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EvidenceBasedPre-TrialInitiativeKathyWaters,DirectorAdultProbationServicesDivisionArizonaSupremeCourtEvidenceBasedPre-TrialIniti1ThePurposeofBailProtecttheintegrityofthecourtprocessProtectthepublicProtectagainstpunishmentpriortoconvictionThePurposeofBailProtectthe2BondSchedulesSometimescalled“standardbond”ThepredominantmechanismforassigningbailaccordingtotheNationalPretrialJusticeSurveyBondSchedulesSometimescalled3Defining“Effective”BailDecisions

“Effectivebaildecisionswouldfosterthereleaseofasmanydefendantsaspossiblebeforetrial,whilemaintainingsuitablylowfailuretoappearandre-arrestrates.”

(JohnGoldkampandMichaelGottfredson,PolicyGuidelinesforBail:AnExperimentinCourtReform.)

Defining“Effective”BailDeci4COSCAWhitePaper(2019)“…Economicstatus(is)asignificantfactorindeterminingwhetheradefendantisreleasedpendingtrial,insteadofsuchfactorsasriskofflightandthreattopublicsafety.”“Inshort,‘forthepoor,bailmeansjail.’”COSCAWhitePaper(2019)“…Econ5PurposeofPretrialAssistthecourtinmakinginformedpretrialdecisionsToeffectivelysupervisedefendantsEnsurethedefendantsmeetcourtsobligationsPurposeofPretrialAssistthe6ApplyingtheResearchProvidecurrentresearchregardingevidencebasedpre-trialpracticestocourtsinArizona.Expandtheuseofvalidatedresearchbasedriskassessments.

ApplyingtheResearch7RiskAssessmentsThesetoolsareobjective,researchbasedvalidatedassessmentsthatmeasureadefendant’sriskofflightandanticipatedcriminalconductwhileonpretrialreleasependingadjudication.Allowsforreleasewithoutamonetarybond.RiskAssessmentsThesetoolsar8ActuarialRiskAssessmentWhatitisDatadrivenResearchinformedObjectiveaidtodecisionmakingUsedfordecadesincommerceHealth,education,nationalsecurity,etc.Whatitisn’tPerson-specificAreplacementforjudicialdiscretionActuarialRiskAssessmentWhat9RiskAssessment

AutoInsuranceAgeDistracteddrivingPeer(s)invehiclewithdriverLowdrivingskillsLowcompliancewithtrafficlawsRiskAssessment

AutoInsurance10RiskMitigation

AutoInsuranceDriverseducationRestrictnighttimedrivingProhibitpeersaspassengersStrictenforcementSeatbelts,texting,etc.RiskMitigation

AutoInsurance11RelationshipBetweenRiskand

OffenseSeverityNotalinearrelationshipWhatdoesthismean?ThosewhocommitthemostsevereoffensesarenotnecessarilythehighestriskoffailuretoappearortocommitnewoffenseswhileonpretrialsupervisionOffenseSeverityalone,isnotsufficienttopredictpretrialrisk12RelationshipBetweenRiskand12RiskAssessment

PretrialJusticeStatisticallymeasuresprobabilityofsuccess/failureofthetwofactorstoconsiderforbail:AppearanceincourtCommunitysafetyRiskAssessment

PretrialJusti13PretrialOutcomesIn2019PretrialriskassessmentwaslegislativelymandatedtopreformariskassessmentforeverycriminaldefendantinKentucky.KentuckyhastheonlystatewidepretrialservicessysteminthenationOnlysitewherestatewidepretrialdataisavailablePretrialOutcomesIn2019Pretr14PretrialOutcomesinKentuckyOverallReleaserate:70%Non-financialreleaserate:66%Publicsafetyrate:92%Appearancerate:91%PretrialOutcomesinKentuckyO15DCPretrialJusticeOutcomesOverallReleaserate:85%Communitysafetyrate:88%Appearancerate:88%DCPretrialJusticeOutcomesOv16

MaricopaCounty

RiskLevel&PretrialOutcomes

MaricopaSampleJune1toAugust30,2019AssessedRiskCategoryFTANewchargeAnyPretrialMisconduct1-Low6.0%1.5%7.1%2-MedLow12.1%3.6%12.4%3-Medium17.3%4.9%20.7%4-High28.5%6.1%31.9%17

MaricopaCounty

RiskLevel&17ImplementationWorkwitheachjurisdictiontoensureevidencebasedpretrialpracticesarebeingfollowed.Determinehowtopromoteestablishmentofpre-trialservicesinadultprobationdepartmentsandtheuseofvalidatedassessments.Establishamodelforlimitedjurisdictioncourts.Implementation18Education

DevelopanddelivereducationprogramsforjudgesandprobationstaffthroughtheJudicialEducationCenter.ProgramassistancewillbeofferedbymodelsfromthePre-TrialJusticeInstituteandtheNationalAssociationofPretrialServicesAssociation.Education

Developanddelive19CallforPretrialReform

Since2019CallforPretrialReform

Sinc20ArizonaPublicOpinionResultsQuestion:Somehaveproposedusingrisk-basedscreeningtoolsinsteadofcashbailbondstodeterminewhetherdefendantsshouldbereleasedfromjailbeforetrial.Thisriskassessmentwouldtakeintoaccountsuchfactorsas[drugusehistory,mentalhealth,employmentstatus,residency,andcommunityties]or[thechargeinquestion,criminalhistory,anywarrantsorpreviousfailurestoappearforcourt].Underthissystem,high-riskdefendantswouldbeheldinjailuntiltrialandlow-riskdefendantswouldbereleasedwithconditionsandbemonitoredandsupervised.Wouldyousupportoropposethisproposaltouseriskassessmentinsteadofcashbailbondstodeterminewhetherdefendantsshouldbereleasedfromjailbeforetrial,orareyouundecided?[IFSUPPORT/OPPOSE]Anddoyoufeelthatwaystrongly,ornot-sostrongly?ArizonaPublicOpinionResults21PerceivedEffectivenessof

“PretrialRiskAssessment”Question:I’mgoingtoreadyoualistoftermsusedtodescribetheproposalofusingrisk-basedscreeningtoolstodeterminewhetherdefendantsshouldbereleasedfromjailbeforetrial.Foreachterm,tellmehoweffectiveyouthinkitsoundswhenitcomestoprotectingpublicsafetyandensuringappearancefortrial:VERYeffective,SOMEWHATeffective,NOTVERYeffective,NOTeffectiveATALL.Ifyoudon’tknowjustsaysoandwe’llmoveon.“Pretrialriskassessment.”P(pán)erceivedEffectivenessof

“P22PerceivedEffectivenessof

PretrialRiskAssessmentQuestion:I’mgoingtoreadyoualistoftermsusedtodescribetheproposalofusingrisk-basedscreeningtoolstodeterminewhetherdefendantsshouldbereleasedfromjailbeforetrial.Foreachterm,tellmehoweffectiveyouthinkitsoundswhenitcomestoprotectingpublicsafetyandensuringappearancefortrial:VERYeffective,SOMEWHATeffective,NOTVERYeffective,NOTeffectiveATALL.Ifyoudon’tknowjustsaysoandwe’llmoveon.“Pretrialrisk

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