamesfirstandhissignaturewasverynoticeable,peopleoftenuseJohnHancocktorefertoone’sownsignature.Sandwichisalsoapersonalnameusedasacommonnoun.

2.PersonalNameandCultureCulturereferstoallthewaysoflifecreatedinhumanhistory,includingtheexplicitandtheimplicit,thereasonableandunreasonable,andeverythingfarfrombeingreasonableorunreasonable.Namingrelatestoculturesextensivelyandprofoundly.2.1.RelationshipbetweenPersonalNamesandCulture“Idefinedcultureasthewayoflifeanditsmanifestationthatispeculiartoacommunitythatusesaparticularlanguageasitsmeansofexpression.”(Newmark,2001:24).Personalnamesaretheproductsofthehistoricaldevelopmentofhumansociety.Theyreflecttheancientcivilizationandsplendidculturesfromdifferentperspectives.Thechoiceofnamestellsusabouthumanthoughtprocessesatthattimeandreflectsthesocialreality.Thereforethedevelopmentofpersonalnamescannotbedivorcedfromthesocialculturebackground.Namesareaninseparablepartofcultureandtheinevitableoutcomeoftheculturalevolution.Personalnameshaveevolvedwiththedevelopmentofhumansociety,sojustlikeotherlinguisticphenomenatheyplaytheroleofcarrierandpropagatorofcultures.Cultureinfiltratesintoeveryaspectofhumansociallivesandexertsanimperceptibleinfluenceonpeople’sbehavior.Personalnamesaretheoutcomeofhumansocialbehavior,sotheinfluenceofculturecanbeseenfromthechangingofnames.Forexample,ChinesepeoplearegreatlyinfluencedbyConfucianism,soobviousproprietycolorcanbeseeninChinesepeoplenames;EnglishpeoplebelieveChristianityandreligiouscolorcanbefoundintheirnames.What’smore,personalnamesexertitsinfluenceandactiononsocietyandculture.Forexample,thetabooonusingthepersonalnamesofemperorswasformedundertheinfluenceoffeudalhierarchyculture.Inaword,personalnamesandcultureinfluenceeachother,restricteachotherandactoneachother.Frompersonalnames,peoplecanseetheculturalsimilarityanddifferenceindifferentsocieties.2.2.CulturalInformationinLiteraryWorksLiteraryworkisthemostimportantcarrierofculture.AsmentionedinChapterOne,wewillfocusonthepersonalnamesinliteraryworks,forliteraryworksoftenembodymuchculturalinformation.Cultureisthesumofanation’sknowledge,experiences,beliefs,senseofvalues,divisionofclasses,andtheattitudetowardtimeandspace.Culturalinformationinliteraryworksmeanstheelementsreflectingthecultureofanationornationsinliteraryworks.Itisrathersimpleatfirstsight;however,withoutbeingpaidattention,agreatdealofculturalinformationwillescapethereadersorthetranslators.Forexample,theChinesewritingstylesareverydifferentfromthatinEnglish.TheChinesewriterstendtodeveloptheparagraphsinacircularwaywhereastheEnglishliketofollowastraightline.TheChinesewayofdevelopingparagraphs,infact,areinfluencedbytheirphilosophicalconceptof“Man’sUnitywithHeaven”,andcommonreaderscannotrealizethisintheprocessofreading.2.3.PersonalNamesinLiteraryWorks“Literaryworkhasbeentaking‘humanity’asitsfocussinceit’sbeginning.Charactersarealwaysthefocusofliteraryworks.Thebackgroundtheyarein,theexperiencetheytake,andthepersonalitytheyhave,arecombinedtoformthewholestory.”Authorscreateinthenovelsthepersonalitiesoftheircharactersandevenindicatethefatesanddestinationsoftheirheroesbyallkindsofmethodslikedepictingthehistoryandculturebackground,expressingtheinternalthoughtsofthecharactersorendowingwiththemsomeparticularnameswithspecialmeanings.Amongthesemethods,givingnameswithconnotationstotheheroesinthenovelisoneofthemostdirectandeffectivewaystoapproachtheessentialthemes.Someofthesenamesgivevividimagesofthecharacters,someofthemshowthetemperamentsofthecharacters,andsomeofthemsuggestthefateofthecharacters.Mostoftheauthorswillimplytheirstandpoints,hopes,likesanddislikesinthosenamesoftheirheroesorheroinestoindicatethedevelopmentoftheirstories.Thus,theauthorhaveformedalotpunsinthenamesoffictionalfigures,someinpronunciation,whilesomeothersinmeaning.TakeEnglishforexamples:InJohnBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgress,EnglishreaderscaneasilygetthefirstimpressionfromsuchnamesasMr.WorldlyWiseman,Faithful,Hopeful,GiantDespair,andMr.Nogood.Thesenamesoffictionalfigures,intentionallygivenbytheauthors,canhelpreadersgetabetterunderstandingofthewholework,andastheliteraryworkhasbeenacceptedbythereaders,someofthepersonalnameswillbealsokeptinthereaders’mindsandbewidelyusedhereafterinthedailylifeinarhetoricwaylike“Hamlet”inEnglishculture.

