語言學教程課件

ChaptertwospeechsoundsWhatisphonetics?Whatisphonology?Howphonologicalstudyisconducted?Phonologicalstructure=soundpatternsChaptertwospeechsoundsWhat12.1howspeechsoundsaremade2.1.1speechorgansSpeechorgans=vocalorgansIntheproductionofspeechsounds,thelungs,thetrachea(orwindpipe),thethroat,thenose,andthemouthwillbeinvolved.2.1howspeechsoundsaremade2PharyngealcavityVocaltractoralcavityNasalcavityWhatareintheoralcavity?Whatareinthepharyngealcavity?Whataboutthenasalcavity?Pharyngeal3Vocalfolds=vocalcords=vocalbandsTheyareeitherapart,closetogether,ortotallyclosed.Howsoundsarerelatedwiththethreestatesofthevocalcords?Vocalfolds=vocalcords=vo42.1.2IPAHowIPAcameintobirth?Whowasthefirstonetoproposetheideaforaphoneticalphabet?WhatwerethemainprinciplesofIPA?1.2.3.ThelatestversionofIPAwasrevisedin____andupdatedtwicein____andin____.2.1.2IPAHowIPAcameintobir5TheIPAchartPulmonicsoundsConsonantsNon--pulmonicsoundsVowelsOthersymbolsDiacriticsSuprasegmentalsTonelevelsandwordaccentsTheIPAchart62.2consonantsandvowelsThedifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsObstructionornotObstruction,consonants;ifnotvowels.Thedescriptionofconsonantsandthatofvowelsaredonealongthedifferentlines.2.2consonantsandvowelsThe72.2.1consonantsConsonantsaredescribedfromthreeaspects:themannerandtheplaceofarticulation,andthevibrationofvocalcordsornot.Whatdoesthemannerofarticulationmean?2.2.1consonantsConsonantsar8Themannerofarticulation(1)stop(orplosive)(2)nasal(3)fricative(4)approximant(5)lateral(6)trill(7)tapandflap(8)affricateThemannerofarticulation(1)9TheplaceofarticulationWhatdoesitmean?(1)bilabial(2)labiodental(3)dental(4)alveolar(5)postalveolar(6)retroflex(7)palatal(8)velar(9)uvular(10)pharyngeal(11)glottalTheplaceofarticulationWhat102.2.2vowelsCardinalvowels:1)Asetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.Whenthecardinalvowelsareexplained,examplesareusuallygivenfromvariouslanguagestohelpthestudent.Itshouldnotbethought,however,thatthecardinlvowelsareactuallybasedontheexamplesgiven.2.2.2vowelsCardinalvowels:112)abstractconcepts3)asetofhypotheticalpositionsforvowelsusedasreferencepoints.4)primarycardinalvowels5)secondarycardinalvowels6)furthersecondarycardinalvowels7)SCHWA8)symbolsfordistinguishingdelicatedifferences2)abstractconcepts129)purevowels/monophthongsvowelsdiphthongstriphthongs10)theoretically,avowelasoundmustbeeitheraconsonantbutsomesoundsareneitheravowelnoraconsonant,sotheyarenamedas/h/SEMI—VOWELs/w//j/9)purevowels/mo132.2.3thesoundsofEnglishWhatisRP?WhatisGA?Themajordifferencesofthetwoare?TwosoundsaredistinguishedbyVOICINGwhentheysharethesameplaceandmanner.SymbolsforvowelsinthisbookareprovidedbyWells

in2000.2.2.3thesoundsofEnglishWha14TwomajordifferencesofvowelsinRPandGA:1)2)Severalthingstobeexplained:1)2)3)Twomajordifferencesofvowel15ThedescriptionofEnglishvowelsThedescriptionneedstosatisfythefourbasicrequirements:1)theheightoftongueraising2)thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue3)thelengthortensenessofthevowelrounded4)theshapeofthelipsspreadingunroundedneutralThedescriptionofEnglishvow162.3fromphoneticstophonology2.3.1coarticulationandphonetictranscriptionSoundsareinfluencedbytheirneighbors.Oftentheyareproducedtogether,thissimultaneousarticulationiscalledCOARTICULATION.anticipatorycoarticualtioncoarticulationperseverativecoarticulationNASALIZATION(鼻音化)isanexampleofanticipatoryarticulation.2.3fromphoneticstophonolog17Diacriticsareusedtorecordthevariationsofthesamesound.Thisiscallednarrowtranscription.Itisputinside[].Narrowtranscriptionisusedinphonetictranscriptionbyphoneticians.Broadtranscriptionusesonlysymbolstorecordasound.Itisputinside//.Itisusedinphonemictranscriptionbyphonologists.Diacriticsareusedtorecord182.3.2phonemesphonologicalstudyconcernsthesoundswhichcancausethechangeofmeaningofawordoraphrase.Minimalpairisusedtodecidewhethertwosoundsaretwodifferentsounds.Phonemesaresoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Aphonemeisaunitofexplicitcontrast.Languagesdifferintheselectionofcontrastivesounds.2.3.2phonemesphonologicalst19Byconvention,PHONEMICTRANSCRIPTIONareplacedbetweenslashlines(//).Byconvention,PHONEMICTRANSC202.3.3allophonesAllophonesarevariantsofthesamephoneme.Theyarephones.ComplementarydistributionExampleoneExampletwo2.3.3allophonesAllophonesare21Notallthephonesincomplementarydistributionareconsideredtobeallophonesofthesamephoneme.Theymustmeetantherrestriction,thatis,theymustbephoneticallysimilar.Phoneticsimilaritymeansthattheallophonesofaphonememustbearsomephoneticresemblance.Theallophonesarebothphoneticallysimilarandincomplementarydistribution.Notallthephonesincompleme22Freevariants:soundvariantscausedbydialectorpersonalhabit.Theyareoftenfoundinregionaldifferences.Freevariants:soundvariants232.4phonologicalprocess,phonologicalrulesanddistribution2.4.1assimilationThedefinitionNasalizationDentalizationVelarizationAssimilationandcoarticulationRegressiveassimilationProgressiveassimilationAnticipatorycoarticulationPerseverativecoarticulation2.4phonologicalprocess,phon24DevoicingPhonologicalprocessFormulizationofphonologicalprocessPhonologicalruleFocusbarDevoicing252.4.2epenthesis,ruleorderingandtheelsewhereconditionEpenthesisExamplesWhat