2008年考研英語真題及解析

SectionIUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemorein ligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismorein ligentthantheothers,butexinstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11tothe lectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhatthein ligenceanddiseasesareintima y18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]la5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefiniy[D]unaccountab12.[A] [B]

13.[A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve14.[A]moreover [B]therefore [C]however 15.[A]givenup [B]gotover [C]carriedon [D]putdown16.[A]assessing [B]supervising [C]administering [D]valuing17.[A]development [B]origin [C]consequence [D]instrument18.[A]linked [B]integrated [C]woven [D]combined19.[A]limited [B]subjected [C]converted [D]directed20.[A]paradoxical [C]inevitable SectionIIReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelodepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVe n’sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthat hormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthatthey ewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthees.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysical .Thekindsofinteral thatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunay,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecowithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoWomenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletoWomenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbyWomenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincowithMenandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithDr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomenneedextradosesofchemicalstohandle [B]havelimitedcapacityfortolerating[C]aremorecapableofavoiding [D]areexposedtomoreAccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobedomesticand [B]irregularand[C]durableand [D]trivialandThesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line5,Para.5)showsthat[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmaking [B]Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhousehold[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferent [D]AlvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbyWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheStrainofStress:NoWay [B]ResponsetoStress:Gender[C] ysis:WhatChemicals [D]GenderInequality:WomenUnderItusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthor’snamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfrom ernment–fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingit lyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscussesthebackgroundinformationofjournal [B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratory[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournal [D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDIt ernment-funded [B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansof[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournal [D]ItbenefitsscientificresearchAccordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthatitprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientific [B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientific[C]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge[D]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificWiththeopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredtocoverthecostofits [B]subscribetothejournalpublishing[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouse [D]completethepeer-reviewbeforeWhichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheTheInternetisposingathreatto [B]Anewmodeofpublicationis[C] ethenewchannelfor [D]PublicationisrenderedeasilybyonlineIntheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeyersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadyedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesyingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations—apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAyers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingyersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients—notably,protein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight—5'9"formen,5'4"forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthc.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,”saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticumscanchange,butdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithout tion.