采礦英語課堂講義市公開課一等獎(jiǎng)百校聯(lián)賽優(yōu)質(zhì)課金獎(jiǎng)名師賽課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

采礦專業(yè)英語COALMININGTECHNOLOGYLECTUREDBYZANGCHUANWEI1/45Outline4.1Elementsofmining4.2Conceptofminingmethod4.3Classandapplicationofminingmethod4.4Factorsofminingmethodselection2/454.1ElementsofminingAminingsystemistheresultofintegratedplanningfortheseunitandauxiliaryoperationsandinvolvesdeterminingthemosteffectiveemploymentofequipmentandmachinery.Becauseofthewidevarietyofnaturalconditionsencounteredunderground,differentminingsystemshavebeendeveloped.Theultimateobjectiveis,ofcourse,toprovidethegreatestpossibleproductionandproductivityconsistentwithmaintaininghealthandsafety.3/45NewwordsWallmining：——Drivingtwoormoreentries/gatessomedistanceapart,interconnecting,miningtheriboftheopening-cutonalongwall.工作面：workingface；采煤工作面：coalface切眼：open-offcut區(qū)段平巷：panelentry工作面順槽：gateentry區(qū)段運(yùn)輸巷：headgate，區(qū)段軌道巷：tailgate工作面運(yùn)輸巷（下順槽）：headentry工作面回風(fēng)巷（上順槽）：tailentry區(qū)段回風(fēng)巷：bleederentry聯(lián)絡(luò)巷：crosscut采空區(qū)：gob/goaf端頭：end4/45NewwordsClassificationofwallminingsystem：(1)accordingtothelengthoftheworkingface:a.Longwallminingb.Shortwallminingc.Pillarmining

(2)accordingtotheminingdirection

a.longwallminingonstrike走向長壁開采(a)mininginadvance/walladvancingmining前進(jìn)式開采(b)mininginretreat/wallretreatingmining后退式開采b.inclinedlongwallmining傾斜長壁開采(a)underhandmining俯采(b)overhandmining仰采5/45NewwordsThreebasicequipments:Coalminingmachine,coal-gettingmachine采煤機(jī)；Shearer，滾筒采煤機(jī)Plow，planer刨煤機(jī)Faceconveyor工作面運(yùn)輸機(jī)Panline,”溜子”Chainconveyor鏈?zhǔn)竭\(yùn)輸機(jī)Scraperchainconveyor刮板輸送機(jī)Armoredchainconveyor鎧裝運(yùn)輸機(jī)Roofsupportsystem：頂板支護(hù)系統(tǒng)Frictionprop摩擦支柱Frictionmetalprop金屬摩擦支柱Hydraulicprop液壓支柱Single/Individualhydraulicprop單體液壓支柱Hydraulicpoweredself-advancedsupport液壓自移式支架Roofsupport頂板支架6/45NewwordsMatch-up配套：（1）Conveyorasthetrackorguideoftheshearer；（2）pullsupportsbyconveyor;（3）pushconveyorbysupport.OtherequipmentsingateentriesStageloader：轉(zhuǎn)載機(jī)Panelbeltconveyor區(qū)段皮帶運(yùn)輸機(jī)Electricalcontrolcenter電力控制裝置/設(shè)備Hydraulicpump

station液壓泵站7/45NewwordsBeltfeeder膠帶給料機(jī)Crusher破碎機(jī)Woodencribs木垛Permanentstopping永久性風(fēng)墻，密閉Regulator調(diào)整風(fēng)窗Checkcurtain調(diào)整風(fēng)簾Intakeair進(jìn)風(fēng)Returnair回風(fēng)Shuttlecarroute梭車運(yùn)行路線8/454.1IntroductionThoughtheuseofcontinuousminingmachines

