世界銀行-暴力侵害婦女和女孩行為：災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理簡報(bào)第二版（英）

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VIOLENCEAGAINSTWOMENANDGIRLSRESOURCEGUIDE

DISASTERRISKMANAGEMENTBRIEF

2?ViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls(VAWG)ResourceGuide?DisasterRiskManagementBrief

?2023InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank

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3?ViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls(VAWG)ResourceGuide?DisasterRiskManagementBrief

DisasterRiskManagementBriefSecondEditionContents

INTRODUCTION

4

KEYPOINTS

5

INTERSECTIONBETWEENDRMANDVAWG

7

ETHICALANDSAFETYRECOMMENDATIONSFORVAWGINTERVENTIONS

9

RAPIDSITUATIONANALYSIS

10

KEYAREASFORINTEGRATINGVAWGINTODRMPROJECTS

13

Beforetheemergency:Riskidentification,RiskReduction,EmergencyPreparedness 13

Policylevelrecommendations 13

Institutionalandsectorallevelrecommendations 14

Communitylevelrecommendations 15

DuringanEmergency—EmergencyResponseandResilientEarlyRecovery 15

Policylevelrecommendations 16

Institutionalandsectorallevelrecommendations 16

Communitylevelrecommendations 18

AfteranEmergency—ResilientRecovery,Reconstruction,andLivelihoodRestoration 20

Policylevelrecommendations 20

Institutionalandsectorallevelrecommendations 20

Communitylevelrecommendations 25

MATRIXOFKEYAREASFORINTEGRATINGVAWGPREVENTIONANDRESPONSEINTERVENTIONS

ACCORDINGTOKEYSUB-SECTOR,STAKEHOLDERS,ANDPROJECTINTERVENTIONANDRELATED

INDICATORS 26

BeforeanEmergency—RiskIdentification,RiskReduction,andEmergencyPreparedness 26

DuringanEmergency—EmergencyResponseandResilientEarlyRecovery 28

AfteranEmergency—ResilientRecovery,Reconstruction,andLivelihoodRestoration 31

RECOMMENDEDRESOURCES

35

ToolkitsandFrameworks 35

OtherResources 36

ResearchandManuscripts 36

REFERENCES

38

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?ViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls(VAWG)ResourceGuide?DisasterRiskManagementBrief

1Forfurtherdetailsonkeyterminology,refertoAnnexI‘KeyTerminology’intheIntroductionbriefofthe

VAWGResourceGuide

.

INTRODUCTION

Disasterstriggeredbyclimateandothernaturalhazardsareincreasinginfrequency,severity,anddurationworldwide(IPCC2022).Disasters,whetherfromnaturalhazardsorman-made,costlivesandlivelihoods.Thepooreracommunityis,themorevulnerableitistonaturalhazardsandclimatechange.Disastersdonothaveanequaleffectoneveryone.Children,womenandgirls,elderlypeople,personswithdisabilities,indigenouspeoples,andothermarginalizedcommunities—especiallyinlower-incomecountries—areoftendisproportionatelyaffectedbydisasters.Therefore,managingthegrowingdisasterrisksshouldbeintegratedintoallaspectsofdevelopment.

Disasterriskmanagement(DRM)encompassesawiderangeofactivitiesinvolvedinpost-disasterresponseandreconstruction,aswellasabroadersetofactionsthatincludeimprovingdisasterpreparednessandenablingbetterdisasterriskreductionandclimateadaptation.TheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction2015-2030—themostencompassinginternationalaccordtodateondisasterriskreduction—outlinesfourprioritiesforactiontoprotectdevelopmentgainsfromtheriskofdisaster:Understandingdisasterrisk,strengtheningdisasterriskgovernancetomanagedisasterrisk,investingindisasterreductionforresilience,andenhancingdisasterpreparednessforeffectiveresponseandtoBuildBackBetterinrecovery,rehabilitation,andreconstruction(UNDRR2015).TheSendaiFrameworkrecognizeswomen’sindispensableroleindisasterpreparedness,management,response,andrecovery.

