第六章建筑施工

土木工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)孫煦東內(nèi)蒙古建筑職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院Chapter6ConstructionEngineering

Extremecareisnecessaryforpreparation,transport,platingandfinishofconcreteinconstructionworks.Itisimportanttonotethatonlyabitofcareandsupervisionmakeagreatdifferencebetweengoodandbadconcrete.

Thefollowingfactorsmaybekeptinmindinconcretingworks.注意到少量的留意和監(jiān)督就會(huì)使混凝土質(zhì)量的好壞產(chǎn)生很大的差異，這一點(diǎn)很重要。混凝土施工中，以下因素應(yīng)當(dāng)緊記。SectionAConstructionofConcreteWorks

（建筑施工）（混凝土工程施工）

極度重視施工過(guò)程中混凝土的準(zhǔn)備、運(yùn)輸、澆筑及澆筑完

成等工作是必需的。Mixing

Themixingofingredientsshallbedoneinamixerasspecifiedinthecontract.Thefollowingsequenceofchargingthemixer

([′miks?]n.攪拌機(jī),攪拌器

)maybeadopted.

攪拌各組成材料應(yīng)當(dāng)按合同中的規(guī)定在攪拌機(jī)中攪拌。應(yīng)當(dāng)參照以下攪拌機(jī)裝料順序。(1)Methodofcharging:◆Fivetotenpercentofthetotalquantityofwaterrequiredformixing,adequatetowetthedrumthoroughly,shallbeintroducedbeforetheotheringredientsinordertopercentanycakingofcementonthebladesorsidesofthemixer.（1）裝料方法：◆在其他組成材料加入之前，用總的攪拌用水量的5%～10%，充分浸濕滾筒，可以降低攪拌葉片和滾筒內(nèi)壁的粘灰率?！鬉lldryingredientsshallbesimultaneouslyrebonnedintothe

mixerinsuchamannerthattheperiodofflowforeachingredientisaboutthesame.Eightytoninetypercentofthetotalquantityofwaterrequiredformixingshallbeaddeduniformlywiththedryingredients..

◆80%～90%的總用水量要與干料均勻地拌合。Theremainingquantityofwatershallbeaddedafteralltheotheringredientsareinthemixer.Cobbles(['k?bl]n.鵝卵石；中礫；圓石)orportionofthecoarseaggregate(粗集料，粗骨料),

howevermaybeaddedlast.◆剩下的水要在所有其他組成材料全部進(jìn)入攪拌機(jī)后加入?！舳咽虼止橇喜糠忠詈蠹尤?。

（2）攪拌時(shí)間攪拌時(shí)間應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循以下要求：(2)timeofmixing:Themixingtimeshallbefollowedasperthefollowing:CapacityofMixerMinimumtimeofmixingNaturalManufacturedAggregateaggregate3cum.Orlarger2minutes21/2minutes2cum11/2minutes2minutes1cum11/4minutes11/2minutesHoweverforsmallmixermachinethetimeofmixingmaybesuitablyadjustedforobtaininghomogeneous([?h?m?u′d?i:nj?s]ad.同種的,同類(lèi)的,相似的；純一的,均質(zhì)的；均勻的)mix.不過(guò)，對(duì)于小型攪拌機(jī)的攪拌時(shí)間要適當(dāng)調(diào)整到能夠攪拌均勻。

HandlingandConveyingThehandling＆conveyingofconcretefromthemixertotheplaceoffinaldepositshallbedoneasrapidlyaspracticableandwithoutanyobjectionableseparationorlossofingredients.Wheneverthelengthofhaulfromthemixingplanttotheplaceofdepositissuchthattheconcrete

unduly

(['?n'dju:li]ad.不適當(dāng)?shù)?過(guò)度地)compactsorsegregates,suitableagitators(['?d?iteit?]n.攪拌器，攪拌機(jī)，攪抖裝置)shallbeinstalledintheconveyingsystem.