consolidatedtheoperationofcutting,drilling,blastinginonemachinethatwouldtheoreticallyprovideuninterruptedproduction,itwassoonrealizedthatthefacehaulageandroofsupportoperationsremainedasmajorimpedimentstocontinuousproduction.Theabilitytoprovidenotonlycontinuouscuttingandloading,butalsocontinuoushaulageandroofsupport,wasthebasisfortheintroductionofmechanizedlongwallsystemsinthiscountryfromEuropein1951.9/454.1IntroductionTheearlysystemsemployedfrictionpropsforroofsupport,butweretobecomeobsoleteshortlyafterintroductionofthefirsthydraulicallypowered,self-advancingsupportsin1960.Sincethen,useoflongwalltechniquehasgrowntothepointwhereitiscurrentlyprovidingmorethan5%oftheannualoutputofundergroundcoalminesintheUnitedStates.10/454.1IntroductionTheshortwallsystemprovidesforcontinuouscutting,loading,androofsupport,buthasnotexperiencedthewidespreadpopularityoflongwallduetoitsinherentinabilitytoeasilyprovideforcontinuoushaulage.Bothofthesesystemsprovideuninterruptedroofsupportforfaceoperationbymeansofhydraulicallypoweredsteelroofsupports.Ineachcase,thecoalremovalconsistsofopen-endcutsmadefromthenarrowendofalargerectangularpillar(panel)whichhasbeenblockedoutbycontinuousminersdevelopingentriesarounditsperimeter.Howeverthisistheextentofthesimilaritiesbetweenthetwosystems.11/454.2Conceptofminingmethod1）stope采場(chǎng)2）coalface采煤工作面3）miningworks/operations回采工作4）winning/miningtechnique采煤工藝5）miningsystem采煤系統(tǒng)6）miningmethod采煤方法12/451）Stope采場(chǎng)Theplacewherealotofcoalsareextracteddirectly.用來直接大量采出煤炭場(chǎng)所。Workingspace“作業(yè)空間”13/4514/452）Coalface采煤工作面Thewallwherethecoalisminedinthestope.采場(chǎng)內(nèi)進(jìn)行回采煤壁?！蔼M義”Coalface=stope采煤工作面=采場(chǎng)?！皬V義”15/4516/453）miningworks/operations

回采工作Miningworks“采煤作業(yè)”Basicoperations基本工序：CoalBreaking破煤CoalLoading裝煤CoalHauling運(yùn)煤Auxiliaryoperations輔助工序：Roofsupport工作面支護(hù)Gobtreatment采空區(qū)處理Auxiliarytransportation輔助運(yùn)輸,ventilation通風(fēng),drainage排水,powersupply供電,emulsionsupply供液（乳化液）等。17/454）winning/miningtechnique

采煤工藝Themethodcompletingalltheextractingoperationsaccordingtocertainorderinthecoalfaceandthematch-upoftheseoperations.在采煤工作面內(nèi)按照一定次序完成各項(xiàng)工序方法及其配合。Breaking,loading,hauling,roofsupport,gobtreatment.“破煤”、“裝煤”、“運(yùn)煤”、“工作面支護(hù)”、“采空區(qū)處理”。18/455）Miningsystem采煤系統(tǒng)Miningsystemisreferredtolayoutofminingroadways,itisthedrivingsequenceofminingroadwaysandthelocationrelationshipofminingroadways.-回采巷道布置系統(tǒng)，回采巷道在時(shí)間上配合以及空間上相互位置關(guān)系。19/456）Miningmethod采煤方法Theintegrationofminingsystemandminingtechnique,andthematch-upoftheminspaceandtime.采煤系統(tǒng)和采煤工藝綜合及其在時(shí)間和空間上配合。20/454.3Classandapplicationofminingmethod

采煤方法分類及應(yīng)用概況4.3.1Wallminingmethod壁式體系采煤法Dip傾角：走向長壁開采，傾向長壁開采；近水平<8，緩傾斜<25，傾斜25-45，急傾斜>45。大傾角-Thickness厚度：full-seammining整層開采;

slicingmining分層開采。薄1.3m，中厚3.5m，厚5m。極薄，特厚4.2.2Pillarminingmethod柱式體系采煤法21/45Miningmethodclassification1Drymining旱采1）Wallsystem壁式（1）Full-seam整層I單一長壁singlelongwalli走向長壁longwallonstrikeii傾向長壁inclinedlongwallII放頂煤SublevelcavingIII掩護(hù)支架Shield（2）Slicingmethod分層I傾斜分層InclinedslicingII水平分層HorizontalslicingIII斜切分層ObliqueslicingIV水平分段放頂煤horizontalsublevelcaving2）Pillarsystem柱式（1）Roomandpillarminingmethod房柱式（2）Roommethod房式2Hydraulicmining水采3Undergroundliquefactionandgasification地下液化和氣化22/454.3.1Wallminingmethod

