sentence-variety句式結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化

SentenceVarietyVarietyisthespiceoflife.SentenceVarietyThedefinition:Thegroupofsentencesinaparagraphshouldberegardedasawholeandshouldbedifferentenoughintypestoavoidboredom.Thisiscalledsentencevariety.

Hewasborninasmallvillage.Hisfatherwasateacherinthevillageschool.Hismotherdidthehousework.Hebegantogotohisfather’sschoolatseven.Hegraduatedfromitsixyearslater.Thenhewenttothejuniormiddleschoolinanearbytown.Hestudiedataseniormiddleinthecountyseat.Hewasagoodstudentthere.Hegotgoodmarksatthecollgeentranceexaminations.Heenrolledinauniversityintheprovincialcapital.Hestudiedcivilengineeringthere.Hewantedtobuildahighwayforhishomevillageinfuture.Helovedhisvillageverymuch.SentenceVarietyWaystoachieveSentenceVariety:2.Variedsentencestructure1.Variedsentencelengths3.Variedsentencebeginnings4.OthertechniquestovarythesentenceSentenceVarietyWaystoachieveSentenceVariety:1.Variedsentencelengths1.1Shortsentences1.2LongsentencesShortsentencesareusuallyemphatic,whereaslongsentencesarecapableofexpressingcomplexideaswithprecision,becauseitmaycontainmanymodifiers.Shortsentencesaresuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas,andlongsentencesfortheexplanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.Thefirstrequirementonsentencevarietyislength.

SentenceVarietyPrinciplesinvaryingsentencelengthAseriesofshortsentencesoftengivestheeffectofspeedandisthereforeappropriatefordescribingatenseordramaticmomentinastory.Otherwisesuchaseriesmightmakeyourproseseemchoppy,almostchildish.Theuseofasingleshortsentenceamongaseriesoflongonesisavaluablewaytochangetherhythm,andifitcomesattheendofaparagraph,itgivesemphasis.SentenceVarietyPrinciplesinvaryingsentencelengthExampleShesatatthewindowwatchingtheeveninginvadetheavenue.Herheadwasleanedagainstthewindowcurtainandinhernostrilswastheodorofdustycretonne.Shewastired.(JamesJoyce:“Eveline”)SentenceVarietyWaystoachieveSentenceVariety:c.Longersentencesareoftenappropriatefordetaileddescriptionandformoreleisurelyexplanationsandarguments.Buttheyarealwaysachievedbyaddingnew,moreprecisedetailsorpushingtheideastoastilldeeperandmorethoughtfullevel.Butifallthesentencesarelong,thewholearticlewillbehardtounderstand,andsoundveryboring.

PrinciplesinvaryingsentencelengthLongsentencesandshortsentencesshouldbeusedalternativelysothatthereadercangetasenseofchangeandrhythm.SentenceVarietyWaystoachieveSentenceVariety:2.VariedsentencestructureBasicknowledge:sentenceclassificationApplication:variedsentencestructureSentenceVarietySentenceclassificationwithdifferentcriteriasentenceSentencefunctionGrammaticalstructureRhetoricalsentenceSentenceVarietyWaystoachieveSentenceVariety:2.VariedsentencestructureBasicknowledge:sentenceclassificationApplication:variedsentencestructuresentencevariety

ThewaystoachievevarietyFortheshortandchoppysentencesForrepeatedsubjectsortopicsAlternatetheloosesentenceandperiodicsentence1.ForshortandchoppysentencesJohnlikesfootball.Hiswifelikesfootball.Conjunction(用并列的連詞)CombineSentencesWithConjunctions.Joincompletesentences,clauses,andphraseswithconjunctions:and,but,or,nor,yet,for,soOriginal:Johnlikesfootball.Hiswifelikesfootball.Revised:Johnlikesfootballandhiswifelikesittoo.Waystoachievesentencevariety

2.ForRepeatedSubjectsorTopics

(Subordination替換為從屬關(guān)系)A.Relativepronouns（關(guān)系代詞）:Embedonesentenceinsidetheotherusingaclausestartingwithoneoftherelativepronounslistedbelow.which,who,whoever,whom,that,whoseoriginal:Oneofthecameraswasnotpackedverywell.Itwasdamagedduringthemove.revised:Thecamerathatwasnotpackedverywellwasdamagedduringthemove.Original:Dazhaiusedtobemainlyanagriculturalcounty.Ithasrecentlyattractedmoreindustry.Revised:Dazhai,whichusedtobemainlyanagriculturalcounty,hasrecentlyattractedmoreindustry.Original:Therainwasheavy.Wecouldnotgooutoftheroom.Revised:Wecouldnotgooutoftheroombecausetherainwasheavy.(adverbialclause)

