藥理學(xué)名詞解釋_第1頁(yè)
藥理學(xué)名詞解釋_第2頁(yè)
藥理學(xué)名詞解釋_第3頁(yè)
藥理學(xué)名詞解釋_第4頁(yè)
藥理學(xué)名詞解釋_第5頁(yè)
已閱讀5頁(yè),還剩16頁(yè)未讀 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

藥品(drug)是指能夠影響機(jī)體(涉及病原體)功效和(或)細(xì)胞代謝活動(dòng),用于疾病的治療、防止和診療,以及計(jì)劃生育等方面的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。Drugsarechemicalsthatalterthefunctionoflivingsystemsbyinteractionsatthemolecularlevelandcanbeusedtoprevent,diagnoseandtreatdisease.不良反映(adversedrugreactionADR)是指上市的合格藥品在常規(guī)使用方法、用量狀況下出現(xiàn)的,與用藥目的無(wú)關(guān),并給患者帶來(lái)痛苦或危害的反映。副作用( sideeffect)是由于藥品作用選擇性低,作用范疇廣,在治療劑量引發(fā)的,與用藥目的無(wú)關(guān)的作用。毒性反映(toxiceffect)是由于用量過大或用藥時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)引發(fā)的嚴(yán)重不良反映。后遺效應(yīng)(residualeffect)是指在停藥后,血漿藥品濃度下降至閾濃度下列時(shí)殘存的藥理效應(yīng)。變態(tài)反映(allergicreaction)是藥品引發(fā)的免疫反映,反映性質(zhì)與藥品原有效應(yīng)無(wú)關(guān),其臨床體現(xiàn)涉及免疫反映的多個(gè)類型。致敏原能夠是藥品本身或藥品代謝產(chǎn)物,亦可能是制劑中的雜質(zhì)或輔劑。繼發(fā)反映(secondaryreaction)是繼發(fā)于藥品治療作用之后的不良反映。停藥反映(withdrawalreaction)是指患者長(zhǎng)久應(yīng)用某種藥品,忽然停藥后發(fā)生病情惡化的現(xiàn)象。特異質(zhì)反映(idiosyncrasyreaction)是指少數(shù)患者由于遺傳因素對(duì)某些藥品的反映性發(fā)生了變化。特異質(zhì)反映體現(xiàn)為對(duì)藥品的反映特別敏感,或出現(xiàn)與在常人不同性質(zhì)的反映。依賴性(dependence)是藥品與機(jī)體互相作用所造成的一種狀態(tài),體現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)迫規(guī)定持續(xù)或定時(shí)使用該藥的行為或其它反映,其目的是感受藥品的精神效應(yīng),或避免由于停藥造成身體不適應(yīng)。量效關(guān)系(does-effectrelationship)藥理效應(yīng)的強(qiáng)弱與其劑量大小或濃度高低呈一定關(guān)系,稱劑量-效應(yīng)關(guān)系,簡(jiǎn)稱量效關(guān)系。最小有效量(minimaleffectivedoes)或最小有效濃度是指導(dǎo)起效應(yīng)的最小藥量或最低藥品濃度,亦稱閾劑量或閾濃度。最大效應(yīng)(maximaleffectEmax)在一定范疇內(nèi)增加藥品劑量或濃度,效應(yīng)強(qiáng)度隨之增加。但當(dāng)效應(yīng)增強(qiáng)打最大時(shí),繼續(xù)增加劑量或濃度,效應(yīng)不再增強(qiáng)。這一藥理效應(yīng)的極限稱為最大效應(yīng),又稱效能(efficacy)。效價(jià)強(qiáng)度(potency)用于作用性質(zhì)相似的藥品之間的等效劑量的比較,達(dá)成等效時(shí)所用藥量較小者效價(jià)強(qiáng)度大,所用藥量較大者效價(jià)強(qiáng)度小。構(gòu)效關(guān)系(structure-activityrelationship,SAR)藥品的構(gòu)造與藥理活性或毒性之間的關(guān)系稱為SAR。受體(receptor)是細(xì)胞在長(zhǎng)久進(jìn)化過程中形成的,對(duì)生物活性物質(zhì)含有識(shí)別和結(jié)合的能力,并含有介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)功效的蛋白質(zhì)。與受體特異性結(jié)合的生物活性物質(zhì)稱為配體(ligand)。激動(dòng)藥(agonist)是指現(xiàn)有親和力又有內(nèi)在活性的藥品,它能與受體結(jié)合并激動(dòng)受體而產(chǎn)生效應(yīng)。分為完全激動(dòng)藥和部分激動(dòng)藥。