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetoday'sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.”WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampletoillustratethechangeofheightofNBA [B]showthepopularityofNBAyersinthe[C]comparedifferentgenerationsofNBA [D]assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAWhichofthefollowingysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtotheGenetic [B]Natural[C]Living [D]DailyOnwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyNon-AmericansaddtotheaverageheightoftheHumanheightisconditionedbytheuprightAmericansarethetallestonaverageintheLargerbabiestend etallerinWelearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuturethegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformthedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremaingenetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingtheexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeThetextintends lusthatthechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclic [B]humanheight ingevenmore[C]Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowth [D]thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasIn1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecameoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransntnineteethintohisjaw—havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-chopGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontheroleslaveryyedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.Moresignificant,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong—andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivayexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“l(fā)ikehavingalargebankaccount,”saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiarinstitution,”includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryintheialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersondHemings’schildren—thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximay150otherWashington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebravaryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirdominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.GeorgeWashington’sdentalsurgeryismentionedtoshowtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthe [B]demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhis[C]stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S. [D]revealsomeunknownaspectofhisWemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthatDNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryinitsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatehistorians ymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson’spoliticalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasHispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsHisstatusasafathermade thechildHisattitudetowardsslaverywasHisaffairwithaslavestainedhisWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheSomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromSlavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttoSlaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsSlaverywasregardedasapeculiarWashington’sdecision slavesoriginatedfromhismoral [B]militaryfinancial [D]politicalPartBInthefollowingtext,somesegmentshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,andngalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedownto Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothedraft.(42) .Gr r,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors. .Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,and,ifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingoneitherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingr ticalelementsinyourwriting.(44) .Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper,youcandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote“TheA&PasaStateofMind”wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisyschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45).Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagain—workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.Tomakerevisingeasier,leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwords,sentencesandcorrections.WriteononlyonesideoftheAfteryouhavealreadyandadequa ydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.It’sworthremembering,however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrible,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,whichexinshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P“”heens.Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin“A&P”thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies.Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.PartCReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto .YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Inhisautobiography，Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisinlectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsouthealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Hediedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley.(47)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongand trainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,too,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe“OriginofSpecies”isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheend,andhasconvincedmanyablemen.Noone,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat“Ihaveafairshareofinvention,andofcommonsenseorjudgment,suchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthave,butnot,Ibelieve,inanyhigherdegree.”