B.Participles（分詞形式）Original:

WeiXiawassurprisedtogetaphonecallfromhissister.Hewashappytohearhervoiceagain.Revised:Surprisedtogetaphonecallfromhissister,WeiXiawashappytohearhervoice

again.3.Alternatetheloosesentenceandperiodicsentence

Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthetasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.Let’strythesetogether:

1–Carrotsgrowincoolclimates.2–TheyarehighinvitaminvitaminA.Carrots,whicharehighinvitaminA,growincoolclimates.1–Hefinallysubmittedthetermpaper.2–Itwasduesixdaysago.Hefinallysubmittedthetermpaperthatwasduesixdaysago.1–MycousinwillspendthesummerhikingintheRockyMountains.2–ShelivesinIndiana.Mycousin,wholivesinIndiana,willspendthesummerhikingintheRockyMountains.Now,trytheseonyourownanddon’tforgettopunctuatethemcorrectly.1–Thehouseisforsale.2–Iwasborninit.1-Hedescribedanattitude.2–Ihaveexperiencedit.1–Jobhuntingcanbefun.2–Manypeopledislikeit.Comparethefollowingpassage,anddecidewhichisbetter.

Whatmethodisbeingusetoachievesentencevariety?

Theoldmanbegantotellusthestoryofhislife.Hewasfifteen.Heranawaytosea.HetravelledtoSouthAmerica,Africa,andAustralia.Hetoiledatallsortsofservice.Hesufferedagreatdeal.Thenhereturnedtohisnativeland—China.

Theoldmantoldusthestoryofhislife.Whenhewasfifteenyearsold,heranawaytoseaforfearofafeudalisticmarriage.HetraveledtoSouthAmerica,Africa,andAustralia.Toilingatallsortsofservice,hesufferedagreatdealofdifficultiesandhardships.Afterhewanderedhereandtherefortwentyfiveyears,hereturnedtohisnativeland---China.

Thenheworkedinafactorywithhisheartandsoul.Nowheistoooldtowork,sohehasretiredonapensionandliveshappilywithhisfamily.However,hethinksallthetimeaboutthe“sadolddays”whenhewasyoung.Heworkedinafactorywithhisheartandsoul.Nowheistoooldtowork/heliveshappilywithhisfamily.Hethinksallthetimeaboutthe“sadolddays.”Hewasyoungthen.1)用狀語(yǔ)從句開頭

Hewasfifteen.Heranawaytosea.----

Whenhewasfifteen,

heranawaytoseaforfearofafeudalisticmarriage.

Note:while,whenever,where,though,although,as,since,because2)用副詞或副詞性短語(yǔ)開頭

Heworkedinafactorywithhisheartandsoul.----Thenheworkedinafactorywithhisheartandsoul.3)用分詞短語(yǔ)開頭

Hetoiledatallsortsofservice.Hesufferedagreatdeal.

----Toilingatallsortsofservice,hesufferedagreatdealofdifficultiesandhardships.4)用連接詞開頭

Thenhereturnedtohisnativeland—China.

----Afterhewanderedhereandtherefortwentyfiveyears,hereturnedtohisnativeland---China.Hethinksallthetimeaboutthe“sadolddays.”

----However,healwaysthinksaboutthe“sadolddays.”

SentenceVarietyWaystoachieveSentenceVariety:3.Variedsentencebeginnings3.1Sentencebeginningwithtransitionalexpressions3.2Sentencebeginningwithphrase3.3Sentencebeginningwithsubordinateclause3.4Sentencebeginningwithnumbers3.5Sentencebeginningwith“it”3.6Sentencebeginningwith“there”SentenceVarietyWaystoachieveSentenceVariety:3.Variedsentencebeginnings3.7Sentencesbeginningwithquestionwords:Questions.3.8Sentencesbeginningwithexclamatorywords:Exclamations.SentenceVarietyWaystoachieveSentenceVariety:3.Variedsentencebeginnings3.1SentencebeginningwithtransitionalexpressionsBrainstorming:Differentkindsoftransitions(1)表示增加的過渡詞：

also,and,andthen,too,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,again,ontopofthat,another,(2)表示時(shí)間順序的過渡詞：

now,then,before,after,afterwards,earlier,later,immediately,soon,next,inafewdays,gradually,suddenly,finally(3)表示空間順序的過渡詞：

near(to),far(from),infrontof,behind,beside,beyond,above,below,totheright/left,around,(4)表示比較的過渡詞：

inthesameway,justlike,justas(5)表示對(duì)照的過渡詞：

but,still,yet,however,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,inspiteof,eventhough(6)表示結(jié)果和原因的過渡詞：

because,since,so,asaresult,therefore,then,thus,otherwise(7)表示目的的過渡詞：

forthisreason,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderthat(8)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的過渡詞：

infact,indeed,surely,necessarily,certainly,withoutanydoubt,truly,aboveall,mostimportant