Whereconcreteisbeingconveyedonchutes

([∫u:t]n.斜槽；滑槽；險(xiǎn)陡滑道)

oronbelts,thefreefallordropshallbelimitedto5ft.(or150cm.)unlessotherwisepermitted.Theconcreteshallbeplacedinpositionwithin30minutesofitsremovalfromthemixer.裝卸輸送混凝土混凝土從攪拌機(jī)到最終澆筑位置期間的裝卸運(yùn)輸應(yīng)當(dāng)既快又好地完成，混凝土成份沒(méi)有離析或損失。無(wú)論什么時(shí)候，從攪拌設(shè)備到澆筑地點(diǎn)之間的距離，不應(yīng)使混凝土變稠或離析，運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)中要安裝合適的攪拌器。

帶進(jìn)行傳送，除非允許，否則自由下落高度應(yīng)當(dāng)控制在5英尺（或合150cm）。混凝土應(yīng)當(dāng)在30分鐘內(nèi)從攪拌機(jī)運(yùn)送到澆筑地點(diǎn)?；炷翍?yīng)通過(guò)斜槽或輸PlacingConcrete

No

concreteshallbeplaceduntiltheplaceofdeposithasbeenthoroughlyinspectedandapproved,allreinforcement,inserts

([in's?:t]n.插入物；vt.

插入)andembeddedmetalproperlysecurityinpositionandchecked,andformsthoroughlywetted(expectinfreezingweather)oroiled.

Placingshallbecontinuedwithoutavoidableinterruptionwhilethesectioniscompletedorsatisfactoryconstructionjointmade.

澆筑混凝土澆筑混凝土之前，澆筑地點(diǎn)必須經(jīng)過(guò)完全的檢查并經(jīng)允許，所有鋼筋、預(yù)埋件及內(nèi)置金屬恰當(dāng)可靠地安裝到位并經(jīng)檢查合格，模板完全浸濕（冰雪天氣除外）或上油。有間斷地連續(xù)進(jìn)行，澆筑部分完整，或接縫可靠。澆筑混凝土應(yīng)當(dāng)沒(méi)WithinFormsConcreteshallbesystematically([s?st?'m?t?k?l?]ad.系統(tǒng)地，有系統(tǒng)地,有組織地,有條理地)depositedinshallowlayersandatsuchrateastomaintain,untilthecompletionoftheunit,aplasticsurfaceapproximatelyhorizontalthroughout.Eachlayershallbethoroughlycompactedbeforeplacingthesucceedinglayer.Ingeneral,thethicknessoflayersshallnotexceedthefollowinglimits.:

(1)Vibratedmassconcrete45cm.(or18in.)

(2)Handcompactedmassconcrete30cm.(or12in.)

(3)Reinforcedconcrete25cm.(or10in.)

入?；炷翍?yīng)當(dāng)有條理地按薄層澆筑，并保持這種的速度，直到澆筑完整個(gè)單元，整個(gè)單元的塑性表面大約水平。每一層混凝土應(yīng)當(dāng)在后一層澆筑前進(jìn)行壓實(shí)。通常，每一層的厚度不應(yīng)當(dāng)超過(guò)以下控制：（1）振動(dòng)混凝土45cm（或18英尺）（2）人工壓實(shí)混凝土30cm（或12英尺）（3）鋼筋混凝土25cm（或10英尺）Thebatchesshallbedepositedverticallyinsuchamannerastoavoidsegregation([?seɡri'ɡei∫?n]n.隔離，分離，離析偏析，被隔離的部分；

),airpockets,ordamagetootherrecentlyplacedconcrete.

Theconcreteshallnotbecausedtofloworbeworkedalongtheformsforanydistance,butshallbecompactedasclosetothepointofdepositaspracticable.

Wherevernecessary,boththeformsandreinforcementshallbeprotectedagainstsplashing,andallaccumulationsofpartiallyset,fried,orcakedmortarwhichmayimpairthebondorshowinthefinishedfacesshallberemovedandwastedbeforecommencingconcretingoperations.

整批混凝土應(yīng)當(dāng)垂直地澆筑，避免產(chǎn)生離析、氣泡，或?qū)π陆鼭仓幕炷廉a(chǎn)生破壞。動(dòng)（或人為移動(dòng)），盡可能地使其在澆筑位置處壓實(shí)。

施工過(guò)程應(yīng)避免澆筑的混凝土在模板中隨意流中，要避免模板和鋼筋的濺污，澆筑前，模板內(nèi)的砂漿塊等雜物應(yīng)清除干凈，否則澆筑混凝土的粘結(jié)強(qiáng)度和外觀形貌都可以會(huì)受到影響。Compacting

Method。Concreteshallbethoroughlycompactedbymeansofsuitabletoolsduringandimmediatelyafterdepositing.Theconcreteshallbeworkedaroundallreinforcement,embeddedfixtures,andintothecomersoftheforms.Everyprecautionshallbetakentokeepthereinforcementandembeddedmetalinproperpositionandtopreventdistortion.

