英語語法答疑同位語

由兩個或兩個以上同一層次的語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu)，其中前項與后項所指相同，句能也相同，后項是前項的同Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindto我們的新老師先生對我們很好Mr.SmithournewteacherYesterdayImetTom,afriendofmy昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友afriendofmybrothers'TomHetoldmethathisbrotherJohnwasaworld-famous他本人對我講，他的兄長是一位世界聞名的醫(yī)生（brotherJohn昨天我與我的英語老師先生談過了（MrJamesmyEnglishteacherWepeoplearebraveand我們是勤勞的peopleweHeisinterestedinsports,especiallyballballgamessportsideathought，belief，conclusion等少數(shù)名詞。①Theboy[whoisyingfootball]ismy②Those[whoworkhard]will③Thefact[thathehadnotsaidanything]surprised④Thefact[thatyouaretalkingabout]isboywhen，where，why引導(dǎo)的定語從句的先行詞一定分別是表示時間、地點和原因的名詞，而三者引導(dǎo)的同位語從句①Istillremembertheday[whenIfirstcameto②Ihavenoidea[whenshewillbewhendaywhenidea引導(dǎo)詞（關(guān)系詞that叫做關(guān)系代詞，它除了起連接作用，還在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定成分，并且在意義上代表先行詞；that叫做從屬連詞，它只起連接作用。不能省略。①Thenews[thatyoutoldmeyesterday]wasreally②Weheardthenews[thatourteamhad在①句中，括號部分是定語從句，thatnews。在②句中，括號部分是同位語從句，that沒有任何意義，只起連接作用。引導(dǎo)定語從句時，它們叫做關(guān)系副詞，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語，可以轉(zhuǎn)換成"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"的形式；引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，①Iwillneverforgettheday[whenIjoinedthe②Wehavenoidea[whenshewas在①句中，括號部分是定語從句，whenonwhichwhen在從句中充當(dāng)狀語，但不能轉(zhuǎn)換成"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"③Thisisthehouse[whereIlivedtwoyears④Heputforwardtothequestion[wherethemeetingwouldbe在③句中，括號部分是定語從句，whereinwhichwhere在從句中充當(dāng)狀語，但不能轉(zhuǎn)換成"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"⑤Thisisthereason[whyshewillnotattendthe⑥Theteacherhadnoidea[whyJackwas語從句，why在從句中充當(dāng)狀語，但不能轉(zhuǎn)換成"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"的形式。在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，不可省略，不可以用其他詞替代；2.thatthatthedaywhenwefirstmet.（定語從句，when為關(guān)系副詞）Thatisthespecialday(which/that)Iwillneverforget.（定語從句，which/thatforget的賓語）Thisisthehousewherewelivedfifteenyearsago.（定語從句，where為關(guān)系副詞）Thisisthehousewhichwesoldfifteenyearsago.（定語從句，whichsold的賓語）.[1]⒈由兩個或兩個以上同一層次的語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu)，其中前項與后項所指相同，句能也相同，后項是前項的同Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindto我們的新老師先生對我們很好ournewteacherMrSmithYesterdayImetTom,afriendofmy昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友afriendofmybrother'sTomHehimselftoldmethathisbrotherJohnisaworld-famous他本人對我講，他的兄長是一位世界聞名的醫(yī)生himselfJohn昨天我與我的英語老師先生談過了MrJamesmyEnglishteacherWepeoplearebraveand我們是勤勞的Heisinterestedinsports,especiallyballfact(beliefnew（ide（，iormtio（onclusio（orde（proble（thought（想法等后面例如：Healwaysworkshardevenifheknowsthefactthatheisnotingoodhealth.Hisfailurewasduetothefactthathehadnotpractisedforalongtime.Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.Shetoldusherhopethatshewould eapianist.Hemadeapromisethathewouldnevercomelate.注意：that既可引導(dǎo)同位語從句又可引導(dǎo)定語從句，其區(qū)別在其他詞替代；定語從句由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞that在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分，作賓語時可省略，由daywhenwefirstmet.（定語從句，when關(guān)系副詞）Thatisthespecialday(which/that)Iwillneverforget.（定語從句，which/that為關(guān)系代詞）Thisisthehousewherewelivedfifteenyearsago.