(通用版)高考英語一輪復習-考點二十一-說理議論類練習(含解析)-人教版高三全冊英語試題

wordword/word考點二十一說理議論類A限時7分鐘Irecentlycameincontactwithcelebritymagazines.Myfamilyisn'tonetogivemoneyforpicturesofskinny,drunkcelebritieswithparagraphsabouttheirrelationshipsandshoppingcarttimes.Thus,Iwasexcitedtofinallygetachancetoreadaboutotherpeople'sattractiveyettroubledlives.RightawayInoticedhoweachmagazineseemedtobeacopyoftheother.Theyhadheadlinesandpicturesthatwerealmostthesame.Still,thepicturesofperfectlyconstructedfaceswithcutedesigneroutfitsgoingonwiththeirdailylivesmademereadon.Wait,celebritiestakingtheirdogsforawalk?Spendinganafternoonatapark?Allofthesethingsseemedsoordinary—thingsmyownfamilyandIdotogetheroften.Isuddenlyrealizedhowunextraordinarythepeopleinthesemagazineswere.Theyaresimplynormalpeoplewhohappentohaveacooljobandmuchmoney.Forsomereason,picturesofthemdoingthingslikebuyingmilkatthestoreappealtomillionsofreaders.Then,whentheseregularpeoplemessup,theirmistakesarepaintedontohundredsofnewspapersandInternetsites.Whatifeverytimewemadeamistake,itwasmadepublic?Haveyoueverfailedatest?Imagineseeingpicturesofyouonthefrontofanewspaperwithheadlineslike,“RegularSchoolingIsn'tEnough〞.You'dbeembarrassed.Now,I'mnotnecessarilytakingthecelebrity'sside.I'mmorerealizingthefactthatthesepeoplewearecrazyaboutarejustordinaryhumanbeingswithmanyphotographsfollowingthemaround.Rolemodels?I'dthinknot.Personally,I'dratherlookuptopeopleinanycommunitywhohaveaccomplishedalotinsteadofanordinarypersonwalkinghisdoginBerverlyHills.篇章導讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章講述了作者通過閱讀時尚雜志，發(fā)現(xiàn)名人只不過是受大家關(guān)注的普通人而已，而作者更喜歡的是做了大事的普通人，進而呼吁我們應該正確看待名人。1．Whatdoweknowabouttheauthor'sfamily?A．Theyadmirecelebritiesverymuch.B．Theyoftenbuycelebritymagazines.C．Theyarenotinterestedincelebrities.D．Theyarecuriousaboutthelifeofcelebrities.答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句可推知，作者家人對名人的八卦新聞不感興趣，應當選C。2．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofcelebrities?A．Theyliveahappylife.B．Theyseldomdousualthings.C．Theydeservepeople'sadmiration.D．Theyarejustordinarypeoplelikeus.答案：D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第四、五句可知，作者突然明白，名人都是些普通人，只不過他們從事著看似光鮮、收入豐厚的工作，應當選D。3．Whoismostlikelytobetheauthor'srolemodel?A．Celebritieswholiveanordinarylife.B．Commonpeoplewhodogreatthings.C．Extraordinarypeoplewhoaccomplishalot.D．Peoplewhomakegreatcontributionstocommunities.答案：B推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句可知，作者更喜歡以那些雖生活在社區(qū)里，但能做出不平凡事情的普通人為榜樣，而不是那些雖生活在BerverlyHills而事實上很平庸的人，結(jié)合選項可知選B。4．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Todescribetheactuallifeofcelebrities.B．Toaskustoberealisticaboutothers'