轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)中英文翻譯、外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、外文翻譯

THESTEERINGSYSTEMThesteeringsystemenablesthedrivertoguidetheautomobileorwheeledtractordowntheroadandturnrightorleft,asdesired,byturningwheels，Therearetwotypesofsteeringsystems.Thesearemanualandpower.1.PowerSteeringThereareacoupleofkeycomponentsinpowersteeringinadditiontotherack-and-pinionorrecalculating-ballmechanism.2.PumpThehydraulicpowerforthesteeringisprovidedbyarotary-vanepump(seediagrambelow).Thispumpisdrivenbythecar'sengineviaabeltandpulley.Itcontainsasetofretractablevanesthatspininsideanovalchamber.Asthevanesspin,theypullhydraulicfluidfromthereturnlineatlowpressureandforceitintotheoutletathighpressure.Theamountofflowprovidedbythepumpdependsonthecar'senginespeed.Thepumpmustbedesignedtoprovideadequateflowwhentheengineisidling.Asaresult,thepumpmovesmuchmorefluidthannecessarywhentheengineisrunningatfasterspeeds.Thepumpcontainsapressure-reliefvalvetomakesurethatthepressuredoesnotgettoohigh,especiallyathighenginespeedswhensomuchfluidisbeingpumped.3.RotaryValveApower-steeringsystemshouldassistthedriveronlywhenheisexertingforceonthesteeringwheel(suchaswhenstartingaturn).Whenthedriverisnotexertingforce(suchaswhendrivinginastraightline),thesystemshouldn'tprovideanyassist.Thedevicethatsensestheforceonthesteeringwheeliscalledtherotaryvalve.Thekeytotherotaryvalveisatorsionbar.Thetorsionbarisathinrodofmetalthattwistswhentorqueisappliedtoit.Thetopofthebarisconnectedtothesteeringwheel,andthebottomofthebarisconnectedtothepinionorwormgear(whichturnsthewheels),sotheamountoftorqueinthetorsionbarisequaltotheamountoftorquethedriverisusingtoturnthewheels.Themoretorquethedriverusestoturnthewheels,themorethebartwists.Theinputfromthesteeringshaftformstheinnerpartofaspool-valveassembly.Italsoconnectstothetopendofthetorsionbar.Thebottomofthetorsionbarconnectstotheouterpartofthespoolvalve.Thetorsionbaralsoturnstheoutputofthesteeringgear,connectingtoeitherthepiniongearorthewormgeardependingonwhichtypeofsteeringthecarhas.Asthebartwists,itrotatestheinsideofthespoolvalverelativetotheoutside.Sincetheinnerpartofthespoolvalveisalsoconnectedtothesteeringshaft(andthereforetothesteeringwheel),theamountofrotationbetweentheinnerandouterpartsofthespoolvalvedependsonhowmuchtorquethedriverappliestothesteeringwheel.AnimationshowingwhathappensinsidetherotaryvalvewhenyoufirststarttoturnthesteeringwheelWhenthesteeringwheelisnotbeingturned,bothhydrauliclinesprovidethesameamountofpressuretothesteeringgear.Butifthespoolvalveisturnedonewayortheother,portsopenuptoprovidehigh-pressurefluidtotheappropriateline.Itturnsoutthatthistypeofpower-steeringsystemisprettyinefficient.Let'stakealookatsomeadvanceswe'llseeincomingyearsthatwillhelpimproveefficiency.4.TheFutureofPowerSteeringSincethepower-steeringpumponmostcarstodayrunsconstantly,pumpingfluidallthetime,itwasteshorsepower.Thiswastedpowertranslatesintowastedfuel.Youcanexpecttoseeseveralinnovationsthatwillimprovefueleconomy.Oneofthecoolestideasonthedrawingboardisthe"steer-by-wire"or"drive-by-wire"system.Thesesystemswouldcompletelyeliminatethemechanicalconnectionbetweenthesteeringwheelandthesteering