江蘇高考任務(wù)型閱讀解題技巧及強化訓(xùn)練

內(nèi)部資料，謝絕轉(zhuǎn)載做教育我們是認真努力的！PAGE2PAGE6[典例](2016·江蘇高考)Regardingmemory:OnceIlookupsomethingontheInternet,Idon'tneedtokeepallthedetailsforfutureuse—Iknowwheretofindthatinformationagainandcanquicklyandeasilydoso.Moregenerally,theInternetfunctionsasifitweremymemory.ThisfunctionoftheInternetisparticularlystrikingwhenI'mwriting;I'mnolongercomfortablewritingifI'mnotconnectedtotheInternet.It'sbecomenaturaltocheckfactsasIwrite,takingaminuteortwotodipintoPubMed,Wikipedia,orotherwebsites.●OntheInternet,wecouldquicklyandeasilylocatethedetails,andcheckfacts,without(73)________theminmind.分析：第一步：題干中的“wecouldquicklyandeasilylocatethedetails”與文章第二段中“Iknowwheretofindthatinformationagainandcanquicklyandeasilydoso”意思相近，因此可以定位到這一段。第二步：根據(jù)第二段中的第一句“OnceIlookupsomethingontheInternet,Idon'tneedtokeepallthedetailsforfutureuse”可以確定關(guān)鍵信息詞是keep。第三步：因為題干上要填寫的單詞前面是介詞without，所以確定答案填keep的動名詞形式，即：keeping。附：信息轉(zhuǎn)換常用詞句1．belongtotheclub＝amember/oneofthemembersoftheclub2．objectto＝beopposedto＝oppose3．don'trespondto...＝makenoresponseto...＝saynothinginresponseto...4．a(chǎn)ccompanysb.＝keepsb.company5．a(chǎn)ccuse...of...＝charge...with...6．can'thelp/choosebutdo...＝havenoalternative/choicebuttodo...7．a(chǎn)pplyto...＝makeanapplicationto...8．a(chǎn)napproachtodoing＝awaytodo/ofdoing9．a(chǎn)pproveof＝subscribeto＝beinfavorof＝support10．bebeneficialto＝beofbenefitto＝benefit11．beboredwith＝betiredof＝befedupwith12．dosth.withcaution＝dosth.cautiously13．It'slikelythat...＝Thechanceisthat.../Chancesarethat...＝Thereisachance(arechances)that...14．comparedto/with...＝incomparisonwith...15．congratulatesb.onsth.＝show/expresscongratulationstosb.onsth.16．a(chǎn)saresult＝inconsequence17．consistof＝bemadeupof＝becomposedof18．a(chǎn)greewith＝correspondwith/to＝beconsistentwith19．facesth.＝befacedwithsth.20．bemercifulto＝havemercyon＝showmercyto21．a(chǎn)little＝slightly22．thanksb.＝begratefultosb.23．drawnear＝bearoundthecorner24．occurtosb.＝strikesb.25．delay＝putoff＝postpone26．deliberately＝onpurpose＝bydesign27．looklikesb.＝resemblesb.28．makeasummaryof...＝summarize...29．besuperiorto＝bebetterthan30．tendtodo...＝haveatendencytodo...3．信息概括題這類題目難度大、要求高、得分低，考生要在透徹理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)文中相關(guān)信息綜合分析后提煉出新詞。此類題目主要分為兩種類型：(1)總結(jié)性詞匯。設(shè)題大多數(shù)情況下是概括文章的標(biāo)題、段落大意、事件過程、文章的目的、意義以及得出的結(jié)論等。解題關(guān)鍵eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(①尋找文章或段落的主旨句,②根據(jù)問題查找定位信息，找共性的東西))(2)歸納詞。有的題目在原文中可能找不到具體的信息句。這就要求我們首先要確定信息區(qū)域，然后對該區(qū)域進行認真地分析歸納。解題關(guān)鍵eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(①概括性在最大程度上覆蓋欄內(nèi)信息,②針對性量體裁衣，大小適度,③醒目性簡潔))[注意]信息概括題有時必須結(jié)合表格本身才能正確解答。[典例1](2017·江蘇高考)Statisticsshowthattheaveragenumberofbirthsperwomanhasfallenfrom4.9intheearly1960sto2.5nowadays.Furthermore,around50%oftheworld'spopulationliveinregionswherethefigureisnowbelowthereplacementlevel(i.e.2.1birthsperwoman)andalmostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.Youmightthinkthatdevelopingnationswouldmakeuptheloss(especiallysince80%oftheworld'speoplenowliveinsuchnations),butyou'dbewrong.Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo,whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.Itwouldbedifficultfordevelopedcountriestomaintainthe(72)________ofpopulation.分析：第一步：根據(jù)題干大意可定位到文章第二段。