第六章建筑施工

土木工程專業(yè)英語孫煦東內蒙古建筑職業(yè)技術學院Chapter6ConstructionEngineering

Extremecareisnecessaryforpreparation,transport,platingandfinishofconcreteinconstructionworks.Itisimportanttonotethatonlyabitofcareandsupervisionmakeagreatdifferencebetweengoodandbadconcrete.

Thefollowingfactorsmaybekeptinmindinconcretingworks.注意到少量的留意和監(jiān)督就會使混凝土質量的好壞產(chǎn)生很大的差異，這一點很重要。混凝土施工中，以下因素應當緊記。SectionAConstructionofConcreteWorks

（建筑施工）（混凝土工程施工）

極度重視施工過程中混凝土的準備、運輸、澆筑及澆筑完

成等工作是必需的。Mixing

Themixingofingredientsshallbedoneinamixerasspecifiedinthecontract.Thefollowingsequenceofchargingthemixer

([′miks?]n.攪拌機,攪拌器

)maybeadopted.

攪拌各組成材料應當按合同中的規(guī)定在攪拌機中攪拌。應當參照以下攪拌機裝料順序。(1)Methodofcharging:◆Fivetotenpercentofthetotalquantityofwaterrequiredformixing,adequatetowetthedrumthoroughly,shallbeintroducedbeforetheotheringredientsinordertopercentanycakingofcementonthebladesorsidesofthemixer.（1）裝料方法：◆在其他組成材料加入之前，用總的攪拌用水量的5%～10%，充分浸濕滾筒，可以降低攪拌葉片和滾筒內壁的粘灰率?！鬉lldryingredientsshallbesimultaneouslyrebonnedintothe

mixerinsuchamannerthattheperiodofflowforeachingredientisaboutthesame.Eightytoninetypercentofthetotalquantityofwaterrequiredformixingshallbeaddeduniformlywiththedryingredients..

◆80%～90%的總用水量要與干料均勻地拌合。Theremainingquantityofwatershallbeaddedafteralltheotheringredientsareinthemixer.Cobbles(['k?bl]n.鵝卵石；中礫；圓石)orportionofthecoarseaggregate(粗集料，粗骨料),

howevermaybeaddedlast.◆剩下的水要在所有其他組成材料全部進入攪拌機后加入?！舳咽虼止橇喜糠忠詈蠹尤?。

（2）攪拌時間攪拌時間應當遵循以下要求：(2)timeofmixing:Themixingtimeshallbefollowedasperthefollowing:CapacityofMixerMinimumtimeofmixingNaturalManufacturedAggregateaggregate3cum.Orlarger2minutes21/2minutes2cum11/2minutes2minutes1cum11/4minutes11/2minutesHoweverforsmallmixermachinethetimeofmixingmaybesuitablyadjustedforobtaininghomogeneous([?h?m?u′d?i:nj?s]ad.同種的,同類的,相似的；純一的,均質的；均勻的)mix.不過，對于小型攪拌機的攪拌時間要適當調整到能夠攪拌均勻。

HandlingandConveyingThehandling＆conveyingofconcretefromthemixertotheplaceoffinaldepositshallbedoneasrapidlyaspracticableandwithoutanyobjectionableseparationorlossofingredients.Wheneverthelengthofhaulfromthemixingplanttotheplaceofdepositissuchthattheconcrete

unduly

(['?n'dju:li]ad.不適當?shù)?過度地)compactsorsegregates,suitableagitators(['?d?iteit?]n.攪拌器，攪拌機，攪抖裝置)shallbeinstalledintheconveyingsystem.

Whereconcreteisbeingconveyedonchutes

([∫u:t]n.斜槽；滑槽；險陡滑道)

oronbelts,thefreefallordropshallbelimitedto5ft.(or150cm.)unlessotherwisepermitted.Theconcreteshallbeplacedinpositionwithin30minutesofitsremovalfromthemixer.裝卸輸送混凝土混凝土從攪拌機到最終澆筑位置期間的裝卸運輸應當既快又好地完成，混凝土成份沒有離析或損失。無論什么時候，從攪拌設備到澆筑地點之間的距離，不應使混凝土變稠或離析，運輸系統(tǒng)中要安裝合適的攪拌器。

帶進行傳送，除非允許，否則自由下落高度應當控制在5英尺（或合150cm）?；炷翍斣?0分鐘內從攪拌機運送到澆筑地點?；炷翍ㄟ^斜槽或輸PlacingConcrete

No

concreteshallbeplaceduntiltheplaceofdeposithasbeenthoroughlyinspectedandapproved,allreinforcement,inserts

([in's?:t]n.插入物；vt.

