韓禮德三大純理功能課件

Functionalgrammar

----Threemetafunctions1.Functionalgrammar2.TheIdeationalFunction3.TheInterpersonalFunction4.TheTextualFunctionFunctionalgrammar

----Threem1.Functionalgrammar

Basicviewpoints:Languageistheproductofsocialactivities.Languageiswhatitisbecauseithastoservecertainsocialfunctions.Socialdemandsonlanguagehashelpedtoshapeitsstructure.Hallidaydefinesafunctionalgrammaras"essentiallya'natural'grammar,inthesensethateverythinginitcanbeexplained"Heexploreslanguageintermsoftherelationsbetweenlanguageandsocialneeds,socialstructure,andsocio-culturalbackground.1.Functionalgrammar

Basicvie1.Functionalgrammar

Hallidayviewslanguagedevelopmentinchildrenas"themasteryoflinguisticfunction",and"learningalanguageislearninghowtomean"“語言功能的掌握”、“學(xué)習(xí)語言就是學(xué)習(xí)如何表達”1.Functionalgrammar

Halliday1.Functionalgrammar

Sevenfunctionsinchildren'smodeloflanguage:Theinstrumentalfunction(工具):tomeethismaterialneeds,goodsandservices;Theregulatoryfunction(控制):tocontrolothers’behavior;Theinteractionalfunction(互動):totalkwithothersThepersonalfunction(個人):toexpresshisfeelingsTheheuristicfunction（啟發(fā)）:toknowabouthisownsurroundingsTheimaginativefunction（想象）:tocreatesurroundingsTheinformativefunction（告知）:toprovideinformationforothers1.Functionalgrammar

Sevenfun1.Functionalgrammar

Theadult’slanguagehastoservemanyfunctions,senvenfunctionsofchildren‘slanguagearegraduallyreducedtoasetofhighlycodedandabstractfunctions,whicharemeta-functions(純理功能）:

Ideationalfunction（概念功能）Interpersonalfunction（人際功能）Textualfunction.（語篇功能）1.Functionalgrammar

Theadult2.TheIdeationalFunctionTheideationalfunction("experimental"and"logical")istoconveynewinformationunknowntothehearer.Itisameaningpotential(意義潛勢),usedinalllanguages.Itistorefertocategoriesofexperienceoftheworld.2.TheIdeationalFunctionThei2.TheIdeationalFunctionTheideationalfunctionmainlyconsistsof

transitivity（及物性）

andvoice（語態(tài)）.2.TheIdeationalFunctionThei2.TheIdeationalFunctionTransitivityisthegrammaroftheclauseinitsideationalaspect.

Itconsistsof6differentprocesses:material,mental,relational,behavioral,verbalandexistential.2.TheIdeationalFunctionTrans2.1.Materialprocesses(物質(zhì)過程)Materialprocessesarethoseinwhichsomethingisdone.(表示做某件事的過程)Process:anactionverbActor(logicalsubject):動作者Goal(logicaldirectobject):目標

2.1.Materialprocesses(物質(zhì)過程)Ma2.1.Materialprocesses(物質(zhì)過程)

eg.Mybrotherbrokethevase.

ActorProcessGoal

2.1.Materialprocesses(物質(zhì)過程)2.2.Mentalprocesses(心理過程)Mentalprocessesexpresssuchmentalphenomenaas"perception感知","reaction反應(yīng)"and"cognition認知".Sensor:感覺者Phenomenon：被感知的現(xiàn)象2.2.Mentalprocesses(心理過程)Ment2.2.Mentalprocesses(心理過程)eg.perception感知Johnsawthemurderer.

sensorprocess

phenomenon

eg.reaction反應(yīng)

Mysisterlikestheskirt.

sensorprocess

phenomenon

eg.cognition認知

Iknowthatshewasabsent.

sensorprocess

phenomenon

2.2.Mentalprocesses(心理過程)eg2.3.Relationalprocesses(關(guān)系過程)Relationalprocessescanbeclassfiedintotwotypes:Attributive(歸屬)：某個實體具有何種屬性Identifying（識別）:一個實體與另一個實體是統(tǒng)一的2.3.Relationalprocesses(關(guān)系過程)2.3.Relationalprocesses(關(guān)系過程)eg.Attributive(歸屬)

Thefilmlastedtwohours.

carrier載體process過程attribute屬性

eg.Identifying（識別）

Johnisourmonitor.identified被識別者processidentifier識別者token標記value價值2.3.Relationalprocesses(關(guān)系過程)2.4.Behavioral

processes(行為過程)Behavioral

processesrefertophysiologicalandpsychologicalbehavioursuchasbreathing,coughing,smiling,laughing,crying.一般只有一個參加者，一般為人。2.4.Behavioralprocesses(行為過程)2.4.Behavioral

processes(行為過程)

eg.Theoldmansighedforthedaysofhisyouth.

behaver行為者2.4.Behavioralprocesses(行為過程)2.5.Verbalprocesses(言語過程)Verbalprocessesarethoseofexchanginginformation.（say,tell,talk,etc.)sayer:講話者receiver:受話者verbiage:講話內(nèi)容2.5.Verbalprocesses(言語過程)Ver2.5.Verbalprocesses(言語過程)eg.Mywatchsaysitisnine-thirty.

