中國(guó)歷史1911-1949【英文】

CHINATheRepublic1912-1949TheGuoMinDangWarlordsTheCommunistsTheJapaneseinvasionsCivilWarandthePeople’sRepublic1911-QingEmperorabdicatedtoretiretotheForbiddenCity.TheDoubleTenRevolutionof1911wassuccessful.1912-SunYat

SenwasdeclaredfirstpresidentofthenewChineseRepublic.GeneralYuanShiKaireturnedtopoliticsandreplacedSunYat

Senwhohadnopowerbase.SunbecameministeroftransporthopingtomoderniseChina.YuanwantedtobecomeemperorofChina.Heopposedbyothergeneralsanddiedin1916Setaprecedentforgeneralstotrytoseizepower.Chinawastoenteroneofitsdarkestperiods,theWarLordPeriod.TheWarlordsFoughtforcontrolofBeijing,toberecognisedastheofficialgovernmentofChina.Effectsweredisastrous,particularlyonthepeasantswhowererapedandpillagedandforcedtopaytaxesupto30yearsinadvance,fortheir“protectionandsafety”.LiYuanbongZhangZuolinYanXishanFengYuxiangChinajoinedthealliesintheGreatWarhopingtoregainatleasttheterritoriesrunbytheGermansbutthetreatyofVersaillesawardedthemtotheJapanese.May4th1919demonstrationsbrokeoutinmanyChinesecitiesandpeopleofallclassesprotestedandjoinedpartiesliketheGuomindang(Sun’sparty)orthenewlyfoundedCommunistParty.Theyunitedin1922toendwarlordruleandwesterndominationofChina.SunYat

SenwasincontrolofeasternChinaDespairingoftheimperialpowersofeverhelpingtheyturnedtoCommunistRussiaforhelp.Theyrealisedtheneedforanefficientarmyoftheirown,ifChinawasevergoingtobefreeandstrong.May4thprotests1923-1927-TheCominternsentMikhailBorodin(left)toorganisethenewChineseCommunistPartyandtoassisttheGMDtouniteandoverthrowthewarlords.AmilitaryacademywasorganizedoutsideGuangzhouatWhampoatotrainofficerstocreateaneffectivearmy.SunYatSenseenhereonafundraisingtourintheUSA1925-Sundiedbeforehisplanscouldcometofruition.Hisfuneraltrainisseenwithhispictureonthefront.ChiangKaiShek(hisbrotherinlawandleaderofthenewarmy)TookcommandandestablishedhimselfasleadermovingagainsttheWarLordsinthesuccessfulGreatNorthernExpedition1927-1928.GMDsoldiersinGuangzhoueatbeforedepartingfortheNorth.SuccessoftheNorthernExpeditionsurprisedeveryoneasmanyoftheWarlordsweredefeatedormadepeacewiththeGMD.ThemarchtoShanghaibecameatriumphalparadebutleftChiangwithaproblem.HedidnotwanttosharepowerwithhisCommunistallies,preferringthecapitalistwayofdevelopmentwhichwouldensureclosetieswiththeUSA.HedecidedthereforetoendtheUnitedFrontwhichhadbeensosuccessfulindefeatingtheWarlordsandtoeliminatehiscommunistallies.1927-AbloodypurgeofthecommunistsfollowedinShanghaiandinGuangzhou.ThemassacrewassuccessfulandleftChiangfreetomarchonBeijingandestablishhimselfasChina’sfirststrongrulersince1911.HewouldbeinapositiontocarryoutSunYat

Sen’sprogrammeofmodernisationofaunitedcountry.DeathinShanghai-1927DeathinGuangzhou-1927ChiangwasabletomoderniseChinaastheelectriccablesforstreetcarsshowninthispicturedemonstrate.Generallycities,particularlyShanghai,madegreatprogress,evenintheharsheconomicclimateofthe1930’sGreatDepression.Chineseyoungmenlearningtotype.Westernmedicinebecamemorepopular.EvenPuYitheformerboyemperoradoptedWesternways

AnewcapitalwasbuiltinNanjing,todemonstrateabreakwiththepast.Thelanguagewassimplifiedandgreateffortsmadetoimproveliteracy,particularlyinthecities.Thisrichmanisdeterminedonanoldandnewfuneral.ThisShanghaimoviestarisverymodernThecheong-sambecameveryfashionableasfootbindingwasfinallyeradicatedasacustom.Somepeoplebecameveryrich……..Whilstothersremaineddesperatelypoor.SomecommunistsescapedthepurgeslikeMaoandZhouandtookcommunismtothecountryside,startingthecivilwarsagain.TheEncirclementCampaignsdrovethecommuniststoescapeintheLongMarch1934-1935.Maoisseenherewithhissecondwifewhoaccompaniedhimonthemarch.1931JapanesetookManchuriaandputPuYionthethroneasapuppet.11937theyinvadedandconqueredtherichcoastalplainsandcitiesofChinainabrilliantlysuccessfulbutbrutalcampaign,culminatinginthemassacreatNanjingwhere300,000civilianswereslaughteredinanorgyofrape,pillageandexecution.VictoriousJapanesetroopsatShanghaiItthenbecameChiangKaiShek’sturntofleetotheinteriorofChinaandresistuntiltheAmericansarrivedwithhelp.ChinesedefeatChineserefugeesfleetotheinteriorTheunluckyremaininNanjing…….toawaittheirfateBy1941theworldwasatwarandChinafoundagreatallyinAmericawhosentmenandhugequantitiesofsupplies.AmericaalsotriedtobringtheeverdistrustfulNationalistsandCommuniststogether.ChiangKaiShekwith“vinegarJoe”StillwellReluctantanddistrustfulallies,ChiangandMaoTheAmericanstriedhardtopersuadetheCommuniststoworkwithChiang.1945theJapaneseweredefeated1946-1949theCivilWarbeganagain.Hereasuspectedcommunistisleadofftoexecution.TheCommunistshadthebestleaders,thebestgeneralZhuDeandthebesttactics.Americabecamedisillusionedwitht