密實(shí)方法混凝土在澆筑期間或立即在澆筑后利用合適的工具進(jìn)行密實(shí)?；炷翍?yīng)密實(shí)地包裹鋼筋及內(nèi)置夾具，填滿(mǎn)新支設(shè)的模板空間。其變形。要采取措施保證鋼筋和預(yù)埋金屬的準(zhǔn)確位置，以及防止Vibrating。Whereverpracticable,concreteshallbeinternallyvibratedwithintheforms,orinthemass,inordertoincreasetheplasticityastocompacteffectivelytoimprovethesurfacetextureandappearance,andtofacilitateplacingoftheconcrete..

振搗混凝土澆筑過(guò)程中，應(yīng)保證在模板內(nèi)進(jìn)行內(nèi)部振搗,來(lái)增加其可塑性，便于混凝土的澆筑。而有效壓實(shí)則可以改善混凝土表面組織及觀感?；炷恋恼駬v程度及振搗時(shí)間應(yīng)當(dāng)足以使其完全下沉和密實(shí)，不會(huì)發(fā)生任何的連續(xù)層分層或成分的離析。Theintensityanddurationofvibrationshallbesufficienttocausecompletesettlementandcompactionwithoutanystratificationofthesuccessivelayersorseparationofingredients.Preliminaryexperimentsinvibratingshallbeconductedunderactualconditionsofmixandplacementinordertodeterminetheoptimumdurationandmethodofvibration,aswellastodevelopthenecessaryskill.應(yīng)當(dāng)在實(shí)際拌合與澆筑的條件下進(jìn)行初步的振搗試驗(yàn)，以確定振搗的最佳時(shí)間和振搗方法，還可改進(jìn)必要的技能。Vibrationshallbecontinuedtheentirebatchmeltstoauniformappearanceandthesurfacejuststartstoglisten([ɡlisn]

vi.

閃亮,輝耀；n.

閃光,閃耀).Aminutefilmofcementpaste(水泥漿)shallbediscerniblebetweentheconcreteandtheformandaroundthereinforcement.Overvibrationcausingsegregation,unnecessarybleeding(['bli:di?]n.

(瀝青路面)泛油；(水泥混凝土表面)泛漿；凝膠收縮；滲色)orformationoflaitance

(['leit?ns]n.水泥翻沫；浮漿皮；水泥乳；浮漿)shallbeavoided.

振搗應(yīng)持續(xù)到整批混凝土完全混合，外觀均勻且表面開(kāi)始泛光。在混凝土與模板間以及鋼筋周?chē)?，可以看出一薄層水泥漿膜。過(guò)度的振搗會(huì)引起離析、不必要的泌水，或生成浮漿，這些都應(yīng)避免。養(yǎng)護(hù)與成品保護(hù)

應(yīng)當(dāng)保護(hù)全部混凝土，防止損傷。暴露在空氣中的混凝土成品表面至少應(yīng)當(dāng)在澆筑完成后72小時(shí)內(nèi)采取保護(hù)措施，防止由于太陽(yáng)照射引起的受熱和干燥。

CuringandProtectionAllconcreteshallbeprotectedagainstinjury.Exposedfinishedsurfacesofconcreteshallbeprotectedagainstheatinganddryingfromthesunforatleast72hoursafterplacement.Concreteshallingeneral,bekeptcontinuously(notperiodically)moistfornotlessthan14days.Constructionjointsshallbecuredinthesamewayasotherconcreteandshallalso,ifpracticable,bekeptmoistforatleast72hourspriortotheplacingofadditionalconcreteuponthejoint.

通常，混凝土應(yīng)當(dāng)持續(xù)（非階段性）保持潮濕，不少于14天。同其它混凝土一樣，施工縫應(yīng)當(dāng)以同樣的方法進(jìn)行養(yǎng)護(hù)，如果有可能，在澆筑施工縫另外部分另外部分混凝土前，至少應(yīng)保持潮濕狀態(tài)72小時(shí)。

砂或布袋覆蓋層最后要全部取走。水養(yǎng)護(hù)用于所有大壩混凝土，通過(guò)噴霧器或?yàn)⑺?chē)來(lái)覆蓋混凝土全部表面。

Horizontalandapproximatelyhorizontalsurfacesshallbecuredbysprinklingorbycoveringwithdampsand,orbytheuseofwetsackswhichsatisfactorilyretaintherequiredamountofwaterforcuringpurposes.Wheredampsandorsackcoverisusedforcuring,itshallbecompletelyremovedlater.Watercuringshallbeusedonallconcreteindamsandshallbeappliedbymeansofsprayorsprinklerstocovertheentireareaoftheconcrete.