（定語從句，where為關(guān)系副詞）Thisisthehousewhichwesoldfifteenyearsago.（定語從句，which為關(guān)系代詞）同位語是必學(xué)的內(nèi)容。但及練習(xí)所涉及的范圍有限，多半集中在同位語從句上，或者側(cè)重于如何區(qū)別于定語從句ThisismyfriendWebothcomefromWearebraveandhardworking.Youthreetaketheseseats.HesaysthatComputertownUKwasformedforjusttheoppositereason,tobringcomputerstopeopleandmake WangLi,justbackfromthetrainingclass,wasmadedirectoroftheMaternityPeople,oldandyoung,tooktothestreetstowatchthethat或連接代詞（副詞），IhavenoideathatyouwereThenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchisTheordersooncamethatallthesoldiersshouldgototheThenewsthathewasmarriedisnottrue.（同位語從句。that在從句中不作任何成分，和從句沒有邏輯關(guān)系Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdayistrue.（定語從句。that在句中作賓語，可以省略【考例1】Someresearchersbelievethatthereisno acureforAIDSwillbefound.(2005A.whichB.C.whatD.解析：答案B。在“thereisnodoubt”后常跟that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，表示“”之意2Awarmthoughtsuddenlycameto Imightusethepocketmoneytobuysomeflowersformymother'sbirthday．(2006A．ifB．C．thatC。thatthought【考例3】Nobodybelievedhisreasonforbeingabsentfromtheclass hehadtomeethisuncleattheairport.(2006重慶）A.whyB.C.whereD.B。thatreason

canIcanclimbthispole.Heisonlyfourbuthecanread.4Firecan'tdestroygold.canwillbeabletoYouwillbeabletoskateafteryouhavepracticedittwoorthreetimes.Canthenewsbetrue?Itcan'tbetrue.Whatcanhepossiblymean?can用在肯定句中表示理論上的可能性（一時的可能AhorseinthecenterofLondoncancostalotofmoney.Attendingtheballcanbeveryexciting.Theroadcanbeblocked.mayTheroadmaybeblocked.表示允許（may意思相近）CanMay)Icomein?CanIsmokehere?could表過去的可能和多用于間接引語中）Atthattimewethoughtthestorycouldnotbetrue.FathersaidIcouldswimintheIcouldswimwhenIwasonlyCouldHecouldbeverynaughtywhenhewasaCouldIuseyourbike?Yes,you他會記得那時嗎I'mafraidIcouldn'tgiveyouananswerTheteachersaidyoucouldgotothestorefor3)Could/can+havedone結(jié)構(gòu)表示對過去發(fā)生的事情的"懷疑"或"不肯定"could加完成式還用于肯定句時一般表過去Cantheyhavewonthebasketballmatch？WhatyoureferredtojustnowcanhavemadeherveryYoucouldhavecompletedthetaskalittleIcouldhavepassedmyexaminationeasilybutImadetoomanystupid如表具體做某一件事的能力時，則須用beableto.HewasabletotranslatethearticlewithoutaCanbeabletoIcan'tswim.ButIamsureIwillbeabletoswimthroughmorepracticing.Thefirespreadthroughtheho,buteveryonewasabletogetoutWhentheboatsankhewasabletoswimtothebankmayYoumaydrivethetractor.當(dāng)回答由may引起的問題時，否定答語要用mustnot,表示"不"、"不應(yīng)該"、"不行"。MayIcomein?No,youcan'tNo,youmaynot.No,youmustn'tNo,you'dbettermay/mightHemaybeHemaynotcometoday Hemay/mightcometomorrow.,注意:1只用于肯定和否定句中,2mightmayHemightgetaHemaygeta3mayno可能不cannotHemaynotcomeHecan'tcome表建議（aswell連用Youmay（might）aswellstaywhereyou你還是原地待著好（mayaswell有"還 的好"的含義Mayyoubehappy!Shesaidthathemighttakeherdictionary.她說他可以拿詞典去用mightcouldallowedto。表現(xiàn)在的"可能"mayElectricironscouldbedangerous;theymightgiveyouasevere電熨斗會有，它可能電著人may(might)have+done表示對過去發(fā)生行為的推測，含有"想必"、"也許是"Itmayhavebeentrue.Hemightnothavesettledthequestion.mustWemustdoeverythingstepbystep.須按部就班地做一切事情Whymustyoualwaysbotherme?mustbe+表語的結(jié)構(gòu)，通常表示猜測，含有"一定"（只用在肯定句中Hemustbeanhonestboy.Thismustbeyourroom.mustmustneedn'tdon'thaveto表示"不必"、"無須"、"用不著"、"不一定"的意義。當(dāng)表示"不應(yīng)該"、"不"、""時，就用mustnot。MustIgotomorrow?明天我必須去嗎？Yes,please.是的，請吧！Noyouneedn't.4)must+have+過去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，常用在肯定句中，表示對過去發(fā)生行為的推測，含有"一定"、"準(zhǔn)是"的意思。否定和can。