拮抗藥(antagonist)是指含有較強(qiáng)的親和力,而無(wú)內(nèi)在活性,拮抗藥與受體結(jié)合但不能激動(dòng)受體。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性拮抗藥(competitiveantagonist)能與激動(dòng)藥競(jìng)爭(zhēng)相似受體,但其結(jié)合是可逆的,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性拮抗藥能使激動(dòng)藥的量效曲線平行右移,但最大效應(yīng)不變。非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性拮抗藥指拮抗藥與受體的結(jié)合是相對(duì)不可逆的,或能引發(fā)受體構(gòu)象的變化,從而干擾激動(dòng)藥與受體的正常結(jié)合,使激動(dòng)藥不能競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性對(duì)抗這種干擾。增大激動(dòng)藥的劑量也不能使量效曲線的最大作用強(qiáng)度達(dá)成原來(lái)的水平。PA2:競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性拮抗藥對(duì)對(duì)應(yīng)激動(dòng)藥的拮抗作用強(qiáng)度,pA2=-log[A2],[A2]是指在拮抗藥這一濃度下,可使激動(dòng)藥在2倍濃度使所產(chǎn)生的效應(yīng)正好等于未加入拮抗藥時(shí)激動(dòng)藥引發(fā)的效應(yīng)。PA2':非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性拮抗藥的親和力參數(shù),又稱減活指數(shù),是指使激動(dòng)藥的最大效應(yīng)減少二分之一時(shí),非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性拮抗藥摩爾濃度的負(fù)對(duì)數(shù)。pD2:藥品-受體復(fù)合物解離常數(shù)KD的負(fù)對(duì)數(shù)(-logKD)為pD2,其值與A和R的親和力成正比。意義是引發(fā)最大效應(yīng)的二分之一時(shí)(即50%受體被占領(lǐng)時(shí))所需的藥品濃度。吸?。╝bsorption)是指藥品從給藥部位進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)的過程。首關(guān)效應(yīng)(first-passeffect)是指某些藥品初次通過腸壁或經(jīng)門靜脈進(jìn)入肝臟時(shí)被其中的酶所代謝致使進(jìn)入體循環(huán)藥量減少的一種現(xiàn)象。分布(distribution)是指吸取入血的藥品隨血液轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至組織器官的過程。血腦屏障(blood-brainbarrier,BBB)指由腦毛細(xì)血管形成的血漿與腦細(xì)胞外液間的屏障以及由脈絡(luò)膜形成的血漿與腦脊液間的屏障。肝腸循環(huán)(hepatoenteralcirculation)由膽汁排入十二指腸的藥品有的直接隨糞便排出,但較多的藥品可由小腸上皮吸取,并經(jīng)肝臟重新進(jìn)入全身循環(huán),這種肝臟、膽汁間、小腸的循環(huán)稱為肝腸循環(huán)。生物運(yùn)用度(bioavailability,F)是指藥品從某制劑吸取進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)的相對(duì)數(shù)量和速度。是評(píng)價(jià)藥品制劑質(zhì)量的一種重要指標(biāo)。分為絕對(duì)生物運(yùn)用度(absolutebioavailability)和相對(duì)生物運(yùn)用度(relativebioavailability)。普通認(rèn)為,靜脈注射的生物運(yùn)用度是100%,如果把靜脈注射與血管外途徑給藥時(shí)的AUC值進(jìn)行比較,并計(jì)算后者的生物運(yùn)用度,即為絕對(duì)生物運(yùn)用度。也可在同一給藥途徑下對(duì)不同制劑進(jìn)行比較,這就是相對(duì)生物運(yùn)用度。半衰期(half-life,t1/2)指血漿消除半衰期,是藥品在體內(nèi)分布達(dá)成平衡狀態(tài)后血漿藥品濃度減少二分之一所需的時(shí)間,是表述藥品在體內(nèi)消除快慢的重要參數(shù)。一級(jí)消除動(dòng)力學(xué)(firstordereliminationkinetics)是指血中藥品消除速率與血中藥品濃度的一次方成正比,即血藥濃度高,單位時(shí)間內(nèi)消除的藥量多;血藥濃度低,單位時(shí)間內(nèi)消除的藥量少。