表面為水平或近似水平的混凝土，是通過(guò)灑水或覆蓋濕砂進(jìn)行養(yǎng)護(hù)的，或利用含要求數(shù)量水的濕布袋進(jìn)行養(yǎng)護(hù)。養(yǎng)護(hù)用的濕

Formsshallbekeptsprinkleduntilremoval.Concreteshallnotbedisturbedbyworkmenwalkingonitorbystoringmaterialsonthesurfaceorotherwiseforatleast10hoursafterplacing.至少在澆筑完10小時(shí)后，工人才可以在上面走動(dòng)，表面才可堆放材料。Inspecialcases,suchaspowerhouses,theuseofanapproved,properly-appliedsealingcompoundonlimitedareasshallbepermitted.Thecuringcompoundshallbeofthesurfacemembranetypewhichshallthoroughlysealtheconcretesurface.Curingcompoundshallnotbeusedonjointswherebondingisrequired.

在一些特殊情況下，如發(fā)電廠的混凝土施工，在一定范圍內(nèi)適當(dāng)使用經(jīng)過(guò)許可的密封劑是可以的。表層膜式的養(yǎng)護(hù)劑將完全密封混凝土表面。需要結(jié)合的施工縫處不得使用養(yǎng)護(hù)劑。

Theconcretesurfaceshallbethoroughlywettedbeforeapplyingthecompound.Allsurfacescoveredwithcuringcompoundshallbeprotectedfromtrafficorinjuryofthesealingcoatuntilexpirationofthecuringperiod.Allmethodsusedforcuringshallleavetheconcretefreefromanydiscolourationordamagetotheconcrete.在使用養(yǎng)護(hù)劑之前混凝土表面要完全濕潤(rùn)。要保護(hù)涂有養(yǎng)護(hù)劑的混凝土表面，防止在養(yǎng)護(hù)期期滿(mǎn)之前通行或密封層受損。所有養(yǎng)護(hù)方法都將使混凝土免遭污染和破壞。

ExercisesⅠ.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext.1.Itisimportant________notethatonlyabitofcareandsupervisionmakea________difference________goodandbadconcrete.2.Thehandling＆conveying________concrete________hemixer________theplace________finaldepositshallbedoneasrapidlyaspracticableand________anyobjectionableseparationorlossofingredients.3.Thebatchesshallbe________verticallyinsuchamannerastoavoid________,________,ordamagetootherrecently________concrete.

to

greatbetween

offrom

to

ofwithout

deposited

segregationairpockets

placed

Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingpassagesfromEnglishintoChinese.Theconcreteproductioniscomposedbymanyconnectedpartsincludingtheaggregatequarry,batchingplants,deliverytruckmixers,concretepumpsandsoon.Everypartinvolveconcreteworkslikesagroupofringsconnectedwitheachother.Incaseanyringgoeswrongintroubleitwithaffectallconcreteworks.Sothecoordinationforconcreteworksisveryimportant.混凝土施工有很多環(huán)節(jié)，它包括骨料場(chǎng)、攪拌站、運(yùn)送罐車(chē)和混凝土泵等。每個(gè)過(guò)程都像一條鏈中的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，一旦其中任一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題都會(huì)影響到整個(gè)混凝土施工，所以各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)之中的協(xié)調(diào)是很重要的。

Otherproblemsaretheselectionofelectricalandmechanicalequipmentandthedesignofstructuralfeaturesforconcretematerialprocessingandmixingplantsandforcompressedair,water,andelectricaldistributionsystems.其它的問(wèn)題是選擇電氣與機(jī)械設(shè)備和具體設(shè)計(jì)混凝土原料加工與攪拌廠以及壓縮空氣、配水、配電系統(tǒng)。

IntroductionTheactivitiesinvolvedinconstructionprojectswherethemagnitudeoftheworkisonalargescale,speedyworkandtimelycompletionofworkwithqualitycontrolareveryvital.Inordertoachievethis,mechanizationofworkhastobedone,whereconstructionmachinery&equipmentplayapivotalrole.Theneedformechanizationarisesduetothefollowingreasons:

SectionBConstructionEquipment（施工設(shè)備）

大型施工項(xiàng)目的施工能夠在滿(mǎn)足質(zhì)量要求條件下快速、按時(shí)完成是非常重要的。為達(dá)到此要求，必需要使用機(jī)械設(shè)備，施工機(jī)械設(shè)備，施工機(jī)械及設(shè)備在這種場(chǎng)合下發(fā)揮非常重要的作用。對(duì)施工機(jī)械需求不斷增長(zhǎng)的主要取決于如下因素：◆Magnitude&complexityoftheProject

項(xiàng)目的規(guī)模大小及復(fù)雜程度◆Projectsinvolvinglargequantitiesofmaterialhandling.