(49)Headdshumblythatperhapshewas“superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.”Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerly,too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight.In1881,however,hesaid:“NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.”(50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustothein lect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.SectionIIIPartYouhavejustcomebackfromCanadaandfoundamusicinyourluggagethatyouforgottoreturntoBob,yourlandlordthere.Writehimalettermakeanapology,suggestaYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”Donotwritetheaddress.(10PartWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youdescribethedrawingexinitsintendedmeaning,andgiveyourYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20SectionIUseof這是一篇議。文章主要介紹了個別民族群體智商高于人類平均水平。文章首段第一句話點明了中心論selectedpreparedobligedpleased是，不管怎么樣，GregoryCochranGregoryCochran表述這一觀點是一種主動行為，從而排除A和C；而從第一句可以看出他所研究的這一課題也不應(yīng)該是一個讓人高興的，故排除D。因此答案只有B。uniquespecialrareCochran正面評價，突出其優(yōu)秀性，四個詞中只有D能表達(dá)這種語義，故答案為D。本題從另一個角度來說，ararebirdbird搭配都不能指人，同樣得出答案為D。independently只能與選項Aof搭配，意思是“不依賴于，獨立于”。原文句子意思是（他）工作獨立于，故本題選A項。subsequentlypresentlypreviously y空所在的語境為“他曾經(jīng)幫助推動了這樣一種觀點：一些被認(rèn)為不是由細(xì)菌引起的疾病實際上也是So能對他要做的事情感到。從句意我們可以明顯地得出，在這里填入的連詞應(yīng)該表示含義的遞進，四個選項中，C能表達(dá)這一含義，故答案為C。(atthe)thought(of)(atthesightof(atthecostof(attheriskofadvisessuggestssobjects【解析】空所在的句意為：他了一篇 因此答案為B。(in)progress(in)fact(in)need在危難(急)(in)questionB項。DD。attainingscoringreachingcalculating【解析】normalcommonmeantotal通人的得分當(dāng)然只能用平均值，C符合此意，故為正確答案。disproportionay不成比例們可以判定出，這里應(yīng)該強調(diào)的是這個群體對西方知識文化生活的重大貢獻(xiàn)。四個選項中，只有B項的意思能突出missionsfortunes，運interestscareersaffirmwitnessobserveapprove世界的科學(xué)家），顯然，事實是為了論證中心的，由此，只有A能表達(dá)語義，故正確答案為A。moreoverthereforehowevermeanwhile著空所在的句子，這些事實（疾病和高智商）以前被認(rèn)為是沒有聯(lián)系的。前面事實說明有聯(lián)系，后句談到?jīng)]聯(lián)givenupto)gotoverto)carriedonputdown(to)的說明，四個選項，只有D項表達(dá)這種含義，故答案為D。assessingsupervisingadministeringvaluing育的重視，四個選項中，只有D能表達(dá)這一含義，故正確答案為D。developmentorigin，起consequenceinstrument的原因，那么這里自然也是談到thelatter的原因，四個選項中能表達(dá)這一含義的只有C。woven有聯(lián)系的，而空所在的內(nèi)容顯然也是需要表達(dá)兩者之間的關(guān)系，A能更精確的表達(dá)這一含義，故答案為A。limitedto)subjected(to)使(經(jīng)受converted(to)directedto)個選項，顯然只有B填入空中能夠使句意通順，故答案為B。paradoxical的,似是而非patible不相容的，不能并存的，inevitable困擾，顯然這是一個看似的結(jié)論，A正能表達(dá)這種狀況，故答案為A。人類某些族群的智商可能高于其他族群，這種觀點是一種不敢冠之以名的假設(shè)理論。但是·卻準(zhǔn)備說出這一觀點。他是這么一種特立獨行的人：不隸屬于的科學(xué)家。他曾推動普及這樣一種觀點：一些以前被認(rèn)為不是由細(xì)菌引起的疾病竟然是傳染病。當(dāng)這個觀點首次被提出時，曾引起極大的爭議。然而甚至是他這樣一個人，到自己將要做的事，心里也會發(fā)怵。他與另外兩名科學(xué)家一起了一篇論文，其中不僅表明一個人類族群比其他族群，還解釋了導(dǎo)致這一結(jié)果的過程。中談到的族群是于這一人群在智商測試中普遍得分較高，得分比平均值1001215分；而且他們對西方的學(xué)術(shù)和文化生活做出了同他們?nèi)丝跀?shù)量極不成比例的巨大貢獻(xiàn)，他們中的精英人物，包括幾位世界知名的科學(xué)家的事業(yè)充分證明了這一點。與此同時，他們也比大多數(shù)人更容易患多種嚴(yán)重的遺傳疾病，比如乳癌?？墒牵郧叭藗冋J(rèn)為這些事傳造成的結(jié)果。博士卻認(rèn)為高智商和疾病有密切聯(lián)系。他的論點是：這些人不同尋常的歷史致使他們承受了獨特的進化壓力，進而導(dǎo)致了這種的狀態(tài)。SectionIIReadingPart和沮喪；第三段利用醫(yī)生的研究成果說明女性容易在壓力面前表現(xiàn)出焦慮的原因：因為她們面對的壓力比要多得多；第四段男女面對的壓力種類不同：女性的壓力大多來自家庭內(nèi)部且時常發(fā)生，而男性所的壓力則大多是和具有偶然性的動態(tài)情況；第五段是對第四段的一個舉例說明；最后一段在【解析】文章第一段提到，在一個不太好的方面(undesirablecategory)，女性似乎遙遙領(lǐng)先，接著通過醫(yī)師的話，這種領(lǐng)先是指“女性壓力更容易患病”。在第二段，影響壓力的反應(yīng)，使morevulnerabletostress和biologically分別與文中的susceptibletodevelodepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostress和 hormones對應(yīng)。因此A項為正確選項，同時可以排除C項。B項是正確的表述，但施加壓力是無中生有，文中未提及，故排除；D項不能概況前兩段的中心內(nèi)容，故排除。英文議的開始部分很關(guān)鍵，它往往要引入文章的主旨。為了能吸引讀者，該部分常常采用一個引子。的寫作方法很多，如名人名言(2003年text2)，類比(2005年text1，text2和2006年text3)，舉幾個典型事例(2004年text1，2007年text2)，比較(2004年text2)等等。本文采取比較法，即和女性在承受甚至可能比更強，但只是由于她們應(yīng)對的事情太多以至于疲勞得更快更明顯。”從這寫內(nèi)容我們?nèi)菀着袛郃項表意錯誤，第二段女性面對壓力時產(chǎn)生的化學(xué)物質(zhì)比多，這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)使女性更易焦慮，而不是除B項；原文提到女性需要壓力，而不是逃避，C選項屬于偷換概念，顯然錯誤。根據(jù)第四段，女性的壓力往往是【解析】文章在第四段中，婦女所遇到的壓力趨于慢性的和有反復(fù)的本性，并非如所的壓力大多是和具有偶然性的動態(tài)情況中。慢性的另一種理解為持久的，反復(fù)則對應(yīng)于頻繁，C與此對應(yīng)。A項和D項都與該段不一致。B選項與第三句對應(yīng)，是壓力的性質(zhì)，也不符合題意?！窘馕觥康谖宥问且粋€具體實例，從語境來看，該段通過描述茲承受各種家庭責(zé)任來說明女性承受著開支，這與B項中所指的薪水幾乎不能滿足日常生活開銷相吻合，故正確選項為B。A項側(cè)重人物傾向，和文中承受生活壓力這種客觀無奈脫離，故排除。C項只是文章事實內(nèi)容的介紹，并沒有與聯(lián)系，故排除；D項完全曲解了“paycheck”的意義，望文生義將paycheck拆成pay和check而編女性壓力，故D為正確答案。A選項概括范圍過大，脫離了文章以女性為中心的討論。B選項和C選項都只涉Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthat hormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Thekindsofinter thatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunay,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.chronicadiffusev.散布，；擴exposev.使；揭示；functionnone-shota..wearout對動物和人類的研究表明：以某種方式影響壓力反應(yīng)，使雌性在承受壓力時比處于同等條件下的雄性分泌觸發(fā)不良反應(yīng)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。一些研究顯示，如果將承受壓力達(dá)到極限的雌鼠的(雌性官)說，“這未必是因為女性不能調(diào)節(jié)壓力，而只是因為她們承受的壓力太多”。醫(yī)生還說，“女性忍受壓性參加，承受戰(zhàn)斗壓力，那的是偶然的身體上的。而女性的人際間的卻多發(fā)生在家庭內(nèi)部，不幸的是這種來自于父母或其他家庭成員，且通常都不是的。這些長期的人際關(guān)系產(chǎn)生的摩擦琳·茲18歲結(jié)婚并育有一子，但她卻決定要完成大學(xué)學(xué)業(yè)?！盀榱双@得大學(xué)我拼命努本文是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了學(xué)術(shù)期發(fā)生的