3.NamingMethodsofPersonsinEnglishLiteratureWriterssometimesusenamesnotjusttonamecharactersinapoem,story,novel,orplay,butalsotodescribethosecharacters.Whennamingacharacter,especiallynamingahero,authorsarealwaystryingtheirbesttochooseaperfectnameaccordingtotheintentionsoftheirwork.Threemethodsinthisthesis.3.1.ImplyingtheMeaninginPronunciationThefirstnamingmethodistoformanamewithimpliedmeaninginpronunciation.Forexample:Gatsby:ThenameofthecharacterinF.ScottFitzgerald’sTheGreatGatsby,is“Thegreatgetsby”,i.e.“ThegreatAmericandreampassesby”.WillyLoman:ThenameofthecharacterinArthurMiller’sTheDeathofaSalesman,is“Willies+lonelyman”,i.e.“Alonelymanwhoseheartisfullwillies”.AllthesenamesarecombinationsofChinesecharacterandpronunciations.3.2.ExpressingtheImpliedMeaningbyNames“Thenameusuallycontainsanallusiontoacertainwordinthelanguage,andthatallusionallowsreaderstocharacterizecharacterstoagreaterextent”(AndreLefevere36)Let’slookatthefollowingexample:GoodmanBrown:ThenameoftheprotagonistinHawthorne’s“YoungGoodmanBrown”.Brownitselfisaneutralname,butGoodman,whichoriginallymeantsomethinglike“mister”andisnolongerincurrentusage,tendstoaddashadeofimpliedmeaning.3.3.OriginatingfromtheAllusionsSometimes,writerschoosenamesforthecharactersfromallusions.FollowingsaretheexamplesbytwocharactersofHermanMelville’sMobyDick:AhabandIshmael.Ahab:ThenameofthecharacterinMobyDick.IntheBible,AhabwasakingofIsrael,whointroducedtheworshipofpagangodsintohiscountry.Inthetwenty-secondchapter,KingJehosophatcomestovisitKingAhabofIsrael.AhabpersuadesJehosophattoassisthimonamilitaryexpeditiontogetoneofhiscitiesback.JehosophatinsiststhattheprophetsbeofficiallyconsultedsothattheycanhaveJehovah’sblessing.Ahabsummonsfourhundredprophets,whoallprophesygreatsuccess,butJehosophatrefusestobelieveit.SoAhabhastosendamessengertosummontheprophetMicaiah,who,instead,prophesiesthedefeatofAhab’sarmy,andhisowndeath.LikeKingAhab,CaptainAhabintroducestheworshipofpagangodstothePequod,thatis,henotonlyhiressomepaganharpooners,buthasalsoactedblasphemouslytoGodseveraltimes.He,too,hashis“Micaiah”,theSatanicOriental,Fedallah,whopredictshisowndeathandthefailureofAhab’spursuitofMobyDick.KingAhabisafinewarrior,butheiskilledinbattle.CaptainAhabcanalsoberegardedasafinewarrior,andheisfinallykilledandburiedunderthesea.Ishmael:ThenameofthenarratorinMobyDick.IntheBible,Ishmaelisthehalf-bredsonofAbrahamandtheEgyptianslaveHagar.HeisconceivedwhenAbrahamandhiswifeSarahfearsthattherewillbenoheirtocarryontheline,butwhenheisstillaboyheisbanishedafterSarahboreIsaac.ThoughtoJewsandChristians,Ishmaelisabastardandanoutcast,yettoArabs,heisthefatheroftwelvesonswhoaretoleadtwelvetribes,fromwhomallpresent-dayArabsaredescended.Sothenameof“Ishmael”,issymbolicofawandererordisplacedperson.ItcanbefoundinthenovelthatIshmaelnotonlywandersoverthephysicalworld,butalsowandersspirituallyinsearchofthemeaningoflife.