,replacingitwithapurelyelectroniccontrolsystem.Essentially,thesteeringwheelwouldworkliketheoneyoucanbuyforyourhomecomputertoplaygames.Itwouldcontainsensorsthattellthecarwhatthedriverisdoingwiththewheel,andhavesomemotorsinittoprovidethedriverwithfeedbackonwhatthecarisdoing.Theoutputofthesesensorswouldbeusedtocontrolamotorizedsteeringsystem.Thiswouldfreeupspaceintheenginecompartmentbyeliminatingthesteeringshaft.Itwouldalsoreducevibrationinsidethecar.GeneralMotorshasintroducedaconceptcar,theHy-wire,thatfeaturesthistypeofdrivingsystem.Oneofthemostexcitingthingsaboutthedrive-by-wiresystemintheGMHy-wireisthatyoucanfine-tunevehiclehandlingwithoutchanginganythinginthecar'smechanicalcomponents--allittakestoadjustthesteeringissomenewcomputersoftware.Infuturedrive-by-wirevehicles,youwillmostlikelybeabletoconfigurethecontrolsexactlytoyourlikingbypressingafewbuttons,justlikeyoumightadjusttheseatpositioninacartoday.Itwouldalsobepossibleinthissortofsystemtostoredistinctcontrolpreferencesforeachdriverinthefamily.Inthepastfiftyyears,carsteeringsystemshaven'tchangedmuch.Butinthenextdecade,we'llseeadvancesincarsteeringthatwillresultinmoreefficientcarsandamorecomfortableride.5.TheHondaInsightusesavariable-assistrackandpinionelectricpowersteering(EPS)systemratherthanatypicalhydraulicpowersteeringsystem.Atypicalhydraulicpowersteeringsystemiscontinuallyplacingasmallloadontheengine,evenwhennosteeringassistisrequired.BecausetheEPSsystemonlyneedstodrawelectricpowerwhensteeringassistisrequired,noextraenergyisneededwhencruising,improvingfuelefficiency.Electricpowersteering(EPS)ismechanicallysimplerthanahydraulicsystem,meaningthatitshouldbemorereliable.TheEPSsystemisalsodesignedtoprovidegoodroadfeelandresponsiveness.TheInsight'sEPSsystemsharespartswiththeHondaS2000steeringsystem.Thesystem'scompactnessandsimplicityoffermoredesignfreedomintermsofplacementwithinthechassis.Thesteeringrack,electricdriveandforged-aluminumtierodsareallmountedhighonthebulkhead,andsteerthewheelsviasteeringlinksoneachfrontsuspensionstrut.Thislocationwaschoseninordertoachieveamorecompactenginecompartment,whileimprovingsafety.Thesystemisalsosmootheroperating,moreresponsivetodriverinput,andhasminimalsteeringkickback.Theoverallsteeringratiois16.4to1,and3.32turnslock-to-lock.EPSOperationTheoperatingprincipleoftheEPSisbasicallythesameashydraulicpowersteeringexceptforthefollowing:AtorquesensorisusedinplaceofthevalvebodyunitAnelectricassistmotorisusedinplaceofthehydraulicpowercylinderAnEPScontrolunitisaddedMechanicalConstructionTherackisunusualinthatitismountedhighontherearenginebulkhead,andthatthetierodsengagetherackinthecenter.Thehighmountlocationisusedforcrashsafety,asitkeepsthesecomponentsoutoftheInsight'scrumplezone.Thetierodsarealuminum,andtheyconnecttoanackermanarmthatismountedtothestrutsjustbelowthespringseat.TheEPScontrolunitismountedinsidethecarontherightsidebulkhead,underneaththedash.Itreceivesinputfromthevehiclespeedsensorandtorquesensormountedonthesteeringpinionshaft.ThetorquesensorisidenticalinconstructiontotheunitontheS2000.Thepinionshaftengagesthepiniongearviaatorsionbar,whichtwistsslightlywhenthereisahighamountofsteeringresistance.Theamountoftwistisinproportiontoboththeamountofresistancetowheelturning,andtothesteeringforceapplied.Apinonthetorsionbarengagesadiagonalslotinthesensorcore,whichmovesupordowndependingontheamountoftorsionbartwist,andthedirectionofrotation.Twocoilssurroundingthecoredetectboththeamount,andthedirectionofmovement.Usingthisinformation,theEPScontrolunitdeterminesboththeamountofsteeringassistrequired,andthedirection.Itthensuppliescurrenttothemotorforsteeringassist.Theamountofassistisalsomodifiedinproportiontovehiclespeedtomaintaingoodsteeringfeel.TorqueSensorThetorquesensorisadevicetodetectsteeringturningdirectionandreadresistance.Thesensingsectionofthetorquesensorconsistsoftwocoilsandacore(slider).Thesteeringinputshaftandpiniongearareconnectedviaatorsionbar.Thesliderisengagedwiththepiniongearinawaythatitturnstogetherwiththepiniongearbutcanmovevertically.Aguidepinisprovidedontheinputshaftandthepinisinaslantgrooveontheslider.Whenroadresistanceislow,thesteeringinputshaft,piniongearandsliderturntogetherwithouttheslider'sverticalmovement.Whenroadresistanceishigh,thetorsionbartwistsandcausesadifferenceofsteeringanglebetweentheinputshaftandpiniongear.Inotherwords,theturningangleoftheguidepinandsliderdiffer,andtheguidepinforcestheslidertomoveupwardordownward.SteeringSystemThesteeringsystemmustdeliverprecisedirectionalcontrol.Anditmustdosorequiringlittledrivereffortatthesteeringwheel.Trucksteeringsystemsareeithermanualorpowerassisted,withpowerassistunitsusingeitherhydraulicorairassistsetupstomakesteeringefforteasier.Inadditiontoitsvitalroleinvehiclecontrol,thesteeringsystemiscloselyrelatedtofrontsuspension,axle,andwheel/tirecomponents.Impropersteeringadjustmentcanleadtoalignmentandtirewearproblems.Suspension,axle,andwheelproblemcanaffectsteeringandhanding.Thekeycomponentsthatmakeupthesteeringsystemarethesteeringwheel,steeringcolumn,steeringshaft,steeringgear,pitmanarm,draglink,steeringarm,balljoints,andtie-rodassembly.BallJointsThisball-and-socketassemblyconsistsofaforgedsteelballwithathreadedstudattachedtoit.Asocketshellgripstheball.Theballstudmovesaroundtoprovidethefreedomofmovementneededforvarioussteeringlinkstoaccommodaterelativemotionbetweentheaxleandtheframerailwhenthefrontaxlespringsflex.Aballstudismountedintheendofeachsteeringarmandprovidesthelinkbetweenthedraglinkandthesteeringarm.Tie-RodaseemblyThesteeringarmorlevercontrolsthemovementofthedriver’ssidesteeringknuckle.Theremustbesomemethodoftransferringthissteeringmotiontotheopposite,passengersidesteeringknuckle.Thisisdonethroughtheuseofatie-rodassemblythatlinksthetwosteeringknucklestogetherandforcesthemtoactinunison.Thetie-rodassemblyisalsoealledacrosstube.

轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)是駕駛員按自己的意愿操縱汽車或者卡車，通過轉(zhuǎn)動前輪在路面上實(shí)現(xiàn)左右轉(zhuǎn)動。轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)有兩種形式，機(jī)械式和動力式。1.動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)中增加了一對重要的機(jī)構(gòu)齒輪齒條機(jī)構(gòu)和循環(huán)球機(jī)構(gòu)。2.泵葉片泵為轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)提供液壓動力（見下面的圖表），泵是由汽車的發(fā)動機(jī)通過皮帶傳動的動力而運(yùn)動的。泵的內(nèi)腔中有一組可旋轉(zhuǎn)的葉片當(dāng)葉片快速旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，他們從低壓口內(nèi)吸入液壓油同時(shí)從高壓口排出。