第二步：根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容，特別是“almostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate”和“Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo,whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.”可知，發(fā)達國家保持人口的現(xiàn)有規(guī)模也是困難重重。size/scale表示“尺寸，大小，規(guī)?！保衔囊?。第三步：確定答案為size/scale。[典例2](2017·江蘇高考)InthenorthofIndia,thepopulationisboomingduetohighbirthrates,butinthesouth,wheremosteconomicdevelopmentistakingplace,birthrateisfallingrapidly.Inafurthertwist,birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.Intotal,25%ofIndia'sworking-agepopulationhasnoeducation.In2030,asixthofthecountry'spotentialworkforcecouldbetotallyuneducated.Leavingasidethebirthrateissue,India'seconomymaytakeoffwhenthecountryachieves(78)________ofeducationalopportunity.分析：第一步：根據(jù)題干中的“India'seconomy”以及“educational”，可以定位到文章第五段。第二步：根據(jù)第五段中對于印度人口出生率以及經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與教育的關(guān)系的敘述可以得出這樣的結(jié)論：印度若能實現(xiàn)公民受教育機會的平等化，它的經(jīng)濟會有大的增長。第三步：確定答案為equality。附：信息概括常用詞1．原因與結(jié)果：reason(for),result;cause(of),consequence2．異同點與優(yōu)缺點：difference,similarity;advantage,disadvantage3．功能：function4．觀點與態(tài)度：opinion,view(on/about),viewpoint,idea;attitude(to/towards)5．評論與評價：comment(on),remark(on/upon),assessment6．方式與方法：means,way,method(of);solution,approach(todoingsth.);(take)measures(todosth.)7．目的：purpose,aim,goal8．積極與消極：positive,negative9．建議：advice,suggestion,tip10．概括與總結(jié)：summary,conclusion11．特點：feature,characteristic12．種類：kind,type,category,class13．精神上與身體上：mentally,physically14．影響：influence,impact,effect(on)15．情形，狀況：situation,condition16．方面與項目條款：aspect,item17．材料：materials18．知識與消息：knowledge,information19．日程計劃：schedule,agenda20．百分比：percentage21．性別：sex22．年齡：age23．(不)熟悉：familiar/unfamiliar24．個人，個人的：individual25．細節(jié)：description,detail26．文化：culture27．責(zé)任：(take)responsibility28．貢獻：(make)contributions(to)29．重要：value,importance,significance30．比較：contrast,comparison31．時期：period,time32．存在：existence,exist33．人口：population34．天氣與氣候：weather,climate35．位置：location36．主題：theme37．背景：setting,background38．情節(jié)：plot39．高潮：climax40．反對者與支持者：opponent,supporter二、解題時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題在解答信息轉(zhuǎn)換題和信息概括題時要注意以下幾點：1．字母大小寫。2．名詞的數(shù)和格。3．動詞的形式。4．形容詞、副詞的比較級、最高級。5．動詞或名詞與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配。6．時態(tài)、語態(tài)、主謂一致、第三人稱等。7．格式一致。表格內(nèi)容的同一級要用相同的形式。例如：Inthearrivalstatement,thePrimeMinistersaidheislookingforwardtothemeetingwithSingaporeonwaystodeepenEastAsiacooperationbetweentwonationssoasto_contributetothebuildingofapeaceful,harmoniousrelationship.ThesignificanceofthevisitDeepeningEastAsiacooperationbetweentwonationsContributetotheestablishmentofapeaceful,harmoniousrelationshipContribute應(yīng)改為Contributing，與上欄Deepening形式一致。Ⅰ.完成下列表格，使左右欄意義一致(限填一詞)1peoplewholacksleeppeoplelackingsleep2assummerapproacheswithsummerapproaching3acountrywhichhasalonghistoryacountrywithalonghistory4findoutthereasonsfortheirfailureinthetestfindoutwhytheyfailedthetest5besidesinadditionto/aswellas6beaccusedofbechargedwith7havethesameinterestasyoushareyourinterest8causethousandsofdeathsclaimthousandsoflives9ateammadeupof12boysateamconsistingof12boys10succeedinpassingthetestmanagetopassthetest11leadtoseriousaccidentsresultinseriousaccidents12nothavingenoughmoneylackofmoneyⅡ.同義句轉(zhuǎn)換(限填一詞)1．KatewasborninChina.→Kate'sbirthplaceisChina.2．Tomcouldn'tagreewithhisboss'sdecisionmore.→Tomsupportedhisboss'sdecision.3．Theladywasnothappy.→Theladywasunhappy.4．