零級(jí)消除動(dòng)力學(xué)(zeroordereliminationkinetics)是指血中藥品消除速率與濃度的零次方成正比,即血藥濃度按恒定消除速度進(jìn)行消除,與血藥濃度無(wú)關(guān)。穩(wěn)態(tài)血藥濃度(steady-stateconcentration,Css)在一級(jí)消除動(dòng)力學(xué)藥品中,若按固定間隔時(shí)間予以固定藥品劑量,在每次給藥時(shí)體內(nèi)總有前次給藥的殘存量,多次給藥形成不停蓄積,隨著給藥次數(shù)的增加,體內(nèi)總藥量的蓄積逐步減慢,直至在劑量間隔內(nèi)藥品的消除量等于給藥劑量,從而達(dá)成平衡,這時(shí)的血藥濃度稱為穩(wěn)態(tài)濃度或坪濃度。調(diào)節(jié)痙攣(regulativespasm):毛果蕓香堿激動(dòng)睫狀肌環(huán)形纖維上M受體,使睫狀肌向虹膜中心方向收縮,懸韌帶松弛,晶狀體變凸,屈光度增加,使遠(yuǎn)物不能聚焦成像于視網(wǎng)膜上,因此含糊不清,此時(shí),只適合于視特定近距離的物體,這種作用稱為調(diào)節(jié)痙攣。調(diào)節(jié)麻痹(regulativeparalysis)阿托品阻斷睫狀肌上的M受體,使睫狀肌松弛而退向外緣,懸韌帶拉緊,晶狀體變?yōu)楸馄?,其屈光度減少,故不能將近物清晰地成像于視網(wǎng)膜上,造成視近物含糊不清,只適于看遠(yuǎn)物,這一作用成為調(diào)節(jié)麻痹。膽堿能危象(cholinergicrisk)抗膽堿酯酶藥如新斯的明治療重癥肌無(wú)力,因應(yīng)用過量可使骨骼肌運(yùn)動(dòng)終板處有過多乙酰膽堿堆積,造成持久去極化,加重神經(jīng)肌肉傳遞功效障礙,使肌無(wú)力癥狀加重,稱為膽堿能危象。腎上腺素升壓作用的翻轉(zhuǎn)(adrenalinereversal)a受體阻斷藥酚妥拉明等可取消去氧腎上腺素的升壓作用,能夠部分阻斷去氧腎上腺素所致升高血壓作用,使腎上腺素的升壓作用翻轉(zhuǎn)為降壓作用,稱為腎上腺素升壓作用的翻轉(zhuǎn)。最小肺泡藥品濃度(minimumalveolarconcentration,MAC)是指在一種大氣壓下,使50%患者或動(dòng)物對(duì)傷害性刺激不再產(chǎn)生體動(dòng)反映(逃避反射)時(shí)呼氣末潮氣(相稱于肺泡氣)內(nèi)麻醉藥濃度,單位是Vol%,MAC越小,麻醉藥的效價(jià)越高。鎮(zhèn)靜藥(sedatives)能緩和激動(dòng),消除躁動(dòng),恢復(fù)安靜情緒的藥品。催眠藥(hypnotics)是一類能引發(fā)睡意,增進(jìn)和維持近似生理性睡眠的藥品。“開-關(guān)”現(xiàn)象(on-offphenomenon)患者服用左旋多巴后忽然發(fā)生的少動(dòng)(肌強(qiáng)直性運(yùn)動(dòng)不能,即所謂的“關(guān)”),此現(xiàn)象持續(xù)數(shù)分鐘或數(shù)小時(shí)后,又忽然自動(dòng)恢復(fù)為良好狀態(tài),但常伴有運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙(即所謂“開”)。阿司匹林哮喘(aspirinasthma)有些哮喘患者服用阿司匹林或某些解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥后可誘發(fā)支氣管哮喘,稱為“阿司匹林哮喘”。瑞氏綜合征(Reye’ssyndrome)患病毒性感染伴有發(fā)熱的小朋友和青年,服用阿司匹林后出現(xiàn)一系列反映,體現(xiàn)為嚴(yán)重肝功效不良合并腦病,稱為瑞氏綜合征。早后去極(earlyafterdepolarization,EAD)發(fā)生在完全復(fù)極之前的后去極,常見于2、3相復(fù)極中,因膜電位不穩(wěn)定而產(chǎn)生的振蕩。遲后去極(delayedafterdepolarization,DAD)在細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載狀況下,發(fā)生在動(dòng)作電位完全或靠近完全復(fù)極時(shí)的一種短暫的振蕩性去極。折返激動(dòng)(reentrantexcitation)是指一次沖動(dòng)下傳后,又可順著另一環(huán)形通路折回再次興奮原已興奮過的心肌,是引發(fā)快速型心律失常的重要機(jī)制之一。金雞納反映(chichonicreaction)病人使用奎尼丁后,體現(xiàn)為頭痛、頭暈、耳鳴、腹瀉、惡心、視物含糊等癥狀,稱為金雞納反映。首劑現(xiàn)象:病人初次應(yīng)用哌唑嗪等a1受體阻斷藥時(shí)體現(xiàn)為嚴(yán)重的直立性低血壓,普通在第一次給藥后30-60分鐘出現(xiàn)。隔日療法:在長(zhǎng)程療法中對(duì)某些慢性病例可采用隔日一次給藥法,即將兩天的總藥量在隔日上午一次予以,每天下午和第二天上午則不用藥,這是一種能減輕對(duì)腎上腺皮質(zhì)功效克制的有效辦法。