插入)andembeddedmetalproperlysecurityinpositionandchecked,andformsthoroughlywetted(expectinfreezingweather)oroiled.

Placingshallbecontinuedwithoutavoidableinterruptionwhilethesectioniscompletedorsatisfactoryconstructionjointmade.

澆筑混凝土澆筑混凝土之前，澆筑地點必須經(jīng)過完全的檢查并經(jīng)允許，所有鋼筋、預埋件及內置金屬恰當可靠地安裝到位并經(jīng)檢查合格，模板完全浸濕（冰雪天氣除外）或上油。有間斷地連續(xù)進行，澆筑部分完整，或接縫可靠。澆筑混凝土應當沒WithinFormsConcreteshallbesystematically([s?st?'m?t?k?l?]ad.系統(tǒng)地，有系統(tǒng)地,有組織地,有條理地)depositedinshallowlayersandatsuchrateastomaintain,untilthecompletionoftheunit,aplasticsurfaceapproximatelyhorizontalthroughout.Eachlayershallbethoroughlycompactedbeforeplacingthesucceedinglayer.Ingeneral,thethicknessoflayersshallnotexceedthefollowinglimits.:

(1)Vibratedmassconcrete45cm.(or18in.)

(2)Handcompactedmassconcrete30cm.(or12in.)

(3)Reinforcedconcrete25cm.(or10in.)

入?；炷翍斢袟l理地按薄層澆筑，并保持這種的速度，直到澆筑完整個單元，整個單元的塑性表面大約水平。每一層混凝土應當在后一層澆筑前進行壓實。通常，每一層的厚度不應當超過以下控制：（1）振動混凝土45cm（或18英尺）（2）人工壓實混凝土30cm（或12英尺）（3）鋼筋混凝土25cm（或10英尺）Thebatchesshallbedepositedverticallyinsuchamannerastoavoidsegregation([?seɡri'ɡei∫?n]n.隔離，分離，離析偏析，被隔離的部分；

),airpockets,ordamagetootherrecentlyplacedconcrete.

Theconcreteshallnotbecausedtofloworbeworkedalongtheformsforanydistance,butshallbecompactedasclosetothepointofdepositaspracticable.

Wherevernecessary,boththeformsandreinforcementshallbeprotectedagainstsplashing,andallaccumulationsofpartiallyset,fried,orcakedmortarwhichmayimpairthebondorshowinthefinishedfacesshallberemovedandwastedbeforecommencingconcretingoperations.

整批混凝土應當垂直地澆筑，避免產(chǎn)生離析、氣泡，或對新近澆筑的混凝土產(chǎn)生破壞。動（或人為移動），盡可能地使其在澆筑位置處壓實。

施工過程應避免澆筑的混凝土在模板中隨意流中，要避免模板和鋼筋的濺污，澆筑前，模板內的砂漿塊等雜物應清除干凈，否則澆筑混凝土的粘結強度和外觀形貌都可以會受到影響。Compacting

Method。Concreteshallbethoroughlycompactedbymeansofsuitabletoolsduringandimmediatelyafterdepositing.Theconcreteshallbeworkedaroundallreinforcement,embeddedfixtures,andintothecomersoftheforms.Everyprecautionshallbetakentokeepthereinforcementandembeddedmetalinproperpositionandtopreventdistortion.

密實方法混凝土在澆筑期間或立即在澆筑后利用合適的工具進行密實?；炷翍軐嵉匕摻罴皟戎脢A具，填滿新支設的模板空間。其變形。要采取措施保證鋼筋和預埋金屬的準確位置，以及防止Vibrating。Whereverpracticable,concreteshallbeinternallyvibratedwithintheforms,orinthemass,inordertoincreasetheplasticityastocompacteffectivelytoimprovethesurfacetextureandappearance,andtofacilitateplacingoftheconcrete..

振搗混凝土澆筑過程中，應保證在模板內進行內部振搗,來增加其可塑性，便于混凝土的澆筑。而有效壓實則可以改善混凝土表面組織及觀感?；炷恋恼駬v程度及振搗時間應當足以使其完全下沉和密實，不會發(fā)生任何的連續(xù)層分層或成分的離析。Theintensityanddurationofvibrationshallbesufficienttocausecompletesettlementandcompactionwithoutanystratificationofthesuccessivelayersorseparationofingredients.Preliminaryexperimentsinvibratingshallbeconductedunderactualconditionsofmixandplacementinordertodeterminetheoptimumdurationandmethodofvibration,aswellastodevelopthenecessaryskill.應當在實際拌合與澆筑的條件下進行初步的振搗試驗，以確定振搗的最佳時間和振搗方法，還可改進必要的技能。Vibrationshallbecontinuedtheentirebatchmeltstoauniformappearanceandthesurfacejuststartstoglisten([ɡlisn]

vi.