Asweallknow,ifsomeonewantstopassthisexam,heoughttoprepareforitwell.→Goodpreparationiskeytopassingthisexam.5．E-mailhasalsochangedthespeedwithwhichweexchangedinformation.Inminutes,youcancontactanotherperson.→E-mailhasalsoenabledustoexchangeinformationathigherspeedthantraditionalcommunicativemethods.6．Inminutes,youcangetintouchwithanotherpersonwhosharesyourloveofkitesorstamps.→Withinashorttime,itletsyoucontactanotherpersonwhohasthesameinterestwithyou.7．Itwasnotapleasantexperienceforthem.→Forthem,itwasa(n)unpleasantexperience.8．Atfirst,someexpertsdidn'tagreewiththeidea.→Someexpertsdisagreedwiththeideainthebeginning.9．Itwillnotbeharmfultoyourrelationshipswithothers.→Itwillbeharmlesstoyourrelationshipswithothers.10．Insomefields,womenstillhavenoequalityasinthepast.→Insomefields,therestillexistsinequalityforwomen.11．Suchbehaviorsareconsiderednotappropriateinpublic.→Suchinappropriatebehaviorsarenotallowedinpublic.12．Ingeneralmenarenotawareofthisproblemaswomen.→Menshouldraisetheawarenessofthisproblemingeneral.13．Themoreoneknowsaboutpollution,themoreonecandoforourenvironment.→Oneshouldhaveagoodknowledgeofpollutiontocontributetotheenvironment.14．Keepingsilentcanactuallymakeyourangerlonger.→Keepingsilentmaynothelpandcanlengthenyouranger.15．Remembergymisnotyouronlychoice.→Youcantryotheractivitiesbesidesgoingtothegym.16．It'snecessarytomakeuseofeveryopportunitytopracticemore.→Weneedtotakeadvantageofeveryopportunitytopracticemore.17．Itisconcludedthattalkingonacellphonewhiledrivingisasdangerousasdrunkdriving.→Whatcanbeconcludedfromthestudyisthattheeffectsofusingacellphonewhiledrivingisequaltodrunkdriving.18．OlderpeoplewhosufferhealthproblemsstillsaytheyareOK.→Olderpeoplesufferinghealthproblemsfeelgoodaboutthemselves.19．Letyourfriendsknowyourideas,andyouneedn'tforcethemtofollowtheideas.→Youcanletyourfriendsknowyourideaswithoutforcingthemtofollowtheideas.20．Someresearchershavemadeasurveyinwhich200housewiveswereinvolved,findingthattheyhavegreaterambitionsforcareer.→Someresearchershavemadeasurveyinvolving200housewivesandfoundthattheystillwanttowork.Ⅲ.根據(jù)材料或表格提示完成下列表格(限填一詞)1．Agreatnumberofdoctorssaythatfoodprogramsneedtopaymoreattentiontochildren,especiallythebabies.Itishightimethatchildren'sdietsshouldbeimproved.DietsshouldincludefoodsrichinvitaminAandotherusefulvitaminsandminerals.Thewaystosavechildren●Dietsshouldbeimproved.●Dietsshouldcontainfoodswithrichvitaminsandminerals.2．Withoutproperplanning,tourismcancauseproblems.Forexample,toomanytouristscancrowdpublicplaces.Iftouristscreatetoomuchtraffic,thelocalpeoplewillbecomeannoyedandunhappy.Theywillbegintodisliketouristsandtotreatthemimpolitely.Advantages●Developingeconomy●Advancingoflocalpeople●IncreasingemploymentDisadvantages●Bringingovercrowdedness●Increasingpressureontraffic●Affectingthelocalpeople'sattitude3．WiththenumberofChinesechildrenwhodiefromunexpectedaccidentsbecominglargerandlarger,thegovernmentisworkingonaSafeKidsProgramtopreventinjuriesanddeaths.Asforthis,mostparentshaveshowntheirsupport.Purpose/IntentionTheprogramisintendedtopreventaccidentalinjuriesanddeaths.4．