壁式體系采煤法1）Singlelongwallminingmethodinthinormiddlethickcoalseams薄及中厚煤層單一長壁采煤方法Longwallonstrike,longwallontheinclination走向長壁，傾向長壁；Roofcaving垮落法（自然垮落、強(qiáng)制放頂）、packing充填法、pillarsupport刀柱式2）Slicingminingmethodinthickcoalseams

厚煤層分層開采采煤方法（1）gentlyinclinedorinclined緩斜、傾斜厚及特厚：（2）steeplyinclined急傾斜厚煤層：（3）steeplyinclinedcoalseamwithahugethickness急傾斜特厚煤層3）Full-seamminingmethodinthickcoalseams

厚煤層整層開采采煤方法一次采全厚：Sublevelcaving放頂煤、miningwithlargeminingheight大采高；steeplyinclined急傾斜厚煤層：miningoverhead工作面俯斜布置；Shield掩護(hù)支架采煤法。4）miningtechnique回采工藝：blastingmining炮采、conventionallymechanizedmining普采、fullymechanizedmining綜采。23/454.3.1Wallminingmethod

壁式體系采煤法1）Singlelongwallminingmethod薄及中厚煤層單一長壁采煤方法Longwallonstrike,longwallontheinclination走向長壁，傾向長壁；Roofcaving垮落法（自然垮落、強(qiáng)制放頂）、packing充填法、pillarsupport刀柱式24/451）Singlelongwallminingmethod

單一長壁采煤法Fig.2Singlelongwallminingmethodonstrike圖2單一走向長壁采煤法示意圖2-tailentry區(qū)段回風(fēng)平巷1-headentry區(qū)段回風(fēng)平巷3-coalface采煤工作面25/45Fig.3Singlelongwallminingmethodalongdip

圖3單一傾向長壁采煤法示意圖4,5-stripinclinedhaulageorreturn-airroadway分帶運(yùn)輸和回風(fēng)斜巷26/45Fig.4Miningwithcoalpillarsupportingmethod

圖4刀柱式采煤法示意圖27/454.3.1Wallminingmethod

壁式體系采煤法2）Slicingminingmethodinthickcoalseams

厚煤層分層開采采煤方法（1）gentlyinclinedorinclined緩斜、傾斜厚及特厚：（i）inclinedslicingmethodwithdownwardcavingway傾斜分層下行垮落；（ii）inclinedslicingmethodwithupwardpackingway傾斜分層上行充填。（2）steeplyinclined急傾斜厚煤層：水平分層或斜切分層下行垮落；每個(gè)分層2~3m（3）steeplyinclinedcoalseamwithahugethickness急傾斜特厚煤層水平分段放頂煤，類似水平分層，按一定厚度分段，分段底部采取水平分層落煤方法，頂部采取放煤方法。28/45Fig.5Inclinedslicingminingmethodinthickcoalseams

圖5厚煤層開采傾斜分層29/45Fig.6Horizontalslicingminingmethodinthickcoalseams

圖6厚煤層開采水平分層30/45Fig.7Obliqueslicingminingmethodinthickcoalseams

圖7厚煤層開采斜切分層31/453）Singlelongwallminingmethod

厚煤層整層開采3）Full-seamminingmethodinthickcoalseams

厚煤層整層開采采煤方法一次采全厚：Sublevelcaving放頂煤、miningwithlargeminingheight大采高；steeplyinclined急傾斜厚煤層：overheadmining工作面俯斜布置；Softshield柔性掩護(hù)支架采煤法。32/45FeatureofWallMiningmethod

壁式采煤法特點(diǎn)Features：（1）thecoalfaceisusuallylong.采煤工作面長度較長；（2）Atleast2entriesisneededintheendofthefaceandusedforventilationandhaulage.采煤工作面兩端最少各有一條巷道，用于通風(fēng)運(yùn)輸;（3）Gobareamustbetreatedaccordingtoplanwiththeadvanceofcoalface.伴隨工作面推進(jìn)，有計(jì)劃處理采空區(qū);（4）Theextractedcoalistransportedparalleltocoalface.采下煤沿平行于工作面方向運(yùn)出采場(chǎng)。33/454.3.2Pillarminingmethod