閃亮,輝耀；n.

閃光,閃耀).Aminutefilmofcementpaste(水泥漿)shallbediscerniblebetweentheconcreteandtheformandaroundthereinforcement.Overvibrationcausingsegregation,unnecessarybleeding(['bli:di?]n.

(瀝青路面)泛油；(水泥混凝土表面)泛漿；凝膠收縮；滲色)orformationoflaitance

(['leit?ns]n.水泥翻沫；浮漿皮；水泥乳；浮漿)shallbeavoided.

振搗應持續(xù)到整批混凝土完全混合，外觀均勻且表面開始泛光。在混凝土與模板間以及鋼筋周圍，可以看出一薄層水泥漿膜。過度的振搗會引起離析、不必要的泌水，或生成浮漿，這些都應避免。養(yǎng)護與成品保護

應當保護全部混凝土，防止損傷。暴露在空氣中的混凝土成品表面至少應當在澆筑完成后72小時內采取保護措施，防止由于太陽照射引起的受熱和干燥。

CuringandProtectionAllconcreteshallbeprotectedagainstinjury.Exposedfinishedsurfacesofconcreteshallbeprotectedagainstheatinganddryingfromthesunforatleast72hoursafterplacement.Concreteshallingeneral,bekeptcontinuously(notperiodically)moistfornotlessthan14days.Constructionjointsshallbecuredinthesamewayasotherconcreteandshallalso,ifpracticable,bekeptmoistforatleast72hourspriortotheplacingofadditionalconcreteuponthejoint.

通常，混凝土應當持續(xù)（非階段性）保持潮濕，不少于14天。同其它混凝土一樣，施工縫應當以同樣的方法進行養(yǎng)護，如果有可能，在澆筑施工縫另外部分另外部分混凝土前，至少應保持潮濕狀態(tài)72小時。

砂或布袋覆蓋層最后要全部取走。水養(yǎng)護用于所有大壩混凝土，通過噴霧器或灑水車來覆蓋混凝土全部表面。

Horizontalandapproximatelyhorizontalsurfacesshallbecuredbysprinklingorbycoveringwithdampsand,orbytheuseofwetsackswhichsatisfactorilyretaintherequiredamountofwaterforcuringpurposes.Wheredampsandorsackcoverisusedforcuring,itshallbecompletelyremovedlater.Watercuringshallbeusedonallconcreteindamsandshallbeappliedbymeansofsprayorsprinklerstocovertheentireareaoftheconcrete.

表面為水平或近似水平的混凝土，是通過灑水或覆蓋濕砂進行養(yǎng)護的，或利用含要求數(shù)量水的濕布袋進行養(yǎng)護。養(yǎng)護用的濕

Formsshallbekeptsprinkleduntilremoval.Concreteshallnotbedisturbedbyworkmenwalkingonitorbystoringmaterialsonthesurfaceorotherwiseforatleast10hoursafterplacing.至少在澆筑完10小時后，工人才可以在上面走動，表面才可堆放材料。Inspecialcases,suchaspowerhouses,theuseofanapproved,properly-appliedsealingcompoundonlimitedareasshallbepermitted.Thecuringcompoundshallbeofthesurfacemembranetypewhichshallthoroughlysealtheconcretesurface.Curingcompoundshallnotbeusedonjointswherebondingisrequired.

在一些特殊情況下，如發(fā)電廠的混凝土施工，在一定范圍內適當使用經(jīng)過許可的密封劑是可以的。表層膜式的養(yǎng)護劑將完全密封混凝土表面。需要結合的施工縫處不得使用養(yǎng)護劑。

Theconcretesurfaceshallbethoroughlywettedbeforeapplyingthecompound.Allsurfacescoveredwithcuringcompoundshallbeprotectedfromtrafficorinjuryofthesealingcoatuntilexpirationofthecuringperiod.Allmethodsusedforcuringshallleavetheconcretefreefromanydiscolourationordamagetotheconcrete.在使用養(yǎng)護劑之前混凝土表面要完全濕潤。要保護涂有養(yǎng)護劑的混凝土表面，防止在養(yǎng)護期期滿之前通行或密封層受損。所有養(yǎng)護方法都將使混凝土免遭污染和破壞。

ExercisesⅠ.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext.1.Itisimportant________notethatonlyabitofcareandsupervisionmakea________difference________goodandbadconcrete.2.Thehandling＆conveying________concrete________hemixer________theplace________finaldepositshallbedoneasrapidlyaspracticableand________anyobjectionableseparationorlossofingredients.3.Thebatchesshallbe________verticallyinsuchamannerastoavoid________,________,ordamagetootherrecently________concrete.