Thereisaclearlinkbetweenviolenceagainstwomenandgirls(VAWG)anddisasterstriggeredbynaturalhazards.Arecentglobalreviewof41studiesfoundariseinVAWGduringandafterextremeweatherevents,relatedtofactorssuchaseconomicinstability,foodinsecurity,mentalstress,lossofcontrol,disruptedinfrastructure(includinghealthandjudicialservices),greaterexposuretomen,cultureortradition,andexacerbatedgenderinequitieswithinpatriarchalsocieties(vanDaalen,etal.2022).DespitecallsbytheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction2015–2030tointegrategenderconsiderationsforinclusivepolicy,strategies,andpractices(UNDRR2015),muchmoremustbedonetomitigate,prevent,andrespondtoVAWGinDRMprogramming.

ThisbriefisintendedfordevelopmentpractitionersofinternationalfinanceinstitutionsandgovernmentofficialsdesigningDRMstrategiesandprograms.1ItisdesignedtohighlightentrypointsandprovideguidancetosupportdevelopmentpractitionersinintegratingmeasurestopreventandrespondtoVAWGintoresilienceandDRMprojectsandprograms.Itcontainsguidanceonethicsandsafety;resourcesforconductingarapidsituationanalysis;specificideasforimplementationofpoliciesandprogramsattheinstitutional,sectoral,andcommunitylevels;detailedexamplesofpromisingpracticeswithamenuofindicatorsforuseinmonitoringandevaluation;andseveralactivelinkstomore-detailedresourcesandtoolkitsforworkingattheintersectionofDRMandVAWG.Thebriefisnotintendedtobeexhaustive,norisitascientificstudyoftheprevalenceandconsequencesofVAWGinthesectorsthatfallunderDRM.

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?ViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls(VAWG)ResourceGuide?DisasterRiskManagementBrief

vulnerabletoriskofgenderedviolence.

KEYPOINTS

?Disasterstriggeredbyclimateandothernaturalhazardsareincreasinginfrequency,severity,anddurationworldwide.Overthepasttwodecades,7,348disasterstriggeredbynaturalhazardswererecorded—nearlydoublethenumberbetween1980and1999(CenterforResearchontheEpidemiologyofDisasters2020).AccordingtotheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,theseeventswillbecomeevenmorefrequentandintensebecauseofthegrowingconcentrationofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere(IPCC2022).Theincreasingfrequencyofnaturalhazards2mayputmorewomenandgirlsatriskbecausedisastersaffectthemdisproportionally.Emergingevidence(Thurston,St?ckl,andRanganathan2021;vanDaalenetal.2022)suggeststhatVAWGincreasesindisastersettingsbyincreasingstressorsthattriggerVAWG(e.g.,housinginsecurity,economicinsecurity,trauma,mentalhealthproblems)andprovidinganenablingenvironmentforVAWGtooccur(e.g.,lawenforcementfailuresafterthedisaster,lackofprivacyfromopen-planevacuationshelters).

?Althoughtypicallyoverlooked,VAWGisaknownriskforwomenandgirlsbeforeandafterdisastersthat(likeconflicts)leadtoabreakdowninsocialnetworksandsystemsthatprotectwomenandgirlsintimesofpeaceandstability(WHO2013a).Moreover,managingDRMprogrammingwhennaturalhazardsoccurinfragilityandsecuritycrisescontextsimpliesdealingwiththecompoundeffectsofadoublecrisis,whichlimitaccesstobasicservicesandinfrastructure.GapsinrecognitionandresponsetoanincreaseinrisksofVAWGattheonsetoftheemergencymeanthatcrucialprotectionsystemsandresponseservicesareimplementedlongaftertheonsetofacrisis.3

