初中英語語法-語法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖

...wd......wd......wd...語法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖一．名詞I.名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團體機構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II.名詞的數(shù)：1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,

wife-wives,half-halves加-schief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-esNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)一樣sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin,3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people,police5局部集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)〔整體〕也可以作復(fù)數(shù)〔成員〕class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,population,team,public,party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)),times(時代),spirits(情緒),drinks(飲料),sands(沙灘),papers(文件報紙),looks(外表),brains(頭腦智力),greens(青菜)7表示“某國人〞加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends無主體名詞時將最后一局部變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches將兩局部變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womensingers,menservantsIII.名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1.’s所有格的構(gòu)成：單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時,各名詞末尾均須加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時在最后一詞末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2.’s所有格的用法：１表示時間today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然現(xiàn)象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表示工作群體theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及價值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6與人類活動有特殊關(guān)系的名詞thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定詞組abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名詞化的詞：thestruggleoftheoppressed二．冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞〔a,an〕，定冠詞〔the〕，和零冠詞。I.

不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示“每一〞相當(dāng)于every，oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“一樣〞相當(dāng)于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereout

ThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6用于固定詞組中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容詞之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于樂器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人〞或“夫婦〞theGreens,theWangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比擬級最高級前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示創(chuàng)造物的單數(shù)名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個年代inthe1990’s11用于表示單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的詞組前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名詞前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./

Whosepurseisthis?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5學(xué)科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前bytrain,byair,byland7以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.三．代詞：I.代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they賓格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代詞形容詞性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名詞性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代詞myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代詞this,that,these,those,such,some5疑問代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代詞one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代詞用法注意點：1.one,some與any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否認(rèn)句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?

Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時，some表示某個，any表示任何一個。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.

Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.4)some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約〞，any可與比擬級連用表示程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.

Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each強調(diào)個別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個或兩個以上，而every強調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個或三個以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.3.none和no：no等于notany，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.4.other和another:1)other泛指“另外的，別的〞常與其他詞連用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指兩者中的另外一個，復(fù)數(shù)為theothers。如：Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.2)another指“又一個，另一個〞無所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事〞如：Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).

Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.5.all和both,neither和eitherall表示不可數(shù)名詞時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否認(rèn)詞表示局部否認(rèn)，全部否認(rèn)用neither和none.AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.四．形容詞和副詞I.形容詞：1.形容詞的位置：1)形容詞作定語通常前置，但在以下情況后置：1修飾some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake4和空間、時間、單位連用時abridge50meterslong5成對的形容詞可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容詞短語一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith2)多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序：代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍產(chǎn)地材料質(zhì)地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過去分詞newly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-yearII.副詞副詞的分類：1時間副詞soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5頻度副詞always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地點副詞here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑問副詞how,where,when,why3方式副詞hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7連接副詞how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副詞almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8關(guān)系副詞when,where,whyIII.形容詞和副詞比擬等級：形容詞和副詞的比擬等級分為原級，比擬級和最高級。比擬級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most。1.同級比擬時常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.可以修飾比擬級的詞有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表示一方隨另一方變化時用“themore…themore…〞句型。如：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4.用比擬級來表達最高級的意思。如：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表示倍數(shù)的比擬級有如下幾種句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比擬級。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。五．介詞I.介詞分類：1簡單介詞about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介詞inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短語介詞accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4雙重介詞fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering(就而論),including6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like,unlike,near,next,oppositeII.常用介詞區(qū)別：1表示時間的in,on,atat表示片刻的時間，in表示一段的時間，on總是與日子有關(guān)2表示時間的since,fromsince指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間，和完成時連用，from指從時間的某一點開場3表示時間的in,afterin指在一段時間之后，after表示某一具體時間點之后或用在過去時的一段時間中4表示地理位置的in,on,toin表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外5表示“在…上〞的on,inon只表示在某物的外表上，in表示占去某物一局部6表示“穿過〞的through,acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in有關(guān)，across表示在外表上通過，與on有關(guān)7表示“關(guān)于〞的about,onabout指涉及到，on指專門論述8between與among的區(qū)別between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間9besides與except的區(qū)別besides指“除了…還有再加上〞，except指“除了，減去什么〞，不放在句首10表示“用〞的in,withwith表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音11as與like的區(qū)別as意為“作為，以…地位或身份〞，like為“象…一樣〞，指情形相似12in與into區(qū)別in通常表示位置〔靜態(tài)〕，into表示動向，不表示目的地或位置六．動詞I.