庫(kù)欣綜合征:過量使用糖皮質(zhì)激素所致物質(zhì)代謝與水鹽代謝紊亂的后果,體現(xiàn)為肌無(wú)力與肌萎縮(多發(fā)于四肢的大肌群,也可在骨盆與肩胛骨肌群)、皮膚變薄、滿月臉、水牛背、痤瘡、多毛、水腫、高血壓、動(dòng)脈硬化、低鉀血癥、糖尿等。反跳現(xiàn)象:糖皮質(zhì)激素長(zhǎng)久用藥因減量太快或忽然停藥所致原病復(fù)發(fā)或加重的現(xiàn)象稱為反跳現(xiàn)象。允許作用:糖皮質(zhì)激素對(duì)有些組織細(xì)胞無(wú)直接效應(yīng),但可給其它激素發(fā)揮作用發(fā)明有利條件,稱允許作用。索莫吉效應(yīng)(Somogyieffect)為凌晨3時(shí)低血糖、早餐前高血糖的現(xiàn)象,是胰島素使用過量致夜間低血糖反映后,升糖激素反饋性地分泌增加,出現(xiàn)的血糖反跳性升高現(xiàn)象,呈“低后高”的特性。拂曉現(xiàn)象(dawnphenomenon)糖尿病患者凌晨3-9時(shí)血糖明顯升高的現(xiàn)象,是因胰島素分泌局限性或用量局限性,午夜后升糖激素分泌增加,使血糖升高的現(xiàn)象,呈“高后高”的特性??咕帲╞acteriostaticdrugs)是指某種或某一類抗菌藥品僅含有克制病原菌生長(zhǎng)繁殖的能力而無(wú)殺滅作用。殺菌藥(bactericidaldrugs)該類抗菌藥品不僅含有克制病原菌生長(zhǎng)繁殖的能力,并且含有殺滅的作用??咕V(antibacterualspectrum)指抗菌藥品的抗菌作用范疇??咕钚裕╝ntibacterualactivity)是指抗菌藥品克制或殺滅病原菌的能力,這是由于多個(gè)病原菌或者同一菌種的不同菌株對(duì)同一種抗菌藥的敏感性不同的關(guān)系。最低抑菌濃度(minimalinhibitoryconcentration,MIC)在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中,能克制培養(yǎng)基內(nèi)病原菌生長(zhǎng)的最低藥品濃度,稱為最低抑菌濃度。最低殺菌濃度(minimalbactericidalconcentration,MBC)在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中,能夠殺滅培養(yǎng)基內(nèi)細(xì)菌或使細(xì)菌數(shù)減少%的最低藥品濃度,稱為最低殺菌濃度。細(xì)菌耐藥性(bacterialresistance)是指病原菌對(duì)抗菌藥品敏感性下降甚至消失的現(xiàn)象,這種病原菌稱為耐藥菌,造成抗菌藥品對(duì)耐藥菌感染的臨床療效減少或者無(wú)效。二重感染:正常人的口腔、鼻咽、腸道等處有微生物寄生,菌群間維持平衡的共生狀態(tài),廣譜抗生素的長(zhǎng)久使用,使敏感菌群受到克制,而不敏感菌乘機(jī)在機(jī)體內(nèi)繁殖,造成二重感染?;熤笖?shù)(chemotherapeuticindex,CI)是評(píng)價(jià)涉及化學(xué)治療藥品在內(nèi)的全部化學(xué)治療藥品有效性與安全性的重要指標(biāo),常以LD50/ED50或LD5/ED95,這一比列關(guān)系來(lái)衡量,這一比例關(guān)系稱為化療指數(shù)?;熤笖?shù)愈大,表明該化療藥品的治療效果越好;而對(duì)機(jī)體的毒性越小,則臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值越高??股睾笮?yīng)(postantibioticeffect,PAE)指抗生素或抗菌藥品作用于細(xì)菌一定時(shí)間撤藥后,血藥濃度已低于MIC時(shí),細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)繁殖受克制的作用仍可持續(xù)一段時(shí)間,此現(xiàn)象稱為抗生素后效應(yīng)?;覌刖C合征:新生兒及早產(chǎn)兒使用氯霉素劑量過大時(shí),常于用藥后4天(2-9天)發(fā)生循環(huán)衰竭,患兒出現(xiàn)嘔吐、呼吸急促、發(fā)紺、代謝性酸中毒等,稱為灰嬰綜合征。耐受性:是指持續(xù)用藥后機(jī)體對(duì)藥品的反映強(qiáng)度遞減,但不致消失,增加劑量可保持原有的治療效果。67、雙硫侖樣反映(disulfiramreaction)指在應(yīng)用某些含硫甲基四氮唑基團(tuán)的頭孢菌素過程期間飲酒,身體產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重不適的現(xiàn)象。68、赫氏反映(Herxheimerreaction)在使用青霉素治療梅毒螺旋體或鉤端螺旋體、雅司、鼠咬熱、炭疽等感染時(shí),可出現(xiàn)癥狀加重的現(xiàn)象,體現(xiàn)為全身不適、寒戰(zhàn)、高熱、咽痛、肌痛、心跳加緊等,普通發(fā)生于開始治療的6-8小時(shí),12-24小時(shí)內(nèi)消失,這種治療矛盾的現(xiàn)象稱為赫氏反映。