Title:ChangeinToday'sChildrenMaincomparisonsContextsDifferent(1)behaviorsChildreninthepastjustdidwhattheyweresupposedtoChildrentodayactasiftheywereadultsDifferent(2)feelings/emotionsChildreninthepastneverexperienceddepressionSometimessadnesshappenstochildrentodayDifferent(3)ways/methodstogetknowledgeChildreninthepast:inagradualandguidedprocessChildrennowadays:bywatchingTVwithoutcontrol專題限時檢測(二十四)任務(wù)型閱讀(一)(限時24分鐘)A(2017·蘇、錫、常、鎮(zhèn)高三三模)WhenIt'sNotQuiteaWonderfulLifeA2011studybyresearchersmightmakeyouthinktwiceaboutdifficultholidayemotions.Theyfolloweddozensofbusdriversfortwoweeks,lookingtoseewhentheyflashedfakeversussinceresmilesattheirpassengers.Theresultsshowedthatondayswhenthedriverstriedtoputonanactandpretendtobeinagoodmood,theiractualmoodsgotworse.Thiswasespeciallytrueforwomen.Andanotherresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewhoreallywanttobehappyactuallyobtainlesshappinessfrompositiveexperiences,apparentlybecausetheirexpectationsaretoohigh.Againandagain,tryingtogainhappinessdespitenopreferenceseemstohavetheoppositeresult.TheresultsofthebusdriverstudycanbeexplainedbyresearchersOliverJohnandJamesGross,whofoundthatnegativefeelingslikesadnessorangeronlyintensifywhenwetrytosuppress(壓制)them.That'sbecausewefeelbadaboutourselveswhenouroutwardappearancecontradictshowwetrulyfeelinside.What'smore,whenwesuppressemotionslikesadness,wedenythemtheimportantfunctiontheyserve.Ifwedon'trecognizesadnesswemightnottakethenecessarystepstoimprovethesituation.Expressingoursadnesscanalsogetcomfortandcompassionfromthosewhocareaboutus,strengtheningourbonds.Recently,scientistshavealsobeenpayingspecialattentiontothebenefitsofmindfulness.Whenyourespondmindfullytoanemotionaltrigger(誘因),youpauseratherthanreact,andthenyoucanescapegettingtroubledbythoughtfulness.Ratherthanscoldyourself,yousimplynoticewhatyou'refeelingwithoutjudgingthatresponseasrightorwrong.Studiessuggestthatamindfulresponsetoanegativeeventreducestheamountofsadnessweexperience,isassociatedwithlessdepressionandanxiety,andmayevencarryphysiologicalbenefits,suchasloweringourheartrates.Unavoidably,theholidayswillbringamixofhighsandlows.Perhapsthemostimportantlessontokeepinmindisthatthisvarietyofemotionsmightbethebestthingpossibleforyouroverallwell-being.Thatwasthekeyinsightfromastudypublishedin2014byateamofresearchersfromYaleUniversity.Theirsurveyofmorethan37,000peoplefoundthat,afterexperiencingagreatervarietyandabundanceofemotionsconsistentlylinkedtolowerdepression,peopletooklessmedication,visiteddoctorslessfrequently,spentfewerdaysinhospitals,practicedbetterdietaryandexercisehabits,andsmokedless.Inotherwords,sadness,anger,andotherdifficultemotionsarelikesomanyotherpartsoftheholidays,they'renothingtofear.Justmakesureyou'rebalancingthemwithlighterexperiences.WhenIt'sNotQuiteaWonderfulLifeMaincontentDetailedinformationResearchfindingsaboutnegativefeelings●Astudyonbusdriversshowspretendingtobeinagoodmoodleadstoa(n)(1)________result.●Anotherresearchsuggeststhe(2)________expectationswehave,thelesshappinessweobtain.●Twootherresearchersfoundsuppressingnegativefeelingsonlyintensifiesthem,duetothe(3)________betweenoutwardappearanceandinwardfeelings.●Ifwe(4)________thefunctionnegativefeelingsserve,wewon'trecognizethemortakemeasurestoimprovethesituation.●Expressingnegativefeelingsmakesusfeelcomfortedandsympathizedwith,andthusbettersourrelationship.A(5)________todealingwithnegativefeelings：amindfulresponsetothem●The(6)________ofmindfulness：1．Whenwerespondmindfullytoanemotionaltrigger,wepauseratherthanreact.2．Wesimplynoticewhatwe'refeelingwithoutjudgingthatresponseasrightorwrong,insteadof(7)________ourselves.●Thebenefitsofmindfulness：1．It(8)________usfromtrouble.2．