?DRMprojectscanincludeVAWGpreventionandresponseinterventionsandactionsatdifferentlevelsofengagementwhileleveragingcross-sectoralcollaborationandbuildingstrategicpartnershipswithspecializedinternationalorganizationsandcivilsocietyorganizationstoachievethedesiredresults:

oAtthepolicylevel,projectscancomprehensivelyaddresspreventionofandresponsetoVAWGinDRMpoliciesandplansandestablishmulti-sectoralcoordinationsystemsbetweendisastermanagement,lawenforcement,healthauthorities,andotherrelevantentities.ThesepolicieswillensurethatattentionispaidtoVAWGbefore,during,andafteradisaster.

oAttheinstitutionallevel,beforeadisasteroccurs,projectscouldstrengthenexistingprotocols,guidelines,andtrainingtoincludeactionstorespondtoVAWGduringtheemergencyandtherecoveryphase,ensurethatsheltersaredesignedtomeetinternationallyrecognizedstandardsthatconsidertheprivacyandsafetyofwomenandgirls,mapVAWGservices,developdisseminationmaterialsoutliningtheavailabilityofservices,andstrengthenconfidentialreferralmechanisms.Medicalservicesforwomenandgirlswhoexperienceviolencemustremainpartoftheimmediatedisasterresponse.

2Thetop10countriesandterritoriesaffectedbynaturalhazardsintermsofpercentageofgrossdomesticproductlossesfrom1998to

2017areHaiti(17.5percent),PuertoRico(12.2percent),KoreaDPR(7.4percent),Honduras(7.0percent),Cuba(4.6percent),ElSalvador(4.2percent),Nicaragua(3.6percent),Georgia(3.5percent),Mongolia(2.8percent),andTajikistan(2.7percent)(CREDandUNISDR2018).Eightofthese10countriesorterritoriesarelow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountries.

3Forexample,intheaftermathofdisasterssuchasHurricaneKatrinaintheUnitedStatesandthe2004IndianOceantsunami,communitieswereplacedinmassemergencytemporarysheltersthatfailedtoincorporateelementsofpreventativesafetymeasurestoreducetheriskofsexualviolenceandotherformsofgenderedviolenceforwomenandgirls.Theinternationaldevelopmentcommunitytypicallyprioritizeshealthcare,water,andsanitationservicesandoftenprefertowaituntillaterinanemergencytoaddressVAWG.Thisleaveswomenandgirlsathighriskofpreventableactsofgender-basedviolence,includingrape,sexualabuse,andexploitation,andintimatepartnerviolence.Asresponseandrecoveryeffortsprogress,displacedpopulationsremainunstableand

6?ViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls(VAWG)ResourceGuide?DisasterRiskManagementBrief

oAtthecommunitylevel,projectscansystematicallyincludeVAWGindisastertraining,conductoutreachactivitiesfocusingonwomenandgirlsincampsandsettlementstoraiseawarenessoftheriskofviolence,howtoprotectthemselves,andwheretogoforassistanceandtoprovidepsychosocialsupporttoaddresstheemotionalimpactsthatoccurinadisastereventforpeopleintheaffectedcommunity.

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?ViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls(VAWG)ResourceGuide?DisasterRiskManagementBrief

behaviors(WHO2013b).

INTERSECTIONBETWEENDRMANDVAWG

?VariouspathwayshavebeensuggestedtoexploretheassociationbetweendisasterexposureandVAWG(Thurston,St?cklandRanganathan2021).Aswithotheremergencysettings,disasterscanincreaseriskfactorsforVAWG,suchastraumaandmentalhealthproblems(e.g.,substanceabuse),lossoflivelihood(leadingtogreaterfinancialdependence,transactionalsex,looting,crime),andlossofhousing.Post-disasterenvironmentsalsoheightenrisksthatenableVAWG,suchaslimitedpolicepresence,inappropriatepoliceconduct,high-riskdisplacementcamps,andevacuationsheltersthatlacksecurity,privacy,andgenderconsiderations.DisasterexposuremayalsoexacerbateexistingdriversofVAWG,suchassocioeconomicandgenderinequality,rigidsocialnorms,andunbalancedpowerstructuresatvariouslevelsofthesocialecology:household,community,andmacrolevelsofsociety.