TranslationStrategies4.1.TwoFundamentalStrategies:ForeignizationandDomestication“Atranslationstrategyisamethodadoptedbyatranslatortodealwiththeproblemsintranslation,ofwhichtherearetwobasictranslationstrategies,whicharetermed‘foreignization’and‘domestication.”4.2.TranslationStrategiesforPersonalNamesinLiteraryWorksTranslationisabridgethatconnectsoneculturewithanother.Inanotherword,translationshouldtransferadequate,accurateinformation;ontheotherhand,translationshouldkeeptheflavoroftheoriginalasmuchaspossible.Namely,agoodtranslationshouldhavetheexoticflavororcontainexoticculturalelements.Whenwearetranslatingthesenames,wearenotjusttranslatingbetweensignsaswedoinordinarycommunication.“Jack”into“杰克”isnolongerenough,andwhatwedoneedisnotthesignitselfbutitsdescriptivefunction.Andfordifferentsituations,weshouldtakedifferentwaystodealwith,startingfromtheperspectiveofculture,flexiblytakingthetwobasictranslatingstrategies:domesticationandforeignization.Thisthesisprovidesthreestrategiesforpersonal-nametranslation.4.2.1.ForeignizationForeignizationmeansatermtodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichatranslational-literaryworkisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal..TransliterationTransliterationistotranslatethepersonalnamesaccordingtotheirpronunciation.IntranslatingEnglishnames,translatorswilltrytochoosesomeChinesecharacterswiththesameorsimilarsoundtothatoftheEnglishnames.Forexample,thenameoftheheroineinGonewiththeWindisnamedasScarlet,oneoftheChineseversionofthisnameis“斯佳麗”,whichhasthesimilarpronunciationtothatofitsoriginalone.Ifwehavethesharedbackgroundknowledgeorthesamepragmaticpresupposition,wecaneasilygetthefunctionalequivalencebyjusttransliteration.Forexample,sincetherearemoreandmorechannelsforcross-culturecommunication,wegettoknowalotofforeignnameswiththecomingoftheforeignculture,like“亞當(dāng)(Adam)”,“夏娃(Eve)”and“諾亞(Noah)”intheBible,and“羅密歐(Romeo)”,“朱麗葉(Juliet)”and“奧塞羅(Othello)”inShakespeare’sworks.Thereisnodoubtthatiftheliterarynamesarequitepopular,thatistosay,ifthecultureoftheoriginalworkhasalreadyacceptedthesenamesbecausemostofthepeoplearequitefamiliarwiththeheroesinthoseliteraryworks.Then,translatorscanadopttheliterarytranslationbythesound.Thenumberofthesenamesisincreasingasthedevelopmentofworldliterature.Forexample:HeisreallyaBillGates.MostofChineseinmodernsocietyknowwhoisBillGates.Sointhissentence,thespeaker’srealintentionistoexpresshisadmirationtohisfriendwhoisgoodatcomputer.WecantranslateBillGatesinto“比爾·蓋茨”directly,becauseinthissentence,boththeChineseandEnglishsharethesameinformationbackground.However,thisisnotthebestwaytotranslateliterarynamesbecausetwoofthemostimportantelements(theconnotationsandthemetaphorofpuns)areoverlooked.Sowhentranslating,translatorsshouldtakeanothertwotranslationstrategieswhichbelongtothedomestication.4.2.2.DomesticationDomesticatingtranslationisactuallytheextremeoffreetranslation,anditsoppositionwhichkeepstheexoticismoftheoriginalworkisfreetranslationtotheutmostdegree.CultureCompensationInsomenames,theirconnotationsortheirfurthermeaningsaremuchimportantthantheirfunctionasnames.Inmostoccasions,thesenameslosttheiroriginaldistinguishingfunctionasnamesbutbecomegeneralwordreferringtosomepersonsoractionsorsituations.Iftranslatorsdisregardtheirconnotationbytranslatingthemdirectly,thismayresultinthemisunderstandingandconfuses.In,wehavementionedthename“Othello”,andnowlet’sseeanexample:“…Allmarriedmenwithlovelywivesarejealous,aren’tthey?Andsomeofthemjustcan’thelpplayingOthello.”“跟漂亮女人結(jié)婚的男人都愛吃醋，我難道沒有說對?還有人會不由自主地扮演奧塞羅.”(李靜,李崇月,2007:130)Inthissentence,theEnglishreadersorsomeoftheChinesereaderswhoknowthestoryofOthellowillhavenodifficultyingettingtherealconnotationofthespeaker.ButtothosecommonpeoplewhomayneverknowwhoorwhatisOthello,itisimpossibleforthemtounderstandtheChinesesentence“還有人會不由自主地扮演奧塞羅”.Sowhentheallusionortraditionbehindapersonalnameisstrangetothereaders,whichmeansthatthereisneithersharedbackgroundknowledgenorthesamepragmaticpresupposition,thereaderswillgetthevacuumofsense.Tosolvethisproblem,atfirstthetranslatorsshouldhaveboththebilingualcompetenceandbiculturalcompetence,whichmeansthattheyshouldatfirstknowtheculturebehindthenameandthenhavetheabilitytocompensatetheculturalgapformedbythedifferences.Wecanmakethecompensationtoexplainthenameinthetextbyamplification,whichmeansaddingdescriptivecontentstothetransliteration.Forexample:IamnoHamlet.我不是猶豫不決的哈姆雷特。Hermanneriscool.She’stheGraceKellytype.(MichaelCrichton,Disclosure)她舉止冷淡，很像美國著名冷艷影星葛麗絲·凱莉。Mostofthepersonalnamesinrhetoricusehavecertainallusionsbehindthem,sothetranslationshouldbefirstbasedontheunderstandingoftheallusions..GivinguptheName,onlyGettingtheMeaningIntranslatingthoseliterarypersonalnames,thetranslatoralwaystriedtofindoutamostequivalentpartinthetranslational-literaryworkfortheimageintheoriginalwork.Thus,theygottheimagetransferred,notthenameitself.Forexample:WiththesestatementweenterSimon’sworld,whereheisHumpty-DumptyandweareAliceswhomustwaituponhimtotelluswhatwordmean.（Alice’sAdventuresinWonderland）“耳聞西蒙之論，我們走進了他的那個世界——在這里，他倒像是個目空一切、自鳴得意的“文字專家”，我們卻成了一群冥頑不靈的、大字不識的“女流之輩”，什么詞表達什么意思非得他說了算不可?！?包惠南，2001:80)TherearesomeotherexamplesinJohnBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgress:Obstinate(頑固的,固執(zhí)的),Pliable(順從的,易受影響的),Evangelist(傳播福音者)(卜愛會174)

ConclusionPersonalnamesarenotassimpleassigns.Theypossessthelinguisticcharacteristicsassigns,andalsohavesomevarietiesundertheinfluenceofvariousculturefactors.So,thepersonalnameisnotonlyalinguisticphenomenonbutalsoaculturalphenomenon.Inourtranslationofliteraryworks,weshouldtakeboththelin