柱式體系采煤法Shortcoalfaceasthemark.短工作面為其主要標(biāo)志Class:Room,roomandpillar.柱式體系采煤法包含：房式采煤法、房柱式采煤法。Coalminingprocess采煤過程：Drivingrooms掘煤房；Drivingcrosscuts掘聯(lián)絡(luò)巷；Extractingcoalpillars回收煤柱；Miningoperations工藝：Breaking-continuousminer破：連續(xù)采煤機(jī)Loading裝：連續(xù)采煤機(jī)Hauling–shuttlecaroruniversalextensibleconveyor運(yùn)：梭車，萬向接長機(jī)Support–bolting支：錨桿支護(hù)，履帶式液壓支架Gobtreatment–pillarsupportingorcaving處：煤柱支撐或垮落法34/45FeatureofPillarminingmethod

柱式采煤法特點(diǎn)（1）Coalfaceisshort,numberisgreat.Theequipmentofminingroomandextractingpillaristhesame.采煤工作面長度短，數(shù)目多，采房和回收煤柱設(shè)備合一；（2）Groundpressureisweak,roofsupportandgobtreatmentissimple.礦山壓力較弱，支護(hù)和處理采空區(qū)簡單；（3）theextractedcoalistransportedperpendiculartothecoalfaceandtheequipmentscanmovebythemselves,sotheyareflexible.采下煤沿垂直于工作面方向運(yùn)出采場(chǎng)，采煤配套設(shè)備均能自行行走，靈活性強(qiáng)；（4）ventilationconditionisbadandtheminingrecoveryrateislow.工作面通風(fēng)條件差，采出率低。AdaptableconditionsThinormiddle-thickcoalseamswithasmalldipwhicharenotburieddeeply埋藏較淺近水平薄及中厚煤層。35/45Roomandpillarminingmethod1.Room2.Pillar3.PillarrecoveryAdvancingdirection36/45BASICMININGMETHODSCoalminingmethodSurfaceminingUndergroundmining

Bord（礦房）andpillarminingLongwallminingLongwalladvancingLongwallretreating37/45BASICMININGMETHODSCoalseamscanbeminedbothbyundergroundmethodsandsurfaceminingmethodsdependingoncertainconditions,e.g.,thicknessanddipoftheseam,depthandoccurrence,theratioofoverburdentocoal,etc.Theretwobasicundergroundminingmethodswhicharei)bordandpillarminingmethod;ii)longwallminingmethod.38/45BordandpillarminingmethodFundamentally,thebordandpillarmethodofminingcoalseamsinvolvesthedrivingofaseriesofnarrowheadingsintheseamparalleltoeachotherandconnectedbycrossheadingssoastoformpillarsforsubsequentextraction,eitherpartialorcomplete,asgeologicalconditionsornecessityforsupportingthesurface,maypermit.Ideally,thepillarsshouldbesquarebuttheyaresometimesrectangularorrhombusshapeandthegalleriessurroundingthepillarsareinvariablyofsquarecross-section.39/45BordandpillarminingmethodThebordandpillarmethodofminingissuitedtoworkflatcoalseamsofaveragethicknessandshallowdepths.Coalseamsof1.8to3mthicknessarebestsuitedforthismethod,thoughthismethodhasbeensuccessfulinthinnerseamsalsodowntoathicknessof1.2mandinthickerseamsupto4.8minthickness.Inseamswithgradientsofmorethan1in4difficultiesareencounterinmanoeuringmachines.Mostofthebordandpillarmethodofcoalmininghasbeendowninrangelessthan300masatgreaterdepthpillarsexperiencecrush.HoweverinIndiainsomecasesthedepthofminingbybondandpillarmethodshasbeenaround600m.40/45LongwallminingmethodInthecaseofretreatinglongwallthefaceisretreatedbackwards,thegoafisallowedtocaveinoritisfilledandthegateroadwayislostinthegoaf.Thismethodcanbeemployedalmostinallgeologicalconditions,thoughitiseminently

suitedforworkingthinnerseams,i.e.,seamslessthan1.8mthick;itisals