大量建筑材料的裝運(yùn)◆Complexityofprojectsusinghighgradematerials.

使用高級(jí)材料項(xiàng)目的復(fù)雜程度.

高質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn).

◆Highqualitystandards.

◆Importanceofkeepingthetimeschedules..

保證工期的重要程度.

◆Optimumuseofmaterial,manpowerandfinance

最佳使用材料、人員及資金情況.

缺少技術(shù)好、勞動(dòng)效率高的工作人員◆Shortageofskilledandefficientmanpower..

Properuseofappropriateequipmentcontributestoeconomy,quality,safety,speedandtimelycompletionoftheproject.Constructionequipmentisanimportantpartofanyconstructionprocess.Itisnotalwaysdesirableorpossibleforthecontractortoowneachandeverytypeofconstructionequipmentrequiredfortheproject.Consideringthevariousaspectsoftheutilityofparticularequipment,thecontractorhastoeconomicallyjustifywhethertopurchasetheequipmentortohireit.Theamountinvestedinthepurchaseofequipmentshouldberecoveredduringtheusefulperiodofsuchequipment.設(shè)備在建造過(guò)程中是重要的組成部分。通常不要求承包方自己擁有各種項(xiàng)目所需要的施工設(shè)備，考慮到特殊設(shè)備實(shí)用性等諸多方面，承包商必須要從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度考慮，該設(shè)備是購(gòu)買(mǎi)還是租賃。恰當(dāng)使用合適的設(shè)備有益于項(xiàng)目經(jīng)濟(jì)、保質(zhì)、安全、較快地按時(shí)完成。施工投資購(gòu)買(mǎi)設(shè)備的數(shù)量應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮這種設(shè)備在使用期內(nèi)能夠收回成本。

EquipmentSelection

Oneofthemostimportanttasksinthepre-construtionplaningprocessisequipmentselection.Therearemanyvariablestoconsiderwhenselectingequipment.Followingfactorsshouldbeconsideredatthetimeofselectingconstructionequipment:

設(shè)備選擇

在施工準(zhǔn)備階段，設(shè)備的選擇是最重要的任務(wù)之一。考慮什么時(shí)候選擇設(shè)備有許多因素。在選擇設(shè)備時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮以下因素：◆TheEquipmentshouldbestandardequipmentifpossible.

設(shè)備應(yīng)當(dāng)盡可能是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)備；◆Itshouldgivethebestserviceatlowcost.

該設(shè)備應(yīng)當(dāng)以較低的成本提供最好的服務(wù)；◆Itsunitcostofproductionshouldbemoderate.產(chǎn)品的單位成本應(yīng)當(dāng)適中

◆Itshouldbeeasilyrepairablewithlowshutdownperiod（停工期）.容易修理且停機(jī)時(shí)間短；◆Itshouldbeeasilydisposedoff.應(yīng)當(dāng)容易處理掉；◆Itshouldsuitthemajorityoftherequirementsofthejob.性能應(yīng)當(dāng)符合大部分施工作業(yè)的要求；具有多功能

◆Itshouldbecapableofdoingmorethanonefunction

◆Itshouldbeofmoderatesize,astheyhavefewermovingpartsandhavelowworkingcost.由于移動(dòng)部分較少、工作成本較低，設(shè)備尺寸應(yīng)當(dāng)適中。

Consideringtheabove,onecaneitherpurchaseorhiretheequipment.Iftheequipmentistobeusedfrequentlyandforalongdurationoftimeontheproject,itprovestobeeconomicaltopurchasetheequipment.Onthecontrary,iftheequipmentistobeusedoccasionallyandforashortdurationoftimeontheproject,itprovestobeeconomicaltogetithired.