?FieldstudiesfromsociallyandculturallydifferentregionssuggestthatwomenandgirlsfacegreatervulnerabilitytoVAWGafterdisasters(Erman,etal.2021;vanDaalenetal.2022;).ThetypesofVAWGcommoninemergencysettingsincluderapeandothersexualassault,physicalassault,psychologicalandemotionalabuse,sexualexploitation,4humantrafficking,5andintimatepartnerviolence(IPV)6(Table1).Therearealsostronglinkagesbetweendisasterscausedbynaturalhazardsandchildmarriageandfemalegenitalmutilation,withthelossofresources,dowries,andotherfactorsincreasingthelikelihoodthatgirlswillbemarriedatayoungerageandgirlswhohaveundergonefemalegenitalmutilationbeingconsideredmoredesirableformarriage(UNFPA2021).

?ThetypeofresponserequiredwillvarydependingontheformofVAWGbeingperpetrated(ArangoandGuedes2012).Forexample,preventionandresponsetotraffickingofwomenandgirlsintheaftermathofadisastermightinvolvedifferentactors(especiallyifithappensacrossborders)fromthosewhowouldrespondtoanincreaseintheincidenceofrapeinaparticularoranincreaseinIPV.

Table1.BriefSummaryofLiteratureonViolenceAgainstWomenandGirlsintheContextofNaturalHazards

COUNTRY

DISASTER/YEAR

FINDINGS

REFERENCE

INTIMATEPARTNERVIOLENCE(IPV)

Tanzania

Droughts,July2007–June2008

DroughtsledtoaconsiderableincreaseindomesticviolenceinTanzanianhouseholds—forexample,asinglestandarddeviationdecreaseinrainfallfromthelong-termmeanincreasedtheincidenceofdomesticviolencebyabout13percentfrombaseline.Moreover,violencewastargetedtowardwives,itwasonlypresentwhenspousesworkedintheagriculturalsectorandwasabsentinfemale-headedhouseholds.

AbionaandFoureaux

Koppensteiner(2018)

Haiti

Earthquake,2010

DevastationfromtheearthquakeincreasedtheprobabilityofphysicalandsexualIPVfor1to2years.Theearthquakealsoaffectedotherdimensionsoffamilylife,suchasanincreaseinmen’scontrollingbehavior,

Weitzmanand

Behrman

(2016)

4Sexualexploitationisdefinedasanyactualorattemptedabuseofapositionofvulnerability,differentialpower,ortrustforsexualpurposes,includingbutnotlimitedtoprofitingmonetarily,socially,orpoliticallyfromthesexualexploitationofanother.Sexualabuseisdefinedasactualorthreatenedphysicalintrusionofasexualnature,whetherbyforceorunderunequalorcoerciveconditions(UnitedNations2017).Itincludessexualslavery,unconsensualpornography,childabuse,andsexualassault.

5Humantraffickingforsexualexploitationisdefinedasrecruitment,transportation,transfer,harboring,orreceiptofpersonsbymeansofthreatoruseofforceorotherformsofcoercion,ofabduction,offraud,ofdeception,ofabuseofpowerorofapositionofvulnerability,orofgivingorreceivingofpaymentsorbenefitstoachievetheconsentofapersonhavingcontroloveranotherpersonforthepurposeofsexualexploitation(UnitedNations2017).

6IPVisoneofthemostcommonformsofVAWG;itreferstobehaviorbyacurrentorprevioushusband,boyfriend,orotherpartnerthatcausesphysical,sexual,orpsychologicalharm,includingphysicalaggression,sexualcoercion,psychologicalabuse,andcontrolling

8?ViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls(VAWG)ResourceGuide?DisasterRiskManagementBrief

underminingwomen’saccesstosocialsupportsystems,reducingwomen’semploymentwhichundercutswomen’sbargainingpowerinthehousehold.

