580eceaaac214課程配套學(xué)習(xí)必備資源幫幫為大家精心了高質(zhì)量確保同學(xué)們

2011年Text 2011年Text 2012年Text 2012年Text 2012年Text 2013年Text 2013年Text 2014年Text 2014年Text 2015年Text Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid”media—suchasevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements—stillyamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earned”mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,anda mayleverage“owned”mediabysendingalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomerswithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketing’simpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suarketersatheinitiatorforusers’responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmedia eanothermarketer’spaidmedia—forinstance,whenan merceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmedownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationscetheircontentor merceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhosandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgenerating e,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorn eshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsociaworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetarget atrisk.Insuchacase,the’sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsen,whichludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasandthesocial-newssiteDigg.Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhenthey obsessedwithonlineshopatcertainWebinspiredbyproduct-promotingssenttoeagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityenthusiastic mendingtheirfavoriteAccordingtoParagraph2,soldmedia asafebusinessrandomstronguserflexibilityinTheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearned inviteconstantswithpassionatecanbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmayberesponsibleforfiercerdeserveallthenegativecommentsaboutToyota perienceiscitedasanexample respondingeffectivelytohijackedpersuadingcustomerstoboycottingcooperatingwithsupportivetakingadvantageofhijackedWhichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyAlternativestoconventionalpaidbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.DominanceofhijackedPopularityofowned本題目是個同義釋義題。根據(jù)題干，可將答案定位在文章的第一段。原文為Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earned”mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends，其大意為“癡迷于某種產(chǎn)品的消費者，可能會樂意將之推passionate同義，且mendpromoteD為正確答案。本題目考查“”媒介的特點，可將答案定位在文章的第二段。原文提到了“收費”媒介的定義：ownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationscetheircontentor merceengineswithinthatenvironment，其大意為“擁有巨大流量、其他機構(gòu)前來投放內(nèi)容或電子商務(wù)引擎的自有媒介”。選項C來自于原文，選項A、B、D在文中都沒有涉及。indicate，indicate強調(diào)“原文并沒有直接講述，明顯地表達(dá)觀點，挾持媒介施加(原文為theycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinesses)earnedmedia;劫持媒介(hijackedmedia)就是無償媒介的對立面。也就是說，無償媒介有可能被劫持，轉(zhuǎn)化為劫持媒介，進而給企業(yè)施加。由此可推斷，這是一種效果，所以B為正確答案。其他人共同公司產(chǎn)品，從而危及企業(yè)聲譽。這種情況下，如果企業(yè)回應(yīng)不夠斷A為正確答案。式，還有很多其他媒介形式;第二段詳細(xì)講述了自有媒介和媒介;第三段分析講述了不同的媒介形式。由此可判斷A為正確答案。It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,“IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,”isarousingmuchchatter—nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacomple fulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive—andnewlysingle—momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual“JenniferAnistonispregnant”news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn’tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildless.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegababy-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneylit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel”mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcan temporaryenjoymentinhappinessinlastingWelearnfromParagraph2 celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforsinglemotherswithbabiesdeserve newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesishavingchildrenishighlyvaluedbytheItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildless areconstantlyexposedtoarelargelyignoredbythefailtofulfilltheirsocialarelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirAccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazines [B] [C] [D]WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastHavingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebrityCelebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildHavingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithWesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchild根據(jù)題干中的JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticle，可將答案定位在文章第一段的最后一句話。JenniferSenior在此句話中，正是那些當(dāng)時壓抑 日后卻成為滿足和歡樂的源泉。要注意此句話中的later，而選項C使用了inretrospect，意為“回顧往事，回想”，因此C為正確答案。第二段是承接第一段“養(yǎng)育孩子能成為后來快樂的源泉”而來的，符合中段首句接著第二段提到“inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation(在一個如此贊揚的社會中)”，這是一個承上啟下的句子，是對第二段的總結(jié)，也符合第一段以及第二段對養(yǎng)育孩子的正面評價。選項D是對原文贊揚的同uggt，強調(diào)“文中沒有直接說明，需要推理判斷”才能得到的信息。第三段一開始就說，這個社會不斷的慶祝(第二段也舉例說明了人們對生養(yǎng)孩子的關(guān)注);隨后講有孩子的人不會去考慮他們是不是不該話原使用了語態(tài)，強調(diào)是外界因素讓他們?nèi)ニ伎?，受到困擾;本段最后批評。選項B、C、D在文中根本沒有提及。文章第四段一開始就講到這些名人所傳達(dá)的形象，原文為：theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyhugelyunrealistic，既然是不切實際，就很容易誤導(dǎo)人。