Itreducestheamountofsadness,depressionandanxiety.3．Itbringsinphysiologicalbenefits,suchasloweringourheartrates.Acorrectattitudetowardsnegativefeelings●Astudypublishedin2014foundexperiencingvariousemotionsresultsinlessmedication,fewerdoctor(9)________，fewerdaysinhospitals,lesssmokingandbetterdietaryandexercisehabits.Inotherwords,itdoesgoodtoouroverallwell-being.●Consequently,weshouldnotfearnegativefeelings.Justbesureto(10)________themwithlighterexperiences.B(2017·江蘇省六市高三二模)TheScienceBehindSmilingNotonlydoessmilingrewardourbrain'sfeel-goodsystem,italsomakesuslookmoreattractiveandlowersstresslevels.Instressfulsituations,smilingisagreatwaytorelieveextremelevelsofstressandtokeepyourcortisol(皮質(zhì)醇)levelsundercontrol.Naturally,happinesscanresultinsmiling.Also,smilingcanactuallycreatehappiness.Smilingtricksourbrainsintobelievingwearehappy,andonewayitdoesthisisbymakingusthinkofhappiermemories,whichimproveourmoods.Whenthesmilingmusclesinourfacecontract,itsendsasignaltothebraintoencouragetherewardsystemthatfurtherincreasesourlevelsofendorphins,orhappinesshormones(荷爾蒙).Itcanhavethesameeffectonourhappinessaseatingchocolateorreceivingamonetaryprize.Eventhoughtheexactrelationshipbehindfacialexpressionandmentalstateislargelyunknown,ithasbeensuggestedthatsmilingreduceslevelsofthestress-inducinghormonecortisol.Increasedlevelsofcortisolcouldpotentiallyleadtocardiovasculardisease,mentalillness,andobesity,soit'swortheveryefforttotrytodecreaseourcortisollevels.Researchshowsthatwhenyousmile,peopletreatyoudifferently.Smilinginstantlymakesyouappearmorereliable,relaxed,sincere,andattractive.Astudyfoundthatpeoplewhosmiledmorewereratedasmoreattractivethanthosewhoavoidedeyecontactanddidn'tsmileatall.Perhapsthisiswhycelebrities(名人)investinperfectsmiles,oftenlookingforporcelainveneerstogivethemflawlesslystraight,whiteteeth.Accordingtoacosmetic(化妝用的)dentistrypracticeinBoston,brokenandstainedteethcanmakeapersonlookolder,whileabrightersmilegivesalookofhealthandyouthfulness.Anyoneyouspotontelevisionwillmorelikelythannothaveaperfecttosmile.Thisgivesthemayouthfulshinewhileatthesametimemakingthemlookmoreattractive.Smilingisanactthatmanyofusmayhavetopracticeinordertomakearegularhabit.However,it'sahabitworthinvestingin,assmiling,happiness,andhealthhaveascientificallyprovenlinktooneother.Ifyoufindithardtosmile,trybeingaroundpeoplewhotendtosmilealot.AccordingtoaSwedishstudy,itisdifficulttokeepastraightfacewhenconstantlyfacedwithpeoplewhoaresmilingatyou.Title：TheScienceBehindSmiling專題限時檢測(二十五)任務(wù)型閱讀(二)(限時24分鐘)A(2017·南京、鹽城高三一模)Untilabout18yearsago,itwaswidelyassumedthatmostofbraindevelopmentoccursinthefirstfewyearsoflife.Butrecentresearchonthehumanbrainhasshownthatmanybrainregionsundergoprolongeddevelopmentthroughoutadolescenceandbeyondinhumans.Thisadvancementinknowledgehasincreasedoldworriesandgivenrisetonewones.Itishugelyworryingthatsomanyteenagersaroundtheworlddon'thaveaccesstoeducationatatimewhentheirbrainsarestilldevelopingandbeingshapedbytheenvironment.Weshouldalsoworryaboutourlackofunderstandingofhowourrapidlychangingworldisshapingthedevelopingteenagebrain.Decadesofresearchonearlyneurodevelopmentsuggestedthattheenvironmentinfluencesbraindevelopment.Duringthefirstfewmonthsoryearsoflife,ananimalmustbeexposedtoparticularvisualorauditorystimuli(聽覺刺激)fortheassociatedbraincellsandconnectionstodevelop.Inthisway,neuronalcircuitry(神經(jīng)元回路)isshapedaccordingtotheenvironmentduring“sensitiveperiods”ofbraindevelopment.Thisresearchhasfocusedmostlyonearlydevelopmentofsensorybrainregions.Whataboutlaterdevelopmentofhigher-levelbrainregions,whichareinvolvedindecision-making,controlandplanning,aswellassocialunderstandingandself-awareness?Weknowthesebrainregionscontinuetodevelopthroughoutadolescence.However,wehaveverylittleknowledgeabouthowenvironmentalfactorsinfluencethedevelopingteenagebrain.Thisissomethingthatshouldconcernus.There'salotofconcernaboutthehourssometeenagersspendonlineandplayingvideogames.Butmaybeallthisworryismisplaced.Afterall,throughouthistoryhumanshaveworriedabouttheeffectsofnewtechnologiesonthemindsofthenextgeneration.Whentheprintingpresswasinvented,therewasanxietyaboutreadingcorruptingyoungpeople'sminds,andthesameworrieswererepeatedfortheinventionofradioandtelevision.Maybeweshouldn'tbeworriedatall.It'spossiblethatthedevelopingbrainsoftoday'steenagersaregoingtobethemostadaptable,creative,multitaskingbrainsthathaveeverexisted.Thereisevidence—fromadults—thatplayingvideogamesimprovesarangeofcognitivefunctionssuchasdividedattentionandworkingmemory.Muchlessisknownabouthowgaming,socialnetworkingandsoon,influencethedevelopingadolescentbrain.Wedon'tknowwhethertheeffectsofnewtechnologiesonthedevelopingbrainarepositive,negativeorneutral.Weneedtofindout.Adolescenceisaperiodoflifeinwhichthebrainisdevelopingandshapable,anditrepresentsagoodopportunityforlearningandsocialdevelopment.However,accordingtoUNICEF,40%oftheworld'steenagersdonothaveaccesstosecondaryschooleducation.Thepercentageofteenagegirlswhohavenoaccesstoeducationismuchhigher,andyetthereisstrongevidencethattheeducationofgirlsindevelopingcountrieshasmultiplesignificantbenefitsforfamilyhealth,populationgrowthrates,childmortalityrates,HIVratesaswellasforwomen'sself-esteemandqualityoflife.Adolescencerepresentsatimeofbraindevelopmentwhenteachingandtrainingshouldbeparticularlybeneficial.Iworryaboutthelostopportunityofdenyingtheworld'steenagersaccesstoeducation.WorryingabouttheteenagebrainIntroductionDifferentfromthepreviousstudies,anewonerevealsthatbraindevelopmentwill(1)________evenintheteenageyearsandbeyond,which(2)________someworries.Variousfactors(3)______theteenagebrainandnewworries·Particularvisualorauditorystimuliareamustforanimalsto(4)________neuronalcircuitryattheearlytimeoflife.·Weshouldbe(5)________aboutwhatinfluencetheenvironmenthasonthedevelopingteenagebrain.·Humansalwaysfacenewtechnologieswithasenseofanxietythatyoungpeople'smindsare(6)________．·Wearesupposedtofindoutwhatkindofrolenewtechnologiesplayinthe(7)________oftheteenagebrain.·Educationisofgreat(8)________inadolescencewhenthebrainisdevelopingandbeingshaped.However,itisn't(9)________totwofifthsoftheworld'steenagers,girlsinparticular.·Weareexpectedtobe(10)________oftheeffectsofeducationonthedevelopingbrains.B(2017·無錫高三一模)Theworldwouldhavebeensomuchbetterifweallknewhowtosayanddotherightthingattherighttime.However,thatisnotthecase,especiallywhenitcomestoinstilling(逐步培養(yǎng))properbehaviorinkids.Behaviormodification(BM)techniqueswererecentlycreatedtohelpininstillingproperbehaviorinchildrenaswellasadults.Behaviormodificationreferstoestablishingvariousappropriatebehaviorsinindividualsanddiscouragingthosethatarenotdesired.Behaviormodificationtechniquesaredevelopedlargelyaccordingtotheprinciplesofoperantconditioningby B．