Samoa

Earthquake,2010

Theunequaldistributionofreliefsuppliescreateddisillusionment,agitation,andcommunitytensions,indirectlyincreasingtheriskofphysicalviolenceamongstintimatepartners.

IFRC(2016)

SEXUALEXPLOITATIONANDSEXUALABUSE,INCLUDINGHUMANTRAFFICKING

SriLanka

IndianOcean

tsunami,2004

Girlsandwomenweresubjectedtosexualviolenceandotherformsofphysicalabusefromstrangersfromtheonsetoftheemergency.

Fisher(2010)

Central

America

HurricaneMitch,

1998

Increasedsexualviolenceandcoercedprostitution,particularlyamongadolescentgirls,intemporarysheltersinruralareas.Somesheltershiredsecurityguardstoreducethistypeofviolence.

DelaneyandShrader

(2000)

Haiti

Earthquake,2010

ObservationsfromaHaitianwomen’sorganizationfoundthatwomenandgirlsexchangedsexualactsforfoodandbenefits,includingcoupons,accesstodirectaiddistributions,cash-for-workprograms,money,orevenasinglemeal.

MADRE(2012)

Bangladesh

CycloneSidr,2007

CriminalnetworksforcedsomewomenandgirlsintoprostitutionalongtheIndianborder.

IOM(2016)

Bangladesh

CycloneAila,2009

Livelihoodsweredestroyed,andmorethanhalfofaffectedmenintheIndianSundarbanswereforcedtomigrateforworkelsewhere.Asaresult,thewomenleftbehindsoughtworkinthered-lightdistrictofKolkata,resultingina20to25percentincreaseinthenumberofsexworkers.

Tower(2020)

United

States

HurricaneKatrina,

2005

Thecruderateofdailynewcasesofviolenceagainstwomenincreasedfrom4.6per100,000beforethedisasterto16.3per100,000in2006andremained.highat10.1per100,000in2007.

Anastario,Lawry,and

Shehab(2009)

Philippines

TyphoonHaiyan,

2013

Humantraffickingwasamplifiedinpartsofthecountryalreadyfacinghighpovertylevels.

IOM(2016)

CHILDMARRIAGE

Indonesia

SumatraTsunami,

2004

Fiveyearsafterthedisaster,youngwomenwhohadlosttheirparentsasadolescentsinthetsunamiwere62percentmorelikelytobemarriedthantheirpeerswhodidnotloseaparent.Youngmenofthesameagewhohadlosttheirparentsinthetsunamiwere7percentlesslikelytobemarriedthantheirpeerswhodidnotloseaparent.

Casetal.(2014)

Sub-SaharanAfricaandIndia

Droughts,1950–2010

Asampleof400,000womenwasusedtostudymarriagebehaviorsinsub-SaharanAfricaandIndiaafteradrought.Insub-SaharanAfrica,wherethegroom’sfamilypaysabrideprice,childmarriageincreasedby3percent;inIndia,wherethebride’sfamilypaysadowry,childmarriagedecreasedby4percent.

Corno,Hildebrandt,and

Voena(2017)

India

Biharriverine

flooding,2008

The2008floodsoftheKosiRiverreducedtheageofmarriageformenby10months,andforwomenby4.5months.Aftertheflood,marriedwomenwere86percentlesslikelytowork,8.9percentlesslikelytohavetheirownmoney,and8.6percentlesslikelytoownacellphone;marryingatayoungeragereducedtheirstatusinthehousehold.

KhannaandKochhar

2020

India

Gujaratearthquake,2001

Usingasampleof2,189womenandadifference-in-differencesstrategy,theauthorsfoundthattheearthquakeresultedinwomenmarryingyoungerandmadethemlesslikelytomarrywithintheirownvillage.Theyalsofoundthatwomenwerelesslikelytomarryamanwithahigherlevelofeducationthantheirownandmorelikelytomarryintoapoorerhousehold.

