英語四六級(jí)漢譯英之三：找準(zhǔn)主干

16字征服四六級(jí)漢譯英之一：找準(zhǔn)主干忠實(shí)傳達(dá)漢語原意的根本。一、英文句子類型把握英文的主要句子類型，這是找準(zhǔn)并譯好主干的基礎(chǔ)。（一）簡(jiǎn)單句1.主謂結(jié)構(gòu)【【例】各地歡度春節(jié)的習(xí)俗和傳統(tǒng)有很大差異。樣題)參考譯文】CustomsandtraditionsconcerningthecelebrationoftheChineseNewvarywidelyfromplaceplace.【【例】）參考譯文】TheskillsofcookingselectionofingredientsvarywidelyChina.2.主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)【【【【例】樣題）參考譯文】Peopleoftenbeautifytheirhomes例樣題）參考譯文】ordersweepawayillfortuneandbringgoodluck,everyfamilywillthoroughlycleanthehouse.3.主系表結(jié)構(gòu)【【例】聞名于世的絲綢之路是一系列連接?xùn)|西方的路線。參考譯文】Theworld-renownedSilkRoadaseriesofroutesconnectingtheEastandthe【【例】過中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗于唐代早期在中國(guó)各地開始流行。參考譯文】ThecustomofcelebratingMid-AutumnbecamepopularthroughoutChinatheearly4.主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)【【【【例】自然給予我們所需之物。參考譯文】Naturegivesuswhatweneed.例】他把這本書給了他的妹妹。參考譯文】Hegavehissisterthebook.5.主謂賓賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)【【【【例】）參考譯文】Someschoolshaveevenmadeinformationtechnologyarequiredcourse.例】年，聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織(UNESCO)將西湖列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)地。參考譯文】UNESCOmadeaHeritageSite（二）并列句英文并列句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句并列構(gòu)成，通常用and,but,only...butalso等并列連詞進(jìn)行連接?！尽纠坷?，土豪和大媽都是老詞，但已獲取了新的意義。參考譯文】example,Damaarebotholdwords,buttheyhavetakenonnewmeanings.but之后添加，指代前面的“土豪和大媽的主語。【【【例】在中國(guó)，烹飪不僅被視為一種技能，而且也被視為一種藝術(shù)。參考譯文】China,cookingregardednotonlyasaskill,butalsoasanart.（三）主從句從句、賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。.主語從句1【【例】土豪和大媽可能會(huì)被收入新版的《牛津（Oxford）參考譯文】likelythatbothandareincludedintotheneweditiontheOxfordEnglish【解析】譯文采用主語從句。為避免句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語放在句首位置，真正主語擱置于句末，即采用“+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞+that”結(jié)構(gòu)，其中作形式主語?！尽纠浚﹨⒖甲g文】Eithergoodinformationtechnologyhasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic..表語從句例）參考譯文】Asfoodvitalforone’shealth,agoodcooktriesstrikeabalanceamonggrains,andvegetables.ThatwhyChinesefoodbothtastyand2【【【【例】問題是我們?nèi)绾螒?yīng)對(duì)這日漸惡化的環(huán)境。參考譯文】Theproblemhowwecanresponddeterioratingenvironment.賓語從句3.【【【【例）參考譯文】Theyemphasizedthatpeopleshouldgoodbooks,especiallyclassics.例】教改能否成功取決于是否真正踐行素質(zhì)教育這一理念。參考譯文】Thesuccessofeducationalreformdependsonwhetherthenotionofquality-basededucationtrulypracticed.4.