動詞的時態(tài)：1.動詞的時態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：現(xiàn)在時過去時將來時過去將來時一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask進展am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成進展have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking2.現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：1)現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強調(diào)的是對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“已經(jīng)〞等詞。簡言之，利用過去，說明現(xiàn)在。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已經(jīng)看過，且了解這本書的內(nèi)容)2)一般過去時只表示過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，它可和表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“過〞，“了〞等詞。簡言之，僅談過去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只說明上個月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.〔只說明在北京住過十年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)〕3.現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進展時的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過去開場一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在〞，在含義上如著重表示動作的結(jié)果時，多用現(xiàn)在完成時，如著重表示動作一直在進展，即動作的延續(xù)性時，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進展時。一般不能用于進展時的動詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進展時。Ihavereadthatbook.我讀過那本書了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在讀那本書。4.一般將來時的表達方式：將來時用法例句1will/shall+動詞原形表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+動詞原形含有“打算，方案，即將〞做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事It’sgoingtoclearup.

We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing進展時表示將來go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等詞可用進展時表示按方案即將發(fā)生的動作Heismovingtothesouth.

AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+動詞原形表示安排或方案中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.

Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+動詞原形表示按方案進展或征求對方意見We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.

Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.II.動詞的被動語態(tài)：常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/areasked6過去進展時was/werebeingasked2一般過去時was/wereasked7現(xiàn)在完成時have/hasbeenasked3一般將來時shall/willbeasked8過去完成時hadbeenasked4過去將來時should/wouldbeasked9將來完成時will/wouldhavebeenasked5現(xiàn)在進展時am/is/arebeingasked10含有情態(tài)動詞的can/must/maybeasked注意事項被動語態(tài)的否認(rèn)式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定構(gòu)造be

goingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。如：

Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.

Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動構(gòu)造表示。如：

Itisbelievedthat…

Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…

Itissaidthat…

Itiswellknownthat…

Itmustbepointedoutthat…

Itissupposedthat…

Itisreportedthat…

Itmustbeadmittedthat…

Itishopedthat…下面主動形式常表示被動意義：如：

Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.

Thebookisworthreadingtwice.

Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.

Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.

Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下面詞或短語沒有被動態(tài)：

leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七．情態(tài)動詞I.情態(tài)動詞根本用法：情態(tài)動詞用法否認(rèn)式疑問式與簡答can能力〔體力，智力，技能〕

允許或許可〔口語中常用〕

可能性〔表猜想，用于否認(rèn)句或疑問句中〕cannot/cannot/can’tdoCan…do…?

Yes,…can.

No,…can’t.couldcouldn’tdomay可以〔問句中表示請求〕

可能，或許〔表推測〕

祝愿〔用于倒裝句中〕maynotdoMay…do…?Yes,…may.

No,…mustn’t/can’t.mightmightnotdoMight…do…?Yes,…might

No,…mightnot.must必須，應(yīng)該〔表主觀要求〕

肯定，想必〔肯定句中表推測〕mustnot/mustn’tdoMust…do…?Yes,…must.

No,…needn’t/don’thaveto.haveto只好，不得不〔客觀的必須，有時態(tài)人稱變化〕don’thavetodoDo…h(huán)avetodo…?

Yes,…do.

No,…don’t.oughtto應(yīng)當(dāng)〔表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn’ttodoOught…todo…?

Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t.shall將要，會

用于一三人稱征求對方意見

用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等shallnot/shan’tdoShall…do…?

Yes,…shall.

No,…shan’t.should應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該〔表義務(wù)責(zé)任〕

本該〔含有責(zé)備意味〕shouldnot/shouldn’tdoShould…do…?will意愿，決心

請求，建議，用在問句中would比擬委婉willnot/won’tdoWill…do…?

Yes,…will.

No,…won’t.wouldwouldnot/wouldn’tdodare敢〔常用于否認(rèn)句和疑問句中〕darenot/daren’tdoDare…do…?

Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t.need需要

必須〔常用于否認(rèn)句和疑問句中〕neednot/needn’tdoNeed…do…?

Yes,…must.No,…needn’t.usedto過去常?！铂F(xiàn)在已不再〕usednot/usedn’t/usen’ttodo

didn’tusetodoUsed…todo…?

Yes,…used.

No,…use(d)n’t.

Did…usetodo…?

Yes,…did.

No,…didn’t.II.情態(tài)動詞must,may,might,could,can表示推測：以must為例。must+do(be)是推測現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進展；must+bedoing推測可能正在進展的事情；must+havedone是推測可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。1.must“肯定，一定〞語氣強，只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“也許〞，后者語氣弱，更沒有把握。可用于肯定句和否認(rèn)句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could“可能〞，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t語氣強，用于肯定、否認(rèn)、疑問句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.〔推測某事本來可能發(fā)生，但實際上沒有發(fā)生〕Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(語氣很強，常用于疑問句和否認(rèn)句中)III.情態(tài)動詞注意點：1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表達“某事終于成功〞，而can無法表達此意。Beableto有更多的時態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。2.usedto和would:

usedto表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。3.need和dare作情態(tài)動詞和實義動詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動詞時常用于否認(rèn)句和疑問句。其形式為：needn’t/daren’tdo；Need/dare…do…?做實義動詞時可用于肯定句，否認(rèn)句和疑問句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo八．非謂語動詞I.非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成：非謂語形式構(gòu)成特征和作用時態(tài)和語態(tài)否認(rèn)式復(fù)合構(gòu)造不定式todo

tobedoing

tohavedonetobedone

tohavebeendone在非謂語前加notforsb.todosth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用

在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doing

havingdonebeingdone

havingbeendone具有副詞和形容詞的作用

在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語過去分詞done動名詞doing

havingdonebeingdone

havingbeendonesb’sdoing具有名詞的作用

在句中做主、賓、定和表語II.做賓語的非謂語動詞比擬：情況常用動詞只接不定式做賓語的動詞hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considercan’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto兩者都可以意義根本一樣begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue〔接不定式多指具體的動作，接動名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為〕need,want,require〔接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義，假設(shè)接不定式則應(yīng)用被動形式〕意義相反stoptodo停頓手中事，去做另一件事

stopdoing停頓正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regrettodo〔指動作尚未發(fā)生〕

remember/forget/regretdoing〔指動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生〕goontodo〔接著做另外一件事〕

goondoing〔接著做同一件事〕trytodo〔設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力〕

trydoing〔試試去做，看有何結(jié)果〕meantodo〔打算做，企圖做〕

meandoing〔意識是，意味著〕can’thelptodo〔不能幫助做〕can’thelpdoing〔忍不住要做〕III.非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的區(qū)別：常見動詞與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時間概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage主謂關(guān)系。強調(diào)動作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make現(xiàn)在分詞

notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主謂關(guān)系。強調(diào)動作正在進展，尚未完成Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.過去分詞動賓關(guān)系。動作已經(jīng)完成，多強調(diào)狀態(tài)Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.IV.非謂語動詞做定語的區(qū)別：區(qū)別舉例不定式與被修飾詞往往有動賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來，進展式表示與謂語動作同時發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.

Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.動名詞通常指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的任何關(guān)系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生theboilingwater/theboiledwater

thedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountry

thefallingleaves/thefallenleaves過去分詞與被修飾詞之間是被動關(guān)系，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成V.非謂語動詞做主語和表語的區(qū)別：區(qū)別舉例不定式多表示一個特定的具體的將來的動作，做主語時可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表語有時可和主語交換位置，而且意義不變，并且還能用what來提問主語或表語。Mydreamistobecomeateacher.

Toobeythelawisimportant.

(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主語時常用)動名詞與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動作比擬抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動作，有時也可以用it做形式主語，做表語時可以和主語互換位置。Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.

Teachingismyjob.分詞無名詞的性質(zhì)，不能做主語。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語，多說明主語的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very,quite,rather等副詞修飾。

現(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人…〞之意，說明主語的性質(zhì)特征，多表示主動，主語多為物。過去分詞一般表示被動或主語所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到…〞之意，主語多是人。Thesituationisencouraging.

Thebookiswellwritten.

(常見分詞有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)九．定語從句I.定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在從句中做賓語時，?？梢允÷?，但介詞提前時后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking

Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人，物定語Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.

Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人，物主語，賓語Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.

Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主語，賓語Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.

Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主語，賓語Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.

ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做賓語一般不省略關(guān)系副詞when時間時間狀語Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地點地點狀語ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhichwhy原因原因狀語Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhichII.that與which,who,whom的用法區(qū)別：情況用法說明例句只用that的情況1．

先行詞為all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代詞時。

2．

先行詞被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修飾時

3．

先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時

4．

先行詞既指人又指物時

5．

先行詞被theonly,thevery修飾時

6．

句中已經(jīng)有who或which時，為了防止重復(fù)時1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.

2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.

3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.

4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.

5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.

6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情況1．

在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人

2．

在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞〞引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。

3．

先行詞本身是that時，關(guān)系詞用which,先行詞為those,one,he時多用who。Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.

Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.

Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.III.as與which的區(qū)別：定語從句區(qū)別例句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和thesame修飾時，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.

Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定語從句中as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如，象〞的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如〞的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.

Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.

Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.IV.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：類別語法意義及特征例句限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定語從句對先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當(dāng)于一個插入語，不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.十．名詞性從句種類作用常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞例句主語從句在復(fù)合句中做主語，相當(dāng)于名詞，一般置謂語之前，也可用it作形式主語，主語從句放主句之后that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,whereverWhetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.

Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.表語從句在復(fù)合句中做表語，相當(dāng)于名詞，位于系動詞之后Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.賓語從句在復(fù)合句中做賓語，相當(dāng)于名詞Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位語從句放在名詞之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)說明其具體內(nèi)容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.

Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.十一。狀語從句種類連接詞注意點時間狀語when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表示將來意義時，從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時；while引導(dǎo)的從句中動詞一般是延續(xù)性的；until用在肯定句中主句動詞是延續(xù)性的，而否認(rèn)句中主句動詞為短暫性的。地點狀語where,wherever原因狀語because,as,since,nowthatbecause語氣最強，since較弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。條件狀語if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat從句中動詞時態(tài)不可用將來時，常用一般時代替目的狀語sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情態(tài)動詞結(jié)果狀語so…that,such…that比擬狀語than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore方式狀語asif,asthough,asasif和asthough引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語氣。讓步狀語though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneveras在讓步狀語從句中常用倒裝形式；although和though用正常語序，可和yet連用，但不可和but連用十二。倒裝句種類倒裝條件例句完全倒裝here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副詞開頭的句子表示強調(diào)Outrushedthechildren.表示地點的介詞短語作狀語位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.強調(diào)表語，置于句首，或為保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.局部倒裝never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否認(rèn)意義的副詞放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修飾的狀語放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.notonly…butalso連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…連接并列的句子，前后都倒裝NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…that中的so或such及修飾的成分放于句首時前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表示前句內(nèi)容也適用于另外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虛擬條件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.十三。虛擬語氣類別用法例句If引導(dǎo)的條件從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反從句動詞：過去式〔be用were〕