sayerverbiage

2.5.Verbalprocesses(言語過程)eg2.6.Existential

processes(存在過程)

Existential

processesrepresentthatsomethingexistsorhappens.(be,exist,etc.)eg.Thereisanewofficebuilding.

existent存在物2.6.Existentialprocesses(存在過程2.7.summaryProcesstype(過程類型)categorymeaning（意義）participants（參加者）Material:

doing

Actor,GoalActiondoingEventhappeningBehavioralbehavingBehaverMental:sensingSensor,PhenomenonPerceptionseeingAffectionfeelingCognitionthinkingVerbalsayingSayer,TargetRelational:beingAttributionattributingcarrier,AttributeIdentificationidentifyingIdentified,identifierExistentialexisting

Existent

2.7.summary3.TheInterpersonalFunction（人際功能）Theinterpersonalmeta-functionembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.Itisaboutthesocialworld,especiallytherelationshipbetweenspeakerandhearer,andisconcernedwithclausesasexchanges.3.TheInterpersonalFunction（人Intheinterpersonalmeta-functionsubject主語mood(語氣)finiteelement限定成分Aclausemodality(情態(tài))Intheinterpersonalmeta-func3.1Mood(語氣)Moodprovidesuswiththespeechfunctions,suchaspersuading,enticing(誘騙),requesting,ordering,suggesting,asserting,insisting,doubting,andsoon.Subject:noun,nounphrase,shortsentence,etc.Finiteelement

isanumberofverbaloperators(動詞運算符)expressingtense(has,is)ormodality(must,can)3.1Mood(語氣)MoodprovidesusMoodThosewhowishtoparticipateinthecontestmustputtheirnameshere.Toarguewiththecaptainisaskingfortrouble.Ignoringtheproblemwillnotmakeyourworkeasier.MoodThatteapotthedukehasgiventomyauntlastyear補語主語限定成分謂語狀語剩余部分語氣剩余部分(residue)Thatteapottheduke3.2Modality(情態(tài))Modality（情態(tài)）referstothejudgmentonachievementorientationandeffectivenessofspeakers’proposition(命題),ortherequiredobligationinthecommand,ortheexpressedwillingnessintheproposal(提議).

3.2Modality(情態(tài))Modality（情態(tài)）

assertion(斷言)thisis命題(proposition)negation(否定)thisisnotprescribing(規(guī)定)doit提議(proposal)proscribing(禁止)don’tdoit

命題（proposition）在斷言和否定之間有兩種可能性:(1)不同量值的概率（如possibly,probably,certainly）(2)不同量值的頻率（如sometimes,usually,always）命題（proposition）在斷言和否定之間有兩種可能性:提議(proposal)在做此事與不能做此事之間也有兩種可能性。哪一種起作用取決于小句的言語功能是命令(command)還是提供（offer）.命令句中，中介量值代表不同程度的義務(wù)(如allowedto,supposedto,requiredto)提供句中，中介量值代表不同程度的意愿(如willingto,anxiousto,determinedto)提議(proposal)在做此事與不能做此事之間也有兩種可能3.3SpeechFunction(言語功能)AccordingtoHalliday,ofthevariousspeechroles（言語角色）,twoarethemostbasic:giving(給予)andtaking(求取)。Ininterpersonalcommunications,thecommoditiesexchanged(交換物)canalsofallintotwokinds:goods-services（物品及服務(wù)）andinformation（信息）.Thus,speechrolesandcommoditiesexchangedmakeupfourprincipalspeechroles:offer,command,statement,andquestion.3.3SpeechFunction(言語功能)Accor韓禮德三大純理功能ppt課件4.TextualFunctionTextualFunction

referstotheexistenceofamechanisminthelanguage,whichcanorganizeanystretchofverbalorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedchaptersandmakealivinglanguagefragmentdistinguishfromarandompermutation.

語篇功能是語言中的機制，語篇功能是指語言中存在一種機制，可以將任何的一段口頭或書面的話語組織成連貫統(tǒng)一的篇章，使一個活的言語信息片段區(qū)別于一堆隨機排列的句子。4.TextualFunctionTextualFun32Inourdailyuse,thebasicunitoflanguageisnotwordorsentence,butthetext“語篇”.Inordertomakeothertwofunctionswork,thespeakermustorganizethemtogether.Thisiscalledtextualfunction.languagemakeslinkswithitselfandwithfeaturesofthesituationwhichitisused.Thisenablesthespeakerorwritertoconstructatextthatisconnected.Thetextualmetafunctionenablestherealizationoftherelationbetweenlanguageandcontext,makingthelanguageuserproduceatextwhichmatchesthecontext.Inourdailyuse,thebasicun33TherelevantgrammaticalsystemsincludeTheme,GivenandNew,aswellasthesystemsofcohesion,suchasReference,Substitution,andEllipsis.ThreeRoutes:

Thematicrelations主位結(jié)構(gòu)

Informationstructure信息結(jié)構(gòu)

Cohesion銜接Therelevantgrammaticalsyste34TheconceptofThemeisimp