(9)表示解釋說明的過渡詞：

forexample,infact,inthiscase,foractually(10)表示總結(jié)的過渡詞：

finally,atlast,inconclusion,asIhaveshown,inotherword,inbrief,inshort,ingeneral,onthewhole,ashasbeenstatedSentenceVarietyWaystoachieveSentenceVariety:3.Variedsentencebeginnings3.1SentencebeginningwithtransitionalexpressionsAdverbssuddenly,fortunately,surprisinglyCoordinatingconjunctionsand,but,or,nor,for,so,yetConjunctiveadverbshowever,nevertheless,therefore,hence,etc.SentenceVarietyUnfortunately,ourcarbrokedownonourwaytothestation.Economically(speaking),thiscompanyisnotverysuccessful.SentenceVariety3.2.1BeginsentenceswithanappositivephraseAnexpertinforestfirecontrol,theforestrangertalkedtothecampersaboutsafetyinthewoods.Acityofancientorigin,NanjingsitsontheChangjiangriver.3.Variedsentencebeginnings3.2Sentencebeginningwithphrase

Prepositional,verbal,absoluteandappositivephrasescanalsoprovidevarietyinsentenceopeners.SentenceVariety3.2.2Beginsentenceswithverbalphrases[participialphrases(-ing;-ed),infinitivephrasesMotivatedbyhiswords,studentshaveregainedtheirconfidenceinthemselves.Havingdiscoveredthatitwashisfault,hedarenotgohomedirectly.Totackletheproblem,theUSgovernmentneedstoenhanceitspeople’swildlifeprotectionawarenessandeventhebackupofsomerelevantlawsanddecrees.3.VariedsentencebeginningsSentenceVariety3.2.3BeginsentenceswithaprepositionalphraseApartfromthat,itisstillimportantforateachertobekind.Indiscussingthisproblem,differentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.Withinthepastfifteenyears,teachinghasbecomeoneofthemostpopularmajorsinthecollegecurriculum.Inthepastdecadeortwo,anewperspectivehasbeguntoemergeandshapethefieldofpsychology.3.VariedsentencebeginningsSentenceVariety3.2.4Beginsentenceswithanabsolutephrase3.VariedsentencebeginningsTheabsolutephrase

獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

Anounfollowedbyaparticiplemayformaconstructiongrammaticallyindependentoftherestofthesentence.Thisconstructioniscalledanabsolutephrase.Example:Thebushavingstopped,thetouristsfiledout.Thetheaterbeingnearby,Idecidedtowalk.QuizYourself!1-Hepeeredthroughthemicroscope.2-Hediscoveredasquigglycreature.

1–WedrovetoTompkinsRoad.2–Weweresurprisedbythenumberof“forsale”signs.

Combinethefollowingsentencesusing–ingmodifiers:Peeringthroughthemicroscope,hediscoveredasquigglycreature.DrivingdownTompkinsRoad,weweresurprisedbythenumberof“forsale”signs.1–Thetermpaperwasrevisedandrewritten.2–ItreceivedanA.1–Duffywassurprisedbytheinterruption.2–Helosthistrainofthought.QuizYourself!Combinethefollowingsentencesusing–edmodifiers:Revisedandrewritten,thetermpaperreceivedanA.Surprisedbytheinterruption,Duffylosthistrainofthought.JoinIdeaswithanAppositive1–Carlosisthenewwrestlingchampion.2–HeisanativeofArgentina.Carlos,anativeofArgentina,isthenewwrestlingchampion.AnativeofArgentina,Carlosisthenewwrestlingchampion.Theadverbclause

TheadjectiveclauseThenounclause

3.3BeginsentenceswithsubordinateclauseSentenceVariety3.VariedsentencebeginningsTheadverbclause

(time,place,condition,cause,result,purpose,concession,manner)Theadjectiveclause(attributiveclause)Thenounclause