主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.與過去事實相反從句動詞：had+過去分詞

主句動詞：should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.與將來事實相反從句動詞：過去式/should+動詞原形/were+不定式

主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.其它狀語從句asif引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.inorderthat/sothat引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動詞用can/could/may/might/would等+動詞原形Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.賓語從句demand,suggest,order,insist后接的從句中動詞為should+動詞原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish后的從句中分別用過去式，過去完成式和should/would+動詞原形表示與現(xiàn)在，過去和將來情況相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.主語從句在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等從句中，謂語動詞用should+動詞原形Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.其它句型中Itistimethat…句型中動詞用過去式或should+動詞原形It’shightimethatweleft.wouldrather所接的從句中動詞用過去式或者過去完成式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中動詞常用過去式或者過去完成式，表示強烈的愿望Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!十四。重要句型1.Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes.8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn’thelpfeelingveryproud.13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!16.Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.18.

Theregoesthebell.19.Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.20.Itisnousecryingforhelp.21.IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!22.Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.23.OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.24.“Heworksparticularlyhard.〞“Sohedoes,andsodoyou.〞25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.26.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements.十五。動詞搭配1.addto增加，增進add…to把…加進…addup相加addupto總計，所有這一切說明1)Idon'tthinkthesefactswill________anything.2)Fiftynewbookshavebeen________thelibrary.3)Themusic_________ourenjoymentofthefilm.4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyou_______thebill________.(addupto,addedto,addto,added…up)2.breakawayfrom打破，脫離，掙脫，改掉breakdown出毛病，身體(精神)衰弱，分解，拆開breakoff暫停，中斷breakin強行進入，插話breakinto闖入breakintopieces成為碎片breakout爆發(fā)breakup搗碎，驅(qū)散，瓦解，學(xué)期完畢，拆散breakthrough突破1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreak_______

______thepoliceandranintothewoods.2)Whenheheardthenews,hebroke_______andcried.3)Don'tbreak________whileothersarespeaking.4)Whydon'tyoubreak________forafewminutesandhavesomecoffee?5)Whendoesschoolbreak________?6)Afterharvestwebreak_________thesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)3.bringup撫養(yǎng)，嘔吐，提出bringabout造成bringout拿出，出版bringin引入，引進，掙錢bringback使回想起bringdown使下降，使倒下1)Theshopkeeperbroughthisprice_________toonlyfivedollars.2)Theschoolhasbrought_________newforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.3)Thesongbrought___________happymemoriesofourschooldays.4)Doyouknowwhatbrought___________thismisunderstanding?5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobring__________theyoungorphan.6)Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting.7)Thewindbrought_______alotoftreeslastnight.8)Nextmonththeywill

bring________aneweditionofthebook.(down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)4.callon號召，拜訪〔某人〕callat拜訪、參觀〔某地〕callfor去叫某人,要求,需要callup使回憶起,征召入伍callin召集，請某人來callout大喊，高叫calloff取消，不舉行1)Doctorsareoftencalled_____inthemiddleofthewar.2)Pleasewaitformeathome.I'llcall_______youatyourhouseatseventonight.3)Thetrainscalls_______severalbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.4)Hecalledhername__________,butshedidn'tanswer.5)Thesportsmeetwascalled____onaccountoftherain.(in,for,at,out,off)5.comeabout發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)comedown下跌，落，降，傳下來

comein進來comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)comeon降臨/快點comeout出版，結(jié)果是comealong一道來，趕快cometo到達(anend/anagreement/astop)蘇醒，合計，總共是comeover走過來comeup發(fā)芽，走近comeacross偶然碰到comeback回想起comefrom來自，源自Icome_________thebookIlentyoulastmonth.2)Howdiditcome_________thatyoubothgotlost?Ithoughtyouhadamap.3)It