針對(duì)以上因素，人們選擇購(gòu)買(mǎi)或者是租賃設(shè)備。如果某設(shè)備經(jīng)常使用，或者是在項(xiàng)目中使用較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，則購(gòu)買(mǎi)設(shè)備證明比較經(jīng)濟(jì)。相反，如果設(shè)備偶爾使用，或在項(xiàng)目中使用時(shí)間很短，則則租賃設(shè)備變得比較經(jīng)濟(jì)。

Itiscustomarytoclassifyconstructionmachinesinaccordancewiththeirfunctionssuchashoisting（[′h?isti?]n.起重；adj.提升

）

,excavating（挖掘,挖取）

,hauling（搬運(yùn),運(yùn)輸）,grading（[′greidi?]

n.等級(jí)，分階段，坡度緩和）,paving（[′peivi?]n.鋪面，鋪砌）,drilling（[′drili?]n.演練，鉆孔）,orpiledriving.

Therehavebeenfewchangesformanyyearsinthebasictypesofmachinesavailableforspecificjobs,andfewinthebasicconfigurations（

[k?n.figju′rei??n]n.結(jié)構(gòu)，布局，形態(tài)；[計(jì)算機(jī)]配置）

ofthosethathavelongbeenavailable.

通常施工機(jī)械按照其功能進(jìn)行分類(lèi)，如提升、挖掘、搬運(yùn)、平整、鋪路、鉆孔，或打樁。多年來(lái)，用于特定工作的機(jī)械的基本種類(lèi)以及那些使用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間機(jī)械的配置基本沒(méi)有變化。

TypeofConstructionEquipments（施工機(jī)械的種類(lèi)）

Designemphasisfornewmachinesisonmodificationsthatincreasespeed,efficiency,andaccuracy(particularlythroughmoresophisticatedcontrols);thatimproveoperatorcomfortandsafety;andthatprotectthepublicthroughsoundattenuationandemissioncontrol.Theselectionofamachineforaspecificjobismainlyaquestionofeconomicsanddependsprimarilyontheabilityofthemachinetocompletethejobefficiently,andsecondarilyonitsavailability.對(duì)于新型施工機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)，則強(qiáng)調(diào)在速度、效率以及精確度（尤其通過(guò)先進(jìn)技術(shù)控制）上加以改進(jìn)，并且在改善操作人員舒適度和安全性，以及消音和排放控制等保護(hù)公眾健康方面也要加以改進(jìn)。為某項(xiàng)具體工作而選擇機(jī)械是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)問(wèn)題，首先取決于有效完成工作的機(jī)械設(shè)備的能力，其次取決于該設(shè)備的可利用性。

Earth-movingmachines.

Theequipmentusedinheavyconstruction,especiallycivilengineeringprojects,whichoftenrequirethemovingofmillionsofcubicmetersofearth.Theremovalofearthormaterialfromthebottomsofbodiesofwaterisperformedbydredges.土方機(jī)械大型工程中尤其是那些需要經(jīng)常移動(dòng)數(shù)百萬(wàn)方土方的土木工程施工項(xiàng)目中使用的一種設(shè)備，從水底挖土或其他材料，需要由挖泥船來(lái)完成。Theprimaryearth-movingmachineistheheavy-dutytractor(重型拖拉機(jī))

,which,whenfittedwithendless(

['endlis]adj.無(wú)止境的，沒(méi)完沒(méi)了的

)tracks([tr?k]n.小路，跑道，軌道，蹤跡；慣例，常規(guī)；vt.&vi.

跟蹤，追蹤)

togripthegroundandwithalarge,movableblade([bleid]n.刀鋒，刀口)attachedinfront,iscalledabulldozer(['buld?uz?]n.推土機(jī))

.Bulldozersareusedtoclearbrushordebris(['debriz]n.碎片，殘駭)

,removeboulders(['b?uld?]n.大圓石),andlevelground.主要的挖土機(jī)械是重型拖拉機(jī)，當(dāng)其裝備夾緊地面的環(huán)狀履帶，前部安裝可移動(dòng)的鏟刀時(shí)，就成了推土機(jī)。推土機(jī)用來(lái)清理碎屑、移動(dòng)礫石和平整地面的。

Ascraperisamachinethatmaybepulledbyatractorormaybeself-powered.Itconsistsofabladeandaboxorcontainer.Dirtisscrapedbythebladeintothecontainer;thedirtmaythenbereleasedsoastoformanevenlayerofapredeterminedthickness,orbecarriedofffordisposalelsewhere.Scrapersareusedtolevelland,asinroadconstruction.

鏟運(yùn)機(jī)是一種由拖拉機(jī)