定語從句【【【【【例?）參考譯文】liketeaorcoffee?”Thisaquestion(that)dinersareasked.例】）參考譯文】Thisreporthighlightstheissuesthatdeserveourattentionthenextfew例】土豪以前指欺壓佃戶和仆人的鄉(xiāng)村地主，現(xiàn)在用于指花錢如流水或喜歡炫耀財(cái)富）參考譯文】usedreferarurallandlordwholikedbullyhistenantsorservants.【Nowuseddescribeapersonwhospendsmoneythoughtlesslyorwhorichandlikesshowwealth.5.狀語從句【例】：樣題）【參考譯文】AlthoughthecustomsandtraditionsconcerningthecelebrationoftheChineseNewwidelyfromplaceplace,allthefamilymembersusuallyreuniteandenjoytheannualreuniondinnerontheNewEve.【【例】中國(guó)應(yīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展核能，因?yàn)楹穗娔壳爸徽计淇偘l(fā)電量的。參考譯文】Chinashouldfurtherdevelopnuclearbecausenuclearpowercurrentlyaccountsforonly2%oftotalgenerated【（【例）參考譯文】Asfoodvitalforone’shealth,agoodcookalwaystriesstrikeaamonggrains,andvegetables.二、譯文主語的選定與翻譯（一）原文主語的中心名詞充當(dāng)譯文主語原文主語，適時(shí)增補(bǔ)調(diào)整語言要素即可。【【例）參考譯文】Sinceancienttimes,theChinesepeoplehavebeencelebratingharvesttheMid-Autumnfestival.例26】北京計(jì)劃未來三年投資7600億元治理污染，從減少pm2.5：4-06）參考譯文】nextBeijingscheduledinvest760billiontreatingpollution,startingreducing/cuttingdowntheemissionofpm2.5.【1【【【例】longevity參考譯文】Thetraditionalmooncakesbearsuchcharactersas“l(fā)ongevity”,“goodfortune”,or“harmony”.（二）增補(bǔ)主語語態(tài)來翻譯。例】【樣題）參考譯文】Peopleoftenbeautifytheirhomeswithpapercuttings.DuringtheSpring【andweddingcelebrationstheyusepapercuttingsdecoratedoors,windowsandroomsorderenhanceatmosphere.【解析】這里涉及的方法是在被動(dòng)句中，變被動(dòng)為主動(dòng)，譯出實(shí)際施動(dòng)者。為了保持語言詞they指代前一句的主語people。（【【三）原文除主語外的成分充當(dāng)譯文主語例】文藝界的主要斗爭(zhēng)方法之一，是文藝批評(píng)。參考譯文】Literaryandartcriticismoneoftheprincipalmethodsofstruggletheworldofliteratureandart.【將原文表語充當(dāng)譯文主語頭重腳輕的情況。由于英文整體上向右拓展，所以將較短的表語用來充當(dāng)譯文主語，而將原文中較長(zhǎng)的主語置于譯文的末尾，這從根本上順應(yīng)了英文的行文習(xí)慣。【【【例】中國(guó)的海洋資源十分豐富。參考譯文】Chinarichresources.將原文主語或表語的修飾成分調(diào)整為譯文主語Chinasresourcesarerich輕。故可以考慮將原文主語中的修飾中心名詞的成分“中國(guó)”作為譯文主語?！尽纠繛榱吮ＷC經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)、快速、健康地發(fā)展，必須加快國(guó)有企業(yè)的改革步伐。參考譯文】orderensuresustained,rapidsounddevelopmentofthethereformofstate-ownedenterprisesbeaccelerated.將原文賓語作為譯文主語見，通常采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)來翻譯?！荆ㄋ模┪锓Q主語作譯文主語正式和凝練。例】唐代是中國(guó)歷史上對(duì)外交流的活躍期?！尽尽尽緟⒖甲g文】TheDynastysawdynamicinteractionsbetweenChinaothercountries.例】世紀(jì)之交，中國(guó)外交空前活躍。參考譯文】TheturnofthecenturyfoundChinaactiveonthediplomaticarena.詞類轉(zhuǎn)換就成了必須掌握的技巧，特別是動(dòng)詞到名詞的轉(zhuǎn)化。