DasandDasgupta2020

9?ViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls(VAWG)ResourceGuide?DisasterRiskManagementBrief

ETHICALANDSAFETYRECOMMENDATIONSFORVAWGINTERVENTIONS

AnyDRMinterventiondesignedtopreventoraddressVAWGshouldincludeprecautionsinadditiontoroutineriskassessmenttoguaranteethatnoharmiscaused.Thisincludesfollowingethicalguidelinesrelatedtorespectforpersons,non-maleficence(minimizingharm),beneficence(maximizingbenefits),andjusticetoprotectthesafetyofserviceprovidersandsurvivors.Interventionsshould:

?AssesswhethertheinterventionmayincreaseVAWG

?Minimizeharmtowomenandgirls

?Preventrevictimizationofwomenandgirls

?ConsidertheimplicationsofmandatoryreportingofsuspectedVAWGcases

?Beawareoftheco-occurrenceofchildabuse

?Minimizeharmtostaffworkingwithsurvivors

?Providereferralsforcareandsupportforsurvivors

Forfurtherdetailsontheseethicalandsafetyrecommendations,seethe

Ethics

sectionofourwebsite.

10?ViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls(VAWG)ResourceGuide?DisasterRiskManagementBrief

RAPIDSITUATIONANALYSIS

Developingeffective,coherentVAWGpreventionandresponseinterventionsforinclusioninDRMoperationsrequiresabroadunderstandingofthelegal,social,andepidemiologicalcontextsofVAWGinthecountry,region,orlocalcommunitybeforeandafterthedisaster.Teamsshouldworkwithgovernments,humanitarianaidgroups,privatesectorpartners,nongovernmentalorganizations,localexperts,andothercounterpartsinthecountrytoanswersomeorallofthefollowingquestions.

Forgeneralquestionsthatshouldbeaskedwhenundertakingarapidsituationanalysis,seethe

Integrate

sectionofourwebsite.

ThesequestionsarerecommendationsforpossibleareasofinquiryonVAWGspecifictotheDRMsectorindifferentstagesofdisastersthatcanbeselectivelyincorporatedintoassessmentandroutinemonitoringthatdevelopmentpractitionersworkinginDRMprojectsandprogramsperform.

Beforetheemergency:Riskidentification,riskreduction,emergencypreparedness

?DoesthelegalframeworksupportingDRMpreparednessandresponseacknowledgeandcallforplansandactionsthatidentifyaddressingVAWGasacoreareaofDRMwork?

?DoesthenationalDRMpolicy(ifapplicable)addressgender-sensitiveapproaches,includingpreventionofVAWG?

?DoesexistingDRMtrainingincludeaddressingVAWGinthevariousstagesoftheprocess?

?WhatserviceswillbeneededtorespondtoVAWGduringtheemergencyandrecovery,andwhichorganizationswillberesponsibleforprovidingthem?

?DotheestablishedprotocolsforDRM(preparedness,emergencyresponse,recovery)includeguidanceonhowtoaddressandmitigatetheriskofVAWG?Dotheyalsoincludemechanismstotrackandevaluatesuchactivities?

?IstherecoordinationbetweeninstitutionsworkingonDRMandthoseworkingonVAWGpreventionandresponse?

Duringandaftertheemergency:Emergencyresponseandresilientearlyrecovery

?Whatisthepercentageofwomen(oftheaffectedpopulation)accessinghumanitarianassistanceorVAWGserviceproviders(e.g.,healthservices,psychosocialsupport,accesstojustice)?

?HavetherebeenreportsofsexualassaultandotherformsofVAWG(e.g.,trafficking,IPV,forcedmarriage)perpetratedintheimmediateaftermathofthecrisis?

?WhatarethemaintypesofVAWGbeingperpetrated?

?Whoisthemostvulnerabletoeachtypeofviolence,why,andwhere?

?Whoarethemainperpetratorsofviolence?

?Whatfactorslikelyincreasetheriskofviolencewithintheaffectedcommunities?

?Whatsupportsystemsandservicesareavailable,trusted,andaccessibleforVAWGsurvivors?

11?ViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls(VAWG)ResourceGuide?DisasterRiskManag