虛擬式及假設(shè)意義表示法綜述

虛擬式以及假設(shè)意義表示法綜述一、虛擬式虛擬式是一種專門表達(dá)假設(shè)意義和非事實(shí)意義的動(dòng)詞形式。它有兩種形式，即be-型虛擬式和were-型虛擬式。were-型虛擬式（與事實(shí)相反（non-fact））were-型虛擬式只有一種形式，即不管主語是什么人稱,be動(dòng)詞一律用were，如Iwere，youwere，shewere，hewere。主要用于以下句型：用于If，ifonly，asif，asthough，though引導(dǎo)的句子中，表與事實(shí)相反（non-fact）IfIwereabird,Iwouldflytoyou.Hetalksasifheweretheboss.出現(xiàn)在Wish，wouldrather（寧愿），suppose（假設(shè)），imagine（設(shè)想）之后,表與事實(shí)相反（non-fact）IwishIweretall.I'dratherIwerenothere.Supposetheearthwereflat.be-型虛擬式be-型虛擬式中動(dòng)詞不論人稱，均用原形；此種虛擬式不一定與事實(shí)相反。主要用于以下幾種情況：用于if，though等引導(dǎo)的句子中Eg.Iftherumorbetrue,everythingispossible.（如果這個(gè)謠言是真的，那么任何事都有可能。）Thougheveryonedesert（拋棄）you,Iwillnot.（即使大家都拋棄你，我也不會(huì)）注：此種句子和were型虛擬式不同，were型均為non-fact（非事實(shí)），而此種表假設(shè)，并非明顯的與事實(shí)相反。用于公式化的句子中LonglivePeople'sRepublicofChina!Godblessyou!Deviltakehim!（混蛋!）用于命令，決定，建議等詞語之后注：此種虛擬式和一般意義上的虛擬不同，它并非non-fact,也沒有假設(shè)意思，而更多帶有較正式的命令、建議語氣。用于動(dòng)詞后Heorderedthatalltheworkbefinished.Sheinsistedthatshegothereherself.Thechairmandecidedthatthefactorybeclosed.用于形容詞后Itisnecessarythathecomeherebefore9am.Itisimportantthatshefinishtheworktoday.其他形容詞如：advisable， appropriate，impossible等c.用于名詞后Wewerefacedwiththedecisionthatthemeetingbecanceled.Hisorderthatthearmybesentatoncewascarriedout.二、假設(shè)意義表示法綜述用動(dòng)詞的過去式表示假設(shè)意義常見于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：Itistime(time)...Itistimewewenttobed.You'vebeenworkingtoohard.It'stimeyoutookarest.Itistimewehaddinner.Itisabouttimeyoumadeupyourmind.Itishightimeyoulentherahand.Itishightimeweleftthisplace.Iwouldrather/sooner(that)you/he/they...I'mtoldtheyaregoingbybus,butIwouldrathertheywentbytrain.Shewillgethomeatdinnertime,butIwouldrathershegothomealittleearlier.I'msureheiskeepingsomethingback.I'dratherhetoldmethetruth.Hedidn'tattendthemeeting.Iwouldratherhehadbeenpresent.Shegotdrunklastnight.I'drathershehadntdrunksomuch.Theyofferedmethisexpensivewine,butfranklyI'drathertheyhadofferedmesomebeer.Ifonly...IfonlyIknewheraddress.IfonlyIhadenoughmoneywithme.IfonlyIcouldswim.IfonlyIhadgonebytaxi.Ifonlyhehadrememberedtobuysomefruit.Ifonlyshehadlistenedtomyadvice.asif/asthough...Hebehavesasifheownedthisplace.Heorderedmeasifheweremyboss.Werememberedtheaccidentvividlyasifithappenedonlyyesterday.TheyarestaringatmeasifIwas/werecrazy.Shelookedasifshehadhadsomebadnews.在某些語境中，如果不表示假設(shè)意義，就不必用過去形式Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.Thefishsmellsasifithasgonebad.Theappletastesasifitissour.Iwish(that).表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)或者過去事實(shí)相反的主觀愿望：Iwish(that)Ididn'thavetogotoworktoday.Iwish(that)Iwas/wereabittaller.Iwishyouwerecomingwithme,Peter.IwishIhadn'tsaidthat.IwishIhadbroughtamapwithme.Shewishesshe'dnevergotinvolvedinthewholeaffair.Iwishthesunwasshiningatthismoment.IwishIhadn'teatensomuchlastnight.如果表示對將來事態(tài)的主觀愿望，通常用某些情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)形式,此種結(jié)構(gòu)便接近于客氣的請求或委婉的勸告，eg：Iwishyouwouldn'tsmokeinpublicplaces.Iwishyouwouldlistentoyourteacher'sadvice.IwishIcoulddosomethingforyouinreturn.?Compare:Iwish&Ihopewishhope相同點(diǎn)：wishtodosthhopetodosth不同點(diǎn)：wish+Oo(雙賓語)，eg:IwishyouamerryChristmas!Hope不可以接雙賓語Iwish(that)...后可用虛擬語氣Ihope(that)...只可以用陳述語氣；隨后的動(dòng)詞除非表示婉轉(zhuǎn)口氣外，很少用過去時(shí)：Ihopeyouareready.Wehopeyouwillbehappy.用情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)形式表示假設(shè)意義a.條件句IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotmissthisopportunity.Ifhewerehere,Iwouldexplaintohimmyself.IfIknewheraddress,Iwouldhavewrittentoher.Ifithadnotbeenforme,youwouldnotbefreenow.Ifhehadn'tmissedthemorningtrain,hewouldnothavebeenlateforthemeeting.Ifhehadbroughtamapwithhim,hewouldn'thavegotlost.注：條件狀語從句用were型或動(dòng)詞過去形式，主句采用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過去形式，表示與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。b.含蓄條件句Butforyourhelp,Icouldn'thaveachievedanything.Indifferentcircumstances,Imighthaveagreed.(如果在別的情況下，我或許已經(jīng)同意了)Thesamething,happeninginwartime,wouldamounttodisaster.Borninbettertimes,hewouldhavemademorecontributionstothecountry.Anyonewhoshouldviolatethelawwouldbepunished.注：含蓄條件即不包含if,unless,aslongas等引導(dǎo)條件狀從的連詞，但表示假設(shè)意義，可換成明顯的條件狀從。c.用于其他語境Thatsheshouldforgetmesoquicklywasratherashock.ThatIshouldseeacollegestudentarrestedforstealing!Wouldthatthefloodmightnevercomeagain!Tothinkthathewouldmarrysuchanastywoman!Tothinkthatheshouldhavedesertedhiswifeandchildren!Whowouldhavethoughtthatthingsshouldcometosuchatragicend!Whowouldhavethoughtthemanlivingnextdoorshouldbeahiddenterrorist!Thedoorwasp