例如，【【例】長(zhǎng)江不斷改道，在這里形成了眾多的湖泊。參考譯文】TheconstantchangeofthecourseoftheRiverhasproducedalotoflakesthisarea.【【【【例】小孩患了重病，讓這家人的經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入了困難。參考譯文】Thecriticalillnessofthechildthrewthewholefamilyintofinancial例】一九六四年十月中國(guó)爆炸了第一顆原子彈，使世界大為震驚。參考譯文】China’satomicblast1964wasagreatshockrestoftheworld.三、譯文謂語的選定與翻譯（一）漢語簡(jiǎn)單句謂語的翻譯方法1．采用動(dòng)詞（短語）這是最常見的翻譯方法，無需贅述?！尽纠克魂P(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。參考譯文】Hewasupprison.2.采用介詞短語之功效。例如，【【【例】地板上剛上了蠟，有點(diǎn)黏腳。參考譯文】Thefloorwasstickywithfreshwax.applythewax“融入其中?！尽尽纠窟@座私家花園散發(fā)著玫瑰的芬芳。參考譯文】Thisprivategardensweetthescentofroses.radiateradiate這個(gè)詞在此處不妥。參考譯文并未按照原文采用主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，轉(zhuǎn)而使用主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，補(bǔ)添sweet來概括花園的狀態(tài)，并用介詞短語表示sweet的原因?！尽尽纠吭撜呤巩?dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民擺脫了貧困，過上了富裕的生活。參考譯文】Thepolicyhasliftedlocalpeasantsoutofpovertyinto“Modestyhelpsonegoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.同理，我們將“地震使他的房子成了廢墟，使他淪為乞Theearthquakereducedhishouseruins,andforcedhimintobegging.語，此處的ruins和intobegging3.采用系動(dòng)詞+形容詞【【【【【【例】地鐵將于今年5月通車。參考譯文】ThesystemwillbeopenMaythis例】主權(quán)問題是不可討論的。參考譯文】Thequestionofsovereigntynotopendiscussion.例】這家商店有很多貨物。參考譯文】Alotofareavailablethisstore.（二）漢語復(fù)句中譯文謂語的選定與翻譯嚴(yán)，符合英文的行文習(xí)慣。1.總體策略：往后看果的順序來安排。【【例】但在有些國(guó)家，房?jī)r(jià)只是在大衰退期間稍有放緩，目前仍然上漲。參考譯文】countries,housepricesarerisingonlyabitofmoderationduringtheGreatRecession.【【例】金融危機(jī)中，各國(guó)央行面對(duì)史無前例的挑戰(zhàn)，對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行了大膽干預(yù)。參考譯文】Duringthefinancialcrisis,thecentralbanksofallnationsboldlyintervenedeconomicactivitiesresponsetheunprecedentedchallenges.2.具體方法A.靜態(tài)從屬于動(dòng)態(tài)句子中，將動(dòng)態(tài)描述的句子作為譯文主句?！尽尽纠克麅?nèi)心充滿著恐懼，站在一座鬼屋的門口。參考譯文】ofhestoodattheofahauntedhouse.解析】此處采用形容詞短語來處理心理狀態(tài)，不必翻譯為“Hewasoffearstood…?！尽纠壳瓚阎鵁o比悲痛的心情，抱著石頭，投汨羅江自殺了。參考譯文】Overwhelmedgrief,QudrownedintoMiluoRiverwithastonehis【為介詞短語置于句尾。譯文主句居于中間，層次分明，結(jié)構(gòu)謹(jǐn)嚴(yán)。B.原因條件方式途徑從屬于結(jié)果目的將原文中表示結(jié)果目的部分的動(dòng)詞作為譯文的主要謂語?！纠浚﹨⒖甲g文】suchagarden,peopleseeaseriesofexquisitelydesigned【landscapesunfoldingthemselveslikethescrollsofaChineselandscapepainting.【句首表示條件。當(dāng)然，本句也可譯為peoplewandersuchagarden,canseeaseriesofexquisitelydesignedlandscapesunfoldingthemselveslikethescrollsofaChineselandscapepainting.【【例】他心地善良，容易相處，樂意幫助他人，是一位很可愛的人。參考譯文】Heaver