(subjectclause,objectclause,predicativeclause,appositiveclause)SentenceVariety3.3BeginsentenceswithsubordinateclauseIfanyoftheseexplanationsturnsouttobecorrect,manshouldtakeintoconsiderationeffectivemeasurestocontrolthenumberofprivatecars.Aslongastheschoolmakesupitsmindtoimprovethissituation,thiswillbedefinitelybeneficialtostudents.3.VariedsentencebeginningsSentenceVariety3.4SentencesbeginningwithnumbersMorethan5,000peoplehavebeenreporteddeadormissingintheSept.11thattack.SentenceVariety3.5Sentencebeginningwith"It".Itisdifficulttodecidewhetherthatnewsisbelievableornot.Itturnsoutthatouropponentknowseverythingaboutourplan.SentenceVariety3.6Sentencesbeginningwith"there".ThereisnotenoughevidencetoshowthatthisattackwascarriedoutbybinLadin.Thereisalwaysachanceforthosewhowon'tgiveup.SentenceVariety3.7Sentencesbeginningwithquestionwords:Questions.Howmuchdoyouknowabouthumanbody?Haveyoueverthoughtwhywestillbothertowriteletterswhenwecanjustpickupthephoneandtalk?SentenceVariety3.8Sentencesbeginningwithexclamatorywords:Exclamations.Whatamessthisbedroomis!Howbeautifulyournewgirlfriendis!SentenceVarietyWaystoachieveSentenceVariety:4.Others4.1Sentenceinterruptions4.2InvertedorderSentenceVarietyWaystoachieveSentenceVariety:4.1SentenceinterruptionsUsually,thoughnotalways,theinterrptionoccursbetweenthesubjectandtheverb.Andusually,thoughnotalways,theinterrupterwillbeasubordinateclauseoranappositivephrase.Smallinterrupters:however,forexample,ontheotherhand,IbelieveSentenceVarietyExamplesSubordinateclause:ThisbriefbutimportantbookbyEdmundWilson,whichchargedourfederalgovernmentwithbeingbothwastefulandoppressice,attractedonlyahandfulofreadersandhasnowgoneoutofprint.SentenceVarietyExamples(2)PhraseAppositive:RobertSmith,thelocalbusinessman,wasfoundtobetheorganizerofaringofbicyclethieves.Absolute:Therobot,hisstrengthfailing,reachedforacanofspinach.Verbal:Thedeer,grazingpeacefullyinthevalley,wereunwareoftheapproachinghunters.Prepositional:WesternersandArabs,inspiteoftwothousandyearsofcontact,stilldonotunderstandeachother.SentenceVarietyWaystoachieveSentenceVariety:4.2InvertedorderOverthefencejumpedOscar.Neveragainwillsheoverlookthethreatofanavalanche(雪崩，山崩)SentenceVariety例：將下列兩句句子合并成一句長(zhǎng)句Thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarm.Thegoatswereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.SentenceVariety(1)Thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarmandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(并列分句)(2)Grazingpeacefully,thegoatsinthefarmwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(現(xiàn)在分語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)+簡(jiǎn)單句)(3)Inthefarm,thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(介詞短語(yǔ)+并列分句)(4)Thereweregoatsgrazingpeacefullyinthefarm,unawareoftheapproachinghunter.(簡(jiǎn)單句+形容語(yǔ)短語(yǔ))(5)Asthegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarm,theywereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(原因狀語(yǔ)從句+主句)HomeworkUsethetechniqueswelearntodaytorevisethisparagraphand,payingspecialattentiontosentencevariety,especiallysentencetype.

Hewasborninasmallvillage.Hisfatherwasateacherinthevillageschool.Hismotherdidthehousework.Hebegantogotohisfather’sschoolatseven.Hegraduatedfromitsixyearslater.Thenhewenttothejuniormiddleschoolinanearbytown.Hestudiedataseniormiddleschoolinthecounty.Hewasagoodstudentthere.Hegotgoodmarksatthecollegeentranceexaminations.Heenrolledinauniversityinthecapital.Hestudiescivilengineeringthere.Hewantedtobuildahighwayforhishomevillageinfuture.Helovedhisvillageverymuch.Hewasborninasmallvilage.Hisfatherwasateacherinthevillageschool.Hismotherdidthehousework.Hebegantogotohisfather’sschoolatseven.Hegraduatedfromitsixyearslater.Thenhewenttothejuniormiddleschoolinanearbytown.Hestudiedataseniormiddleinthecountyseat.Hewasborninasmallvillage.Hisfathertaughtatthevillageschoolandhismotherdidthehousework.He