F.Skinner,anAmericanbehaviorist.Thesetechniquesareusedinbehaviormodificationtreatmentthataimstocorrectandinstillappropriatebehaviorinchildren.Thecommonlyusedbehaviormodificationtechniquesarepositivereinforcement(強化),negativereinforcementandpunishment.Positivereinforcementreferstoreinforcingproperbehaviorthatmostdesirethroughtheprocessofrewardingit.Thiscanbedonebypraisingtheindividualassoonasheperformsdesiredbehavior.Negativereinforcementbehavioralstrategiesarebasedontheremovalofanegativeconsequenceorbehaviorbecausethedesiredbehaviorwasperformed.Forexample,notlettingachildhelpinwashingdishesbecausehebehavedwellatafamilygatheringisaformofnegativereinforcement.Punishmentissomethingweallcanrelateto.Yes,itisjustwhatitmeans.However,whenputinwords,punishmentreferstosubjecting(使服從于)anindividualtoanegativeconditionbecauseofinappropriatebehavior.Thebehaviormodificationtechniquesforchildrenaremostlybasedonpositiveandnegativereinforcement.However,parentsshouldrealizethatthesetechniquescan'tbereliedupontotallyforchildbehaviormodification.Thoughthebehaviormodificationtechniquesleadtoquickresults,aparentshouldcontinuouslytrytocultivate(培養(yǎng))inhischildtheabilitytoappreciatethereasonwhysuchbehaviorisexpectedofhim.Thiscanbedonethrougheffectivecommunicationandgreaterfocusontheparent-childrelationship.Asaparent,don'tmaketherewardamonetaryone.Trytomakeitlookmorelikeaprivilegethanareward.Aparentshouldalsobeconsistentwithhistechniqueandapplyitwheneverthereisachancesothatthechildgetsaclearideaofwhatisexpectedandwhatisnot.Althoughwetalksomuchabouttheroleofaparentinbringingpositivebehaviormodificationtochildren,bothparentsandteachershaveequallyimportantrolestoplay.Teachersplaytheirrolethroughpreventiveclassroommanagement,teachingskillsforsolvingsocialproblemslikealternativethinking,andcontinuousmonitoringofachild'sbehavior.Itistruethattherearevariousbehaviormodificationtechniquesavailableforencouragingproperbehaviorinchildren.However,thereisnothingthatcantaketheplaceofproperparentingandanaffectionate(慈愛)environment.TechniquesforModifyingBehavior(1)______ofBMEstablishingvariousappropriatebehaviorsanddiscouragingundesirableones,aimingtocorrectandinstillproperbehaviorinindividuals.TypesofBMtechniques●Positivereinforcement:Reinforcing(2)________behaviorbymeansofrewardingit.●Negativereinforcement:(3)______anegativeconsequenceorbehavior.●Punishment:Subjectinganindividualtoanegativecondition(4)________toimproperbehavior.BMtechniquesforchildren●Forparents:Realizingthesetechniquesarehelpfulinleadingtoquickresults,buttheyarenottotally(5)________.Effectiveways●Communicating(6)________withchildrenandfocusingmoreonthechild-parentrelationship.●Makingtherewardmoreofaprivilegeratherthanareward.●Rememberingto(7)________tothesametechniqueandapplyitwheneverthereisachance.●Forteachers:Realizingbothparentsandteachershaveequallyimportantroles.Effectiveways●Playingtheirrolethroughclassroommanagementdesignedforthe(8)________ofpotentialproblems.●Teaching(9)________skillsneededinoursociety.●Monitoringchildren'sbehaviorcontinuously.(10)________Properparentingandanaffectionateenvironmentplayanirreplaceableroleinencouragingproperbehaviorinchildren.故填Conclusion。專題限時檢測(二十六)任務(wù)型閱讀(三)(限時24分鐘)A(2017·蘇、錫、常、鎮(zhèn)高三三模)Molecules(分子)foundonphonesreveallifestylesecretsWhatdoesyourphonesayaboutyou?Moleculesfoundonmobilephonesrevealanastonishingamountofinformationabouttheowner'shealthandlifestyle—includingtheirfoodpreferencesandmedi