to

greatbetween

offrom

to

ofwithout

deposited

segregationairpockets

placed

Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingpassagesfromEnglishintoChinese.Theconcreteproductioniscomposedbymanyconnectedpartsincludingtheaggregatequarry,batchingplants,deliverytruckmixers,concretepumpsandsoon.Everypartinvolveconcreteworkslikesagroupofringsconnectedwitheachother.Incaseanyringgoeswrongintroubleitwithaffectallconcreteworks.Sothecoordinationforconcreteworksisveryimportant.混凝土施工有很多環(huán)節(jié)，它包括骨料場、攪拌站、運送罐車和混凝土泵等。每個過程都像一條鏈中的一個環(huán)節(jié)，一旦其中任一個環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)問題都會影響到整個混凝土施工，所以各個環(huán)節(jié)之中的協(xié)調是很重要的。

Otherproblemsaretheselectionofelectricalandmechanicalequipmentandthedesignofstructuralfeaturesforconcretematerialprocessingandmixingplantsandforcompressedair,water,andelectricaldistributionsystems.其它的問題是選擇電氣與機械設備和具體設計混凝土原料加工與攪拌廠以及壓縮空氣、配水、配電系統(tǒng)。

IntroductionTheactivitiesinvolvedinconstructionprojectswherethemagnitudeoftheworkisonalargescale,speedyworkandtimelycompletionofworkwithqualitycontrolareveryvital.Inordertoachievethis,mechanizationofworkhastobedone,whereconstructionmachinery&equipmentplayapivotalrole.Theneedformechanizationarisesduetothefollowingreasons:

SectionBConstructionEquipment（施工設備）

大型施工項目的施工能夠在滿足質量要求條件下快速、按時完成是非常重要的。為達到此要求，必需要使用機械設備，施工機械設備，施工機械及設備在這種場合下發(fā)揮非常重要的作用。對施工機械需求不斷增長的主要取決于如下因素：◆Magnitude&complexityoftheProject

項目的規(guī)模大小及復雜程度◆Projectsinvolvinglargequantitiesofmaterialhandling.

大量建筑材料的裝運◆Complexityofprojectsusinghighgradematerials.

使用高級材料項目的復雜程度.

高質量標準.

◆Highqualitystandards.

◆Importanceofkeepingthetimeschedules..

保證工期的重要程度.

◆Optimumuseofmaterial,manpowerandfinance

最佳使用材料、人員及資金情況.

缺少技術好、勞動效率高的工作人員◆Shortageofskilledandefficientmanpower..

Properuseofappropriateequipmentcontributestoeconomy,quality,safety,speedandtimelycompletionoftheproject.Constructionequipmentisanimportantpartofanyconstructionprocess.Itisnotalwaysdesirableorpossibleforthecontractortoowneachandeverytypeofconstructionequipmentrequiredfortheproject.Consideringthevariousaspectsoftheutilityofparticularequipment,thecontractorhastoeconomicallyjustifywhethertopurchasetheequipmentortohireit.Theamountinvestedinthepurchaseofequipmentshouldberecoveredduringtheusefulperiodofsuchequipment.設備在建造過程中是重要的組成部分。通常不要求承包方自己擁有各種項目所需要的施工設備，考慮到特殊設備實用性等諸多方面，承包商必須要從經(jīng)濟角度考慮，該設備是購買還是租賃。恰當使用合適的設備有益于項目經(jīng)濟、保質、安全、較快地按時完成。施工投資購買設備的數(shù)量應當考慮這種設備在使用期內能夠收回成本。

EquipmentSelection

Oneofthemostimportanttasksinthepre-construtionplaningprocessisequipmentselection.Therearemanyvariablestoconsiderwhenselectingequipment.Followingfactorsshouldbeconsideredatthetimeofselectingconstructionequipment:

設備選擇

在施工準備階段，設備的選擇是最重要的任務之一。考慮什么時候選擇設備有許多因素。在選擇設備時應當考慮以下因素：◆TheEquipmentshouldbestandardequipmentifpossible.

設備應當盡可能是標準設備；◆Itshouldgivethebestserviceatlowcost.

