The-Silk-Road-(絲綢之路)培訓(xùn)資料

TheSilkTrade2ThewestcametoknowsilkRoutesoftheSilkRoadThemeaningoftheSilkRoad3Ⅰ.Thewestcame

toknowsilkTHESILKROADTheancientSilkRoadinnorthwestChinahasahistoryofmorethantwothousandyears.Originally,theChinesetradedsilkinternallywithintheempire.Caravansfromtheempire'sinteriorwouldcarrysilktothewesternedgesoftheregion.TheywereoftenattackedbythesmallCentralAsiantribeswhowantedtocapturethetraders'valuablecommodities.5THESILKROADInordertoprotectthesecaravansandassurethesafetyofthetrade,theHanGovernmentdispatchedGeneralZhangQianasanenvoytobuildgoodrelationshipswiththesetribes.6(164BC~114BC)Anexplorer,traveleranddiplomatinHandynasty.7THESILKROADStartingfromChang’an,today'sXi’an,whichwasthecapitaloftheWesternHanDynasty,ZhangledhisteamacrossthevastWesternRegionsandreachedLoulan,GuiziandYutianstatesandestablishedtraderelationswiththesesmallkingdoms.8THESILKROADLoulan,GuiziandYutianwerethreeimportantstatesintheWesternRegionatthattime.Theywereallabandonedforuncertainreasonsandtravelerstodaycanseeruinsofthesethreeonceflourishingplaces.9THESILKROADZhang’sofficerswentevenfurtherintothecentralAsia.AllofthekingdomsthatZhangandhisteamhadvisitedsenttheirenvoystovisitChang’an(today’sXi’an)toexpresstheirappreciationforthenewrelationshipandshowtheirrespecttotheHanGovernment.10THESILKROADFromthenon,merchantscouldtravelonthesilkroutesafely,andtheybegantoexplorethisnewrouteinordertocarrysilkfromChinatootherpartsoftheworld.11THESILKROADThefamousChineseMonkXuanzanginTangDynastytraveledalongtheSilkRoadduringtheTangDynasty.12THESILKROADThefamousChineseMonkXuanzanginTangDynastytraveledalongtheSilkRoadduringtheTangDynasty.XuanzangbeganhistripfromChang’an(today'sXi’an)andpassedthroughtheGanSuCorridor,HaMi,TurPanandcontinuedhisjourneywestwardtoIndia.Xuanzangwassurprisedbythewarmreceptionhereceivedalonghisway.13THESILKROADItwascommonlybelievedthatpeopleinthosestateswerebrutal,wildanduncontrollable.Xuangzang'stripchangedtheattitudetowardthenomadictribesintheWesternRegionandthiscontributedgreatlytotheTanggovernment'sfriendlyrelationshipwiththesestates.By760AD,theTangGovernmenthadlostcontroloftheWesternRegionandtradeontheSilkRoadwashalted.14THESILKROADItrevivedtremendouslyundertheYuanDynastyduringtheeleventhandtwelfthcenturieswhenChinabecamelargelydependentonitssilktrade.GenghisKhanconqueredallthesmallstates,unifiedChinaandbuiltalargeempireunderhisrule.15THESILKROADTradealongtheSilkRoadreacheditszenithduringthisperiod.ThefamoustravelerMarcoPolotraveledalongtheSilkRoadvisitingDaDuthatistoday'sBeijingandwrotehisfamousbookabouttheorient.

16THESILKROADAsoverlandtradebecameincreasinglydangerous,andtravelbyseabecamemorepopular,tradealongtheSilkRoaddeclined.WhiletheChinesedidmaintainasilk-furtradewiththeRussiansnorthoftheoriginalSilkRoute,bytheendofthefourteenthcentury,tradeandtravelalongtheroadhaddecreasedsignificantly.

17THESILKROADTheSilkRoadwasdefinitelyanimportantpathforcultural,commercialandtechnologicalexchangebetweentraders,merchants,pilgrim,missionariesevensoldiers.Duringmorethan2000years,theroadimprovedthetransferfromnomadstourbandwellersacrosstheAsiancontinenteventhecountriesborderinguponMediterranean.18THESILKROADTheemergenceoftheSilkRoadvigorouslypromotedtheEast-Westeconomic,culturalexchanges,andcontributedtotheriseoftheHanDynasty.Furthermore,thatrouteisakeypathwayofIntercoursebetweenEastandWest,either.19Astheroadtothewestwaspopularlyknownforitstradeofsilk,whichwaspricedasvaluableasgold,thatcommercialroutecametobeknownastheSilkRoad.20Ⅱ.RoutesoftheSilkRoadGenerallyspeaking,thereweretwomajorroutes:onewasoverland,theotherwasacrosstheIndianOcean.21

Thesearouteof“SilkRoad”normallystartsfromGuangxiorelseporttownsonthesoutheasterncoastofChina.AfleetextendsitsvoyagethroughtheseaofJapan,theYellowSea,SouthChinaSea,theBayofBengal（孟加拉灣）,aroundtheMalayPeninsula,offthecoastofBurma,andcametoSoutheastAsiaandtheIndiaPeninsula.Then,itcontinuesalongarouteacrosstheIndianOcean,theArabSea,thePersianGulf(波斯灣),theRedseaandfinallyarrivesatdestinationportsofAfricaorEurope.22GuangxitheseaofJapantheBayofBengaltheIndiaPeninsulathePersianGulf23

Withthedevelopmentofseamanshipandnavigation,particularlyafterZhenghesuccessfullysailedtotheWest,asearoutetotheWesttooktheplaceofthesilkroadoverland.24

Thesilkroad,whichismentionedtoday,refersexclusivelytotheoverlandroute.Thereasonissimple:searoutemainlyexportedporcelain(瓷器),thensilk,gunpowder,tea,importedspecies,pepper,cottonandothercommodities.25

TheSilkRoadhadservedfortensofhundredsofyearsasthemainrouteofbusinessoverthecontinentsofAsia,EuropeandAfrica,anarteryofCommodityFlowandculturalexchangethatgaveimmenseimpetustotheriseofmajoreconomiesandciviliza