油泵提供的流量與汽車的發(fā)動機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速有關(guān)。在發(fā)動機(jī)不轉(zhuǎn)的時(shí)候葉片泵必須提供足夠的油液。結(jié)果，當(dāng)發(fā)動機(jī)以快速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)泵必須提供更多的液壓油。泵里有卸壓裝置來實(shí)現(xiàn)泵里壓力不是太高，尤其在發(fā)動機(jī)高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)油液的進(jìn)出很多時(shí)。3.滑閥駕駛員通過操縱動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)車輪的轉(zhuǎn)向（僅僅當(dāng)開始轉(zhuǎn)動時(shí)）。當(dāng)駕駛員沒有施加壓力時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)是不工作的?；y時(shí)駕駛員在操縱中有路感。旋轉(zhuǎn)的關(guān)鍵是轉(zhuǎn)向軸。轉(zhuǎn)向軸是一個金屬桿，當(dāng)對它施加扭矩時(shí)開始運(yùn)動。當(dāng)駕駛員旋轉(zhuǎn)方向盤時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)向軸傳遞扭矩到車輪，使車輪旋轉(zhuǎn)。駕駛員為了使車輪旋轉(zhuǎn)的角度增大就需要有更大的扭矩。轉(zhuǎn)向閥關(guān)鍵是一根扭力桿。扭力桿是細(xì)金屬桿，在傳遞扭矩是運(yùn)動。扭力桿的頂端被連接到方向盤，而且它的底部被連接到齒輪或蝸桿上(轉(zhuǎn)輪子)，因此，它傳遞的力矩跟駕駛員操縱方向盤所施加的扭矩相等。為了是車輪的轉(zhuǎn)動角度增大就需要增加扭矩。從輸入軸輸入的扭矩部分進(jìn)入伺服閥。并且它連接到扭力桿的最底端。扭力桿的底端連接到伺服閥的外部。在其他的汽車轉(zhuǎn)向中扭力桿也從轉(zhuǎn)向傳動裝置輸出,連接到其他的轉(zhuǎn)向齒輪或蝸桿上。當(dāng)扭力桿旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)它是從伺服閥的內(nèi)部向外部傳遞動力。由于伺服閥的內(nèi)部也連接在轉(zhuǎn)向軸(或直接到方向盤)，在伺服閥的內(nèi)部和外部之間的力矩大小以來于駕駛員作用于方向盤多少轉(zhuǎn)力矩。在伺服閥中的轉(zhuǎn)動方向來自于方向盤的轉(zhuǎn)動。當(dāng)方向盤沒有被旋轉(zhuǎn)的時(shí)候,兩邊的液體是相通的內(nèi)部壓力相當(dāng)。但是當(dāng)它從一個位置旋轉(zhuǎn)到另一個位置時(shí)，內(nèi)部兩端的壓力將會改變。動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)是高效地傳遞動力。讓我們看一看我們在以后怎樣提高轉(zhuǎn)動效率就需要我們來看看最近中她的一些發(fā)展前景。4.未來的動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)由于大多數(shù)汽車的動力轉(zhuǎn)向泵是一直使液體流動，這就浪費(fèi)了動力。浪費(fèi)動力的同時(shí)就是浪費(fèi)燃料。你所能期待就僅僅是去改善燃料的使用經(jīng)濟(jì)性。一種大家夢想的是電控或電磁控制的轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。這些系統(tǒng)會完全地除去方向盤和傳動軸之間的機(jī)械連結(jié),用一個純電子的控制系統(tǒng)來更換它。本質(zhì)上，方向盤會像你能為你的家買計(jì)算機(jī)玩游戲的那一個一樣工作。它將包含告訴駕駛員如何去操縱轉(zhuǎn)向輪，而且動力裝置可以提供給駕駛員反饋感覺到轉(zhuǎn)向器在如何的運(yùn)動。這些感應(yīng)器的輸出會用來控制一個自動化的轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。這將在轉(zhuǎn)向橋和動力裝置間留下足夠的空間。它也會減輕汽車的震動。通用汽車已經(jīng)介紹一輛概念汽車,Hy-wire是轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的代號。GMHy的最令人興奮的事物之一是汽車的電控系統(tǒng)能使汽車在沒有機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的條件下改變方向，它的整套設(shè)施流程都是由計(jì)算機(jī)軟件來控制的。在將來的電控汽車中，你將會很有可能能夠完全地通過按下電控按鈕來控制汽車轉(zhuǎn)向，就像今天大家能調(diào)節(jié)汽車座位的位置一樣簡單。它也可能按照每個人的愛好來裝配合適的電控裝置來協(xié)助駕駛員的操作。在過去五十年中，汽車轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)沒有多大的改變。但是在未來十年中，我們將看到高效迅捷安全的轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)安裝在汽車上。本田汽車選用的是可變齒厚的齒輪電力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置，它明顯要好于液壓動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。一個典型的液壓動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)，即使不需要轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)發(fā)動機(jī)也是在一直運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的。因?yàn)楫?dāng)需要轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)沒有多余的動力來傳遞動力，在運(yùn)動時(shí)就需要電力來提供額外的動力能源來達(dá)到轉(zhuǎn)向的目的。電力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)比機(jī)械式轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)更簡單，操作更可靠。電力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)也被設(shè)計(jì)提供好道路感覺和反饋。電控動力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)部份舍棄