高中英語語法之現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)詳細(xì)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)PAGEPAGE1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.表示過去發(fā)生的或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。表示一件事已經(jīng)發(fā)生，這事往往與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。I’velostmykey.(因此無法進(jìn)屋)I’vegotaletterfrommyaunt.(因此知道她的近況)Mywifehasjustboughtabeautifuldressfromoneoftheshopsthere.2.常和just，already,yet,recently,ever,never,這類副詞連用。（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和不確定的時(shí)間副詞連用，如：already,often,never,ever,always,yet,not…yet,before,once(一次)，twice,數(shù)詞+times,sofar,bynow,uptonow,tillnow等，有時(shí)也可以和包含“現(xiàn)在”概念的時(shí)間狀語連用，如：recently,now,today,this+時(shí)間名詞等）He’sjustleft.Hashephonedyouyet?No,notyet.Haveyouevertalkedtohimaboutit?HaveyouseenPeterrecently?Ihaveneverbrokenmyword.Everythinghasalreadybeenusedup.already用于肯定句，可放在助動(dòng)詞之后、過去分詞之前，也可放在句末；yet用在疑問句中意為“已經(jīng)”，用在否定句中表示“還”，常放在句末；ever意為“曾經(jīng)”，用于疑問句或否定句中，放在助動(dòng)詞與過去分詞之間；never意為“從來都沒有”，常和before連用，多放在助動(dòng)詞與過去分詞之間。Eg.Ihavenevertraveledbyplanebefore.before意為“以前”，指過去不確定的某個(gè)時(shí)間，總是放在句末，不受句型的限制。Eg.Ihaven’theardofitbefore.3.表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還要持續(xù)下去，常和for，since連用，或與howlong連用。表示持續(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)多為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。for+時(shí)間,since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)Ihaven’tseenyouforages.Hehasn'tcleanedtheroomformonths.We’velivedhereforovertenyears.Ihaven’tseenhersinceJune.Ihavelivedheresince2000.Howlonghaveyouknownher?1)由since引導(dǎo)的從句中的時(shí)態(tài)：由since引導(dǎo)的從句一般用過去時(shí)（主句謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）We’vebeenfriendseversincewemetatschool.MuchhaschangedsinceIwastherelasttime.2)當(dāng)表示有多少時(shí)間時(shí)，主句謂語可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：It’stwoyearssinceIlefthome.Howlongisitsinceyoucameherelasttime?3)和time一道用的情況：（This）ItisthefirsttimeIhaveseenapanda.Itisonlythesecondtimehe’sbeeninapalace.4)在下面句型中也可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：ThisisthebestteaIhaveeverdrunk.ThisisthemostinterestingbookIhaveeverread. ThisistheeasiestjobIhaveeverhad.4.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)候開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，與一段時(shí)間連用時(shí)應(yīng)注意句中的謂語動(dòng)詞，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不可和一段時(shí)間連用。如：我離開這所學(xué)校已八年了。判斷正誤：I’veleftthisschoolforeightyears.（）I’vebeenawayfromthisschoolforeightyears.（）他借用我的詞典已一周了。Hehasborrowedmydictionaryfortwodays.（）Hehaskeptmydictionaryfortwodays.（）2)非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與一段時(shí)間連用時(shí)可采用下述三種方法：a.將非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞練習(xí)：將下列非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞buy;borrow;open;closebegin/start;come;go/leave;finish;died;catchacold;puton;getup；wakeupfallasleep;lose;joinleave[Exercises]SentenceConversion1.Helefthisoffice3hoursago.Hefromhisofficefor3hours.It3hourssincehelefthisoffice.2.Hehasbeendead4years.Heago.Ithasbeenhedied.b.將時(shí)間狀語改為過去時(shí)間，并用一般過去時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Eg.Ihavebeenawayfromthisschoolforeightyears.Ileftthisschooleightyearsago.c.用句型“itis+一段時(shí)間+since從句（從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過去式）”表示。如：Itistwoyearssincetheoldmandied.注意：瞬間動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的否定式可以接一段時(shí)間。如：[Exercises]TureorFalseHehascometoBeijingsincelastyear.()HehaslivedinBeijingsincelastyear.()Hehasjoinedthearmyfor3years.()Hehasservedinthearmyfor3years.()Hejoinedthearmy3yearsago.()Hehasbeenasoldierfor3years.()Itis3yearssincehejoinedthearmy.()Hehasjoinedthearmy.()有關(guān)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的幾個(gè)問題：1）havegoneto和havebeento的差別：havegoneto表示“到某地去了”，因此人還在那里：ShehasgonetoBeijing.（她現(xiàn)在在北京）Thekidshavegonetothezoo.2)havebeento表示“到（來）過某地”：—Wherehaveyoubeen?—Ihavebeentothecinema.HaveyoueverbeentoHongkong?IhaveeverbeentoBeijingseveraltimes.Who’sbeenhere?(人已不在這)后面還可跟不定式：I’vebeentoseemygrandmother.(現(xiàn)已回來)She’sbeentodosomeshopping.5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的比較：（重點(diǎn)）這兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)都談已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事，主要差別是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系，或是對(duì)現(xiàn)在又影響，或談現(xiàn)在以前這段時(shí)間里發(fā)生的事，而一般過去時(shí)單純談過去發(fā)生的事，與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系。因此，凡是有過去時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，只能用過去時(shí)：Shewashereaminuteago.Theygaveittomejustnow.Iwokeupateight.凡是單純談過去的事，與現(xiàn)在毫無聯(lián)系時(shí)也多用過去時(shí)，試比較下面幾組句子：I’veboughtsomefruitforyou.（送來這里）Iboughtsomefruitinthesupermarket.Shehaswrittensomeshortstories.(說明成就)ShewrotethestoriesinShanghai.Ihavejusthadmylunch.(因此我現(xiàn)在不餓)Ihadmylunchinacafeteria.I’velearntalotfromyou.(因此很感激你)Ilearntalotthere.6.havegot的特殊用法：havegot在形式上時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，在意思上和have相同：Haveyougot(=Doyouhave)atimetable?Shehasn’tgotanyrelations.I’vegotanotherthreeminutes.7.havegotto和haveto意思相同：havegotto和haveto意思相同：havegotto=haveto,表示“不得不”：You’vegottobecareful.That’swhatwe’vegottodo.You’vegottokeepthisinmind.在口語中，have有時(shí)可以省略。Wegottomakeendsmeet.我們得收支相抵。[Exercise]Choice:1.Dannyhardforlongtorealizehisdreamandnowheispopular.worksB.isworkingC.hasworkedD.worked2.Igotcaughtintherainandmysuit.A.hasruinedB.hadruinedC.hasbeenruinedD.hadbeenruined3.Thewindowisdirty.Iknow.Itforweeks.A.hasn’tcleanedB.didn’tcleanC.wasn’tcleanedD.hasn’tbeencleaned4.Sofarthisyearweafallinhousepricesbybetween5and10percent.A.sawB.seeC.hadseenD.haveseen5.youhimaroundthemuseumyet?Yes.Wehadagreattimethere.A.Have;shownB.Do;showC.Had;shownD.Did;show6.Inrecentyearsmanyfootballclubsasbusinesstomakeaprofit.A.haverunB.havebeenrunC.hadbeenrunD.willrun7.JudyisgoingtomarrythesailorsheinRomelastyear.A.meetsB.metC.hasmetD.wouldmeet8.Hesaid,“It’sthefirsttimethatIlate.”A.hadbeenB.havebeenC.amD.was9.Whatdoyouthinkofthecoffee?It