ShemusthavestudiedEnglishbefore.haveto的含義與must是很接近的,只是haveto比較強調(diào)客觀需要，must著重說明看法Imustcleantheroom.（想法Ihavetocleantheroom.（客觀需要）另外，haveto能用于時態(tài)：Wehadtobethereatten我們得在十點鐘到那里。Wewillhavetoreconsiderthewholething.這一切不得不重新加以考慮haveto的否定式：don'thavetodo表示"不必 "之意oughttoOughtto后接動詞，表義務(wù)，但不及must那樣具有信心，如Youdon'tlookwell.YououghttogotoseetheOughttooughtn'tYououghtn'ttosmokesomuch.你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。Oughtyoutosmokesomuch?你應(yīng)該抽這樣多煙嗎？Oughtto在間接引語中表過去時形式不變，如：Hesaidyououghttolthe.他說你應(yīng)該去報告shallWhatshallIwearonthejourney?我穿什么好呢Shallwedance?shall用于第二、三人稱時表允諾，警告，命令，（現(xiàn)已少見如Sheshallgethershare.她可以得到一份Youshallhaveitbacktomorrow.shouldshallWhatshouldwedonow?我們現(xiàn)在該怎么辦？must換用。例如：Weshould(must)masteraforeignlanguageatleast.Theyshouldbebackbynow.他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該回來了吧。Iamsorrythatsheshouldbesocareless.為。其同義結(jié)構(gòu)"oughttohave+過去分詞",表示過去"早應(yīng)該"、"本當(dāng)"之意，語氣較強。例如：Ishouldhavethoughtofthat.（但沒想到Theyshouldnothaveleftsosoon.（但已走了在"Itisnatural(strange,natural,necessary,surprised,impossible,important) "句型中主語從句中的謂語動詞（以備萬一）等之后也要用should+動詞;在advise,sugest,order,demand,request等的從句中should+do"例如：Itisnecessarythathe(should)besentthereatonce.Itisstrangethatheshouldsayso.Letusgoatoncelestweshouldbelateforthe.willwouldSurelywewillsupportallthepeopleintheworldintheirstrugglefor要支持全世界人民爭取和平Hewouldnotletmetryit will表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性、傾向性，wouldHewillsittherehourafterhourlookingatthetrafficgo他會經(jīng)常一連幾個小時坐在那兒來往的車輛Hewouldcometoseemewhenhewasin他在時，常來看望我。3）用于第二人稱作主語的疑問句中，表示對對方的請求，would的語氣比will委碗Would/willyoukindly lmethewaytothestation?請問到火車站怎么走？ThiswillbethebookyouarelookingSheeouldbeabout60whenshe60needdare情態(tài)動詞 實義動詞 Youneed(not) You(don't)needto在 Heneed(not) Heneeds(doesn'tneed)to Youneeded(didn'tneed)to去 Heneeded(didn'tneed)to將Youneed(not)Youwill(not)needto來時Heneed(not)Hewill(not)needto句 動 實義動詞daretodare/darestodaretodaredtodaren't/darenotdo/doesnotdare(to)darednotdidnotdare(to)DareheDoyou/Doeshedear(to)DaredheDidhedare(to)needn'thavev-ed"本沒必要..."Youneedn'thavewakenmeup;Idon'thavetogotoworkHemust/maybeintheroom,isn'the?Hecan'tbeintheroom,isHemusthavefinishedthework,hasn'tHemayhavedonetheworklastnight,didn't情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞進行式（即情態(tài)動詞bev-ing形式1）Hemustbeyingbasketballintheroom.2）Shemaybestayingathome.情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞完成進行式（即情態(tài)動詞havebeenv-ing形式TheyshouldhavebeenmeetingtodiscusstheHemay/mighthavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawusedtovbeusedtov-ingbeusedtousedto+v意為"過去常常"，"過去一直"；beusedtov-ingn（名詞）意為"習(xí)慣于"；beusedto+v意為"被用usedtobeusedtov-ingnHeusedtosmoke.NowheHe'squiteusedtohardwork/workinghard.3）Theknifeisusedtocutbread.wouldratherwouldsoonerwouldjust)assoonhadratherhadbetterhadsoonercannotbutmayjust)aswell等可ThesoldierwouldsoonerdiethanThebravesoldierwouldassoondieasyieldtosuchanenemy.3）I'dratherwalkthantakeabus.4）Ifyoudon'tliketoswim,youmayjustaswellstayat注：這些短語后一般直接跟動詞.would(had)rather,would(had)sooner,would(just)assoon后可跟that引導(dǎo)的從句，that常省去，從句要用虛擬語氣。對現(xiàn)在和將來的假設(shè)用過去時，對過去的假設(shè)用過去完成時。例如：1）Iwouldratheryoucameon2）Iwouldsooneryouhadn'taskedmetospeak三.鞏固練習(xí) you(A)Are(B) (C) (D) here(A)Will (B)Was Didhe (D)WereI happyaboutthepriceof(A) (B)am (