該設備應當以較低的成本提供最好的服務；◆Itsunitcostofproductionshouldbemoderate.產(chǎn)品的單位成本應當適中

◆Itshouldbeeasilyrepairablewithlowshutdownperiod（停工期）.容易修理且停機時間短；◆Itshouldbeeasilydisposedoff.應當容易處理掉；◆Itshouldsuitthemajorityoftherequirementsofthejob.性能應當符合大部分施工作業(yè)的要求；具有多功能

◆Itshouldbecapableofdoingmorethanonefunction

◆Itshouldbeofmoderatesize,astheyhavefewermovingpartsandhavelowworkingcost.由于移動部分較少、工作成本較低，設備尺寸應當適中。

Consideringtheabove,onecaneitherpurchaseorhiretheequipment.Iftheequipmentistobeusedfrequentlyandforalongdurationoftimeontheproject,itprovestobeeconomicaltopurchasetheequipment.Onthecontrary,iftheequipmentistobeusedoccasionallyandforashortdurationoftimeontheproject,itprovestobeeconomicaltogetithired.

針對以上因素，人們選擇購買或者是租賃設備。如果某設備經(jīng)常使用，或者是在項目中使用較長時間，則購買設備證明比較經(jīng)濟。相反，如果設備偶爾使用，或在項目中使用時間很短，則則租賃設備變得比較經(jīng)濟。

Itiscustomarytoclassifyconstructionmachinesinaccordancewiththeirfunctionssuchashoisting（[′h?isti?]n.起重；adj.提升

）

,excavating（挖掘,挖?。?/p>

,hauling（搬運,運輸）,grading（[′greidi?]

n.等級，分階段，坡度緩和）,paving（[′peivi?]n.鋪面，鋪砌）,drilling（[′drili?]n.演練，鉆孔）,orpiledriving.

Therehavebeenfewchangesformanyyearsinthebasictypesofmachinesavailableforspecificjobs,andfewinthebasicconfigurations（

[k?n.figju′rei??n]n.結構，布局，形態(tài)；[計算機]配置）

ofthosethathavelongbeenavailable.

通常施工機械按照其功能進行分類，如提升、挖掘、搬運、平整、鋪路、鉆孔，或打樁。多年來，用于特定工作的機械的基本種類以及那些使用了很長時間機械的配置基本沒有變化。

TypeofConstructionEquipments（施工機械的種類）

Designemphasisfornewmachinesisonmodificationsthatincreasespeed,efficiency,andaccuracy(particularlythroughmoresophisticatedcontrols);thatimproveoperatorcomfortandsafety;andthatprotectthepublicthroughsoundattenuationandemissioncontrol.Theselectionofamachineforaspecificjobismainlyaquestionofeconomicsanddependsprimarilyontheabilityofthemachinetocompletethejobefficiently,andsecondarilyonitsavailability.對于新型施工機械的設計，則強調在速度、效率以及精確度（尤其通過先進技術控制）上加以改進，并且在改善操作人員舒適度和安全性，以及消音和排放控制等保護公眾健康方面也要加以改進。為某項具體工作而選擇機械是經(jīng)濟學問題，首先取決于有效完成工作的機械設備的能力，其次取決于該設備的可利用性。

Earth-movingmachines.

Theequipmentusedinheavyconstruction,especiallycivilengineeringprojects,whichoftenrequirethemovingofmillionsofcubicmetersofearth.Theremovalofearthormaterialfromthebottomsofbodiesofwaterisperformedbydredges.土方機械大型工程中尤其是那些需要經(jīng)常移動數(shù)百萬方土方的土木工程施工項目中使用的一種設備，從水底挖土或其他材料，需要由挖泥船來完成。Theprimaryearth-movingmachineistheheavy-dutytractor(重型拖拉機)

,which,whenfittedwithendless(

['endlis]adj.無止境的，沒完沒了的

)tracks([tr?k]n.小路，跑道，軌道，蹤跡；慣例，常規(guī)；vt.&vi.

跟蹤，追蹤)

togripthegroundandwithalarge,movableblade([bleid]n.刀鋒，刀口)attachedinfront,iscalledabulldozer(['buld?uz?]n.推土機)

.Bulldozersareusedtoclearbrushordebris(['debriz]n.碎片，殘駭)

,removeboulders(['b?uld?]n.大圓石),andlevelground.主要的挖土機械是重型拖拉機，當其裝備夾緊地面的環(huán)狀履帶，前部安裝可移動的鏟刀時，就成了推土機。推土機用來清理碎屑、移動礫石和平整地面的。

Ascraperisamachinethatmaybepulledbyatractorormaybeself-powered.Itconsistsofabladeandaboxorcontainer.Dirtisscrapedbythebladeintothecontainer;thedirtmaythenbereleasedsoastoformanevenlayerofapredeterminedthickness,orbecarriedofffordisposalelsewhere.Scrapersareusedtolevelland,asinroadconstruction.

鏟運機是一種由拖拉機