69、多藥耐藥性(multidrugresistance)指腫瘤細(xì)胞與某一抗腫瘤藥品接觸后,除對(duì)其產(chǎn)生耐藥性外,還對(duì)其它多個(gè)構(gòu)造不同且作用機(jī)制各異的抗腫瘤藥品產(chǎn)生耐藥性,即所謂的交叉耐藥現(xiàn)象。Pharmacologymeansthestudyoftheruleandmechanismofmutualinteractionbetweendrugandbody.PharmacodynamicsdescribesthemechanismofactionsofdrugonbodyPharmacokineticsdescribestheprocessandruleofdrugsdisposition,itmeanstheactionofbodyondrug.Passivetransportisdefinedasakindoftransportprocessinwhichdrugstransportfromaregionofhigherconcentrationtooneoflowerconcentration.SimplediffusionmeansthatdrugstransportedfromasideofmembranetoanthersideobeyingConcentrationgradient.Filtrationisdefinedasthetransportprocessinwhichdrugswhoseparticlesizeislessthanthemembranegapindiametermovefromthesideofhigherpressuretothatoflowerpressurebydintofliquidstaticpressureorosmoticpressuredisparity.Activetransportreferstothetransmembranemovementofdrugswiththeaidofspecialcarriersandtherequirementofenergyconsumption.Absorptionistheprocessinwhichdrugstransportfromthesiteofadministrationtothebloodcirculationafterextra-vascularadministration.Firstpasselimination:Somedrugsareinactivated/metabolizedintheGItractandliverbeforeenteringintothesystemiccirculationandresultinthereductionofactualdrugquantityenteringintosystemiccirculation.ThisprocessiscalledfirstpasseliminationDistribution:drugsabsorbedinthebloodtransportfromthebloodtotissues.Tissuepartitioncoefficient:whenthedistributionreacheshomeostasis,theratioofthedrugconcentrationbetweentissuesandplasmaremainsconstant,calledtissuepartitioncoefficientofdrugsExcretion:theprocessofparentdrugsortheirmetabolitesbeingdischargedfrombodybysecretoryorgansisknownasexcretionHepato-enteralcirculation:aportionofdrugsthosebeingcarriedtoduodenumviabilecanbereabsorbedviaepitheliaofsmallintestinesandentryintosystemiccirculationbywayofliver.Thiscyclealongliver,bile,smallintestineisknowashepato-enteralcirculationApparentvolumeofdistributionmeanstheratioofinvivodrugquantityversusconcentrationinplasmawhenthedrugreachesdynamicequilibriuminthebody.Halflife:meanstheperiodoftimewhenthedrugconcentrationinplasmareducestoone-half.AUC:areaunderthecurve,indicatestheareaundertheconcentration-timecurveBioavailability:indicatestherateandextentofabsorptionintothesystemiccirculationfollowingextravascularadministrationofdrugsClearance:mansthevolumeofbodyfluidcontainingadrugthatcanbeeliminatedbythebodyinunittime.Maintenancedose:inmostclinicalsituations,drugsareadministeredinsuchawayastomaintainasteadystateofdruginthebody,,justenoughdrugisgivenineachdosetoreplacethedrugeliminatedsincetheprecedingdose.Loadingdose:whenthetimetoreachsteadystateisappreciable,asitisfordrugswithlonghalf-lives,itmaybedesirabletoadministeraloadingdosethatpromptlyraisestheconcentrationofdruginplasmatothetargetconcentration.PharmacodynamicsDrugactionreferredtotheinitialinteractionbetweendrugandbody.PharmacologicaleffectsisthephysiologicaleffectsinducedbydrugactionStimulation:enhancementofthebodyfunctionisStimulationInhibition:restraintordiminutionofthebodyfunctionisInhibitionEtiologicaltherapy:EliminationoftheetiologicalfactorstocurediseasesSymptomatictherapy:ImprovementofdiseasesymptomwithouteliminatingthecauseofthediseaseSidereaction:Intherangeoftherapeuticdosage,thedrugeffects,whicharenotrelatedtothecurrenttherapeuticpurpose,aredescribedassideeffects.Toxicreactioncanhappenedwhenthedoseofthedrugishighenoughordrugsarelongtermused.Allergicreactionisakindofresponseofthepatient’simmuno-systemtotheantigen.Itisnotdoserelatedandonlyoccurinafractionofthepopulation.IdiosyncraticreactionistheresultofabnormalreactivitytoadrugcausedbygeneticdifferencesSecondaryreactionresultsfromlong-termusingofdrug.NormalflorahasbeeninhibitedandtheinsensitiveflorabecomesprominentDrugtolerancemeanstheresponsetothesamedoseofadrugdecreaseswithrepeateduses.Physicaldependenceisanadaptivephysiologicalstateproducedbyrepeateduseofadrug.Oncedrugadministrationisstopped,abstinencesyndromeswilloccur.Psychologicaldependenceisthefeelingofsatisfactionandpsychicdrivethatrequireperiodicorcontinuousadministrationofthedrugtoproduceadesiredeffectortoavoiddiscomfort.Gradedresponse:Inacertainrangeofdoses,thepharmacologicalresponseincreaseswiththeincreasingofdoses,suchasbloodpressure,musclecontraction,urinaryexcretionofsodium.Thresholddoseindicatestheleastamountofdrugneededtoexerttherapeutic,alsoasknowasminimaleffectivedoseEfficacydescribesthemaximalbiologicalresponseproducedbyadrugConcentrationfor50%ofmaximaleffect(EC50):Theconcentrationthatgiveriseto50%ofmaximaleffectPotencyisatermdescribingthecomparativeexpressionofadrugactivitymeasuredintermsofdoserequiredtoproduceaparticulareffectofgivenintensityrelatedtoagivenstandardreference.Quantalresponse:Indicatethatagivendoseofadrughasorhasnotevokedacertaineffectinthevarioussubjectsunderinvestigation.LD50:Adosethatgivesrisetothedeathof50%ofsubjectsiscalledLD50TI:therapeuticindex.TI=LD50/ED50.Itisakindofindexevaluatedthesafetyofadrug.Receptor:AreceptorcanbedefinedasanybiologictargetmacromoleculeincellsthatinteractsspecificallywithextracellularsignalandconvertsitintointracellulareffectsLigand:Aligandisacompoundthatbindstoareceptorspeciallyandproducesthebiologicalresponse.ItwasalsocalledfirstmessengersDown-regulation/Desensitization:Chronicstimulationofreceptorscancausedecreasednumbersofreceptors.Up-regulation/Hypersensitization:Incontrary,chronicblockingreceptorsmayresultinreceptorup-regulationAgonistcanbindtoreceptors,thenactivatereceptorsandproducepharmacologicaleffect.Antagonist:Apureantagonist,whichcanbindtoreceptorswithoutintrinsicactivity,antagonizesthebiologiceffectsofthecorrespondingagonist.Toleranceissaidtodevelopwhentheresponsetothesamedoseofadrugdecreaseswithrepeateduses.Dependencemeansthebodyproducephysiologicalorpsychologicaldependenceandrequirementtosomedrugsafterlong-termuseofthedrugs.WithdrawalsyndromeTerminationofsomedrugsusingafterlong-termmedicationresultsinwithdrawalsymptomsorwithdrawalsyndromeCinchonism:Itisdescribedbythesymptomscausedbytoxicityofquinidineorquinineetal,thealkaloidsextractedfromcinchona,whichinclude3majorsymptoms:gastrointestinaldisturbancelikevomiting,nausea,diarrhea;visualandauraldisturbancesasdiplopia,photophobia,altered-color,hearingloss,tinnitus;andcentralnervoussystemeffectslikeheadache,confusion,psychosis.Mycardialremodeling:ItisthemostimportantintrinsiccompensatorymechanisminCHF.Itreferstotheslowdilationandstructuralchangesoccurredinthestressedmyocardium,includingmyocyteshypertrophy,proliferationofconnectivetissuecells(fibroblasts)andmyocardialfibrosis.Afteraninitialbeneficialeffect,mycardialremodelingcanleadtoischemicchanges,impairmentofdiastolicfilling,andmyocytesapoptosis.AngiotensinIIandaldosteronecancausemycardialremodelingduringCHF.Firstdosephenomenon:Itreferstoaprecipitousdropinstandingbloodpressure,palpitationandsyncopeshortlyafterthefirstdoseofsomeantihypertensivedrugs,especiallyprazosin.Thyroidstorm(thyroidcrisis):issuddenacuteexacerbationofallofthesymptomsofthyrotoxicosis,presentingasalife-threateningsyndrome.Insulinresistance:Adiabeticrequiringmorethan200units/dayisregardedasinsulinresistant.Acuteresistantmayresultfromtheincreaseofanti-insulinfactor-corticosteroids,growthhormonethyroxine,andestrogens.Chronicresistancemaybeduetoadeclineinnumberand/oraffinityofreceptorsortodefectsinpost-receptormechanisms.Hyperadrenalism-likesyndrome:Thisiscausedbylipidmetabolism,andredistributionorwater-electrolytemetabolismdisorders.Thesyndromeincludemoonfaces,buffalohump,centralobesity,skinatrophy,acne,crinosity,edema,hypokalemia,hypertension,diabetesmellitusetc.Reboundphenomena:Discontinuingorrepidextenuationofglucocorticosteriodscanleadoriginaldiseasesrecurringordeteriorating.Superinfections:Thereisacompletemicroecosysteminhealthadult.Afterlong-termusingbroad-spectrumantibiotics,sensitivebacteriagrowthisinhibited,non-sensitivebacteriatakesthechanceofbreeding,resultinginnewinfections.Chemotherapy:Itistousechemistrydrugstreatingorpreventingthediseasescausedbypathogenicmicrobe,helminthorcancercell.Antibacterialdrugs:substancestoinhibitorkillbacteriaandtopreventandcurethebacteroidalinflammation.Antibacterialspectrum:Antibacterialspectrumofadrugmeansthespeciesofmicroorganismsthatthedrugcaninhibitorkill.antibacterialactivity:Itmeanstheabilityofadrugthatthedrugcaninhibitorkillmicroorganisms.Minimalinhibitoryconcentration(MIC):MICisthelowestconcentrationofantimicrobialagentsthatpreventsvisiblegrowthin18-24hoursincubation.Minimalbactericidalconcentration(MBC):MBCisthelowestconcentrationofantimicrobialagentsthatkillsbacteriainculturemedium.Chemotherapeuticindex(CI):CIisatermusedtoevaluatethesafetyofchemotherapeuticvalueisLD50/ED50orLD5/ED95Post-antibioticeffect,PAE:PAEshowstheantimicrobialeffectaftertheconcentrationdecreasedbelowMIC.Chemotherapy:Itistousechemistrydrugstreatingorpreventingthediseasescausedbypathogenicmicrobe,helminthorcancercell.Chemotherapeuticindex(CI):CIisatermusedtoevaluatethesafetyofchemotherapeuticvalueisLD50/ED50orLD5/ED95Antibacterialdrugsaresubstancestoinhibitorkillbacteriaandtopreven

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫(kù)網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論