所以，D是正確答案。文章最后一段的句為：It'shardtoimaghatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous.其大意為：ReeseAngelina這種名流使生孩子這件事變得如此體面光鮮，很難想象，人生兒育女。由此可以推斷，名人會影響普通人看待生養(yǎng)孩子的態(tài)度。因此BComeon—Everybody’sngit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood—drinking,drugsandcasual.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositivethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheRosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredmokingprogramcalledRagetheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromoteamongtheirTheideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypublic-healthnsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.“Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardnaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers—teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RagetheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeer ertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits—aswellasnegativeones—spreadthrougworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemerges asupplementtothesocialastimulustogroupanobstacletoschoolacauseofundesirableRosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocates recruitprofessionallearnfromadvertisers’stayawayfromcommercialrecognizethelimitationsofIntheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfails adequayprobesocialandbiologicaleffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialillustratethefunctionsofstateproducealong-lastingsocialParagraph5showsthatourimitationof isharmfultoouworksofwillmisleadbehavioraloccurswithoutourrealizingcanproducenegativehealthTheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressure 。Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasual 通過題干可將答案定位到第三段的最后一句話，Rosenbergarguesconvinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.“Rosenberg爭論到，公共衛(wèi)生提倡者應(yīng)該向商學(xué)習(xí)，他們能如此熟練地運用來自同輩的。這一論點很具說服力?！北径握f明公共解有嚴(yán)重誤區(qū)。最后Rosenberg建議這些人應(yīng)該向商學(xué)習(xí)，因為他們理解青少年的心理，能熟練運用來自同輩的。因此[B]為正確答案。 文使用了unconsciously，選項[C]中運用了介詞短語withoutourrealizing表示同根據(jù)題干可將答案定位在文章的最后一段第一句話提及，F(xiàn)arlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.專家和人員該如何成功地選擇同齡段第一句中使用了farlesscertain這一短語。由此可判斷D為正確答案。Adealisadeal—except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.The ,amajorenergyrinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.Instead,the hasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot:challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerntrunning.It’sastunningmove.Thehasbeensurfacingse2002,whenthecorporationVermont’sonlynuclearpowernt,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,the agreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionofthent’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,the wentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,ludingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthe mademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearallowinganextension.Nowthe issuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint. seemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearntisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,ludingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,the hasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthe ’sapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3,Para.1)isclosestinmeaning Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintended obtainprotectionfromVermontseekfavorfromthefederalacquireanextensionofitsbusinessgetpermissiontopurchaseapowerAccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswith managerialtechnicalfinancialbusinessIntheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewill Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitsthenatureofstates’patchworkthefederalauthorityovernuclearthelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbetheauthorityoftheNRCwillbeEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthVermont’sreputationmightberenegingon的含義，根renegeon。從這句話的意renegeon原意為“違約，背信”。而選項C中的dishonor有“拒付”之義，因此[C]為正確答案。該公司同意，2012年后的運營證須向州立機構(gòu)申請。所以[D]選項符合及Entergy公司經(jīng)營等方面的嚴(yán)重問題。由此可判斷[A]為正確答案。Entergy并不怕與員會了公司的申請時，應(yīng)該記住Entergy的承諾能有什么樣的價值。也就是說，核管理會參考Entergy在其他地區(qū)的信譽，所以此次背信棄義之舉有可能會影響到Entergy其他地區(qū)的業(yè)務(wù)。因此[A]為正確答案。Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,now thecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaim espublic,thediscovererreceivesinlectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(ludingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryand panyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinctionandbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedas pleteororrect.Littlereward paniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gy?rgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandlingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedby uncertaintyandmisconceptionandlogicalityandessandItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocess strictsharedindividualpersistentParagraph3showsthatadiscovery escredibleafter hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralhasbeenexaminedbythescientifichasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerAlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagree scientificclaimswillsurvivediscoveriestodayinspirefutureeffortstomakediscoveriesarescientificworkcallsforacriticalWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleoftheNoveltyasanEngineofScientificCollectiveScrutinyinScientificEvolutionofCredibilityinngChallengetoCredibilityattheGateto為：Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute。選項[A]uncertainty意為“不確定性”，其形容式為complex，是文中complicated的同義詞，由此可判斷[A]為正確答案。多可能性;然后這個要經(jīng)過可靠性過程：從發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)化為成發(fā)現(xiàn)AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi的原話：seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought，其大意為“看到每個人都看到的東西，響;第二段這個過程需要公眾共同的努力;第三段具體論述了不同的人在這到的兩個;最后一段用安尼特?拜爾的一句話總結(jié)了這個過程。由此可知，[C]項統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文，為正確答案。A項與原文不符;B是第二段中提到的一個部Upuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely—thoughbynomeansuniformly—glowinglypositive.Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfillmentandopportunityforall.Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicfluandtoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.Butsuchgloominessismisced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears—sowhyshouldn’twe?Takeabroaderlookatourspecies’ceintheuniverse,andit esclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiensinthe“RedList”ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNature()andyouwillread:“ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline.”Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganizationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFoundationhasitsflagshipprojectamechanicalclockthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday’stechnology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,andit’sperhapsbestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That’sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearButtakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshathehistoryofthenet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.Thislongmakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetoOurvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspired ourdesireforlivesofourfaithinscienceandourawarenessofpotentialourbeliefinequal ’s“RedList”suggeststhathumanbeings asustainedathreattothetheworld’sdominantamiscedWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraphArchelpslimitthescopeoffuturologicalTechnologyofferssolutionstosocialTheinterestinsciencefictionisontheOurimmediatefutureishardtoToensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucial exploreournet’sabundantadoptanoptimisticviewofthedrawonourexperiencefromthecurbourambitiontoreshapeWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheUncertaintyaboutOurEvolutionoftheHumanTheEver-brightProspectsofScience,Technologyand有提及任何與“potentialrisks”相關(guān)內(nèi)容，故排除。題干問的是“瀕危物種(RedList)”意味著人類怎么樣了? 和“RedList”很容易定位到第三段。首段說的是幾十年前至今人們對未來所持Red顯然也是用來說明這個觀點的，并且人類這個物種是widelydistributed， reasing，說的都是人類進化積極的一面。A選項說：瀕危物種意味著人類是可以持久的物種，顯然是正確選項。由本題的題干可以鎖定本題的答案在文章的第五段。該段首句為段落句，來思考也就是說，眼前的未來更難思考，符合D選項含義“ 可以Arc這樣一個致力于研究近期未雖在第二句提到科幻小說家，但并未提及對科幻小說的，故排除。正確答案為D項“Ourimmediatefutureishardtoconceive”。由本題的題干可以鎖定本題的答案在倒數(shù)第二自第二句，“Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture.考查考生對全文的把握。通觀全文， 尤其在文章最后一段最后一句“Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.”作者直接借助這句話重申。由此，本題正確答案應(yīng)既A錯在無中生有，全文當(dāng)中對于未來，并無體現(xiàn)出對于其的不確定;本文講的是人類對于未來的看法，而不是講人類的進化史，因此B錯誤;D選項過于籠統(tǒng)，Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday—amodestvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweentheernmentandtheInArizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’scontroversialntohavestateandlocalenfederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalpriplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andthatfederallawsprecede awsarenon-controversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones.JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberals,ruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthatCongresshaddeliberay“occupiedthefield”andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers.However,theJusticessaidthatArizonawouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenment.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenmentandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalTwoofthethreeobjectingJustice—SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas—agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktotheAlienandSeditionActs.The8-0objectiontoObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsedwithitsenmentpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim. deprivedthefederalofConstitutionaldisturbedthepowerbalancweendifferentoversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationcontradictedboththefederalandstateOnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoParagraphFederalofficers’dutytowithholdimmigrants’States’cefromfederalimmigrationStates’legitimateroleinimmigrationenCongress’sinterventioninimmigrationen violatedtheunderminedthestates’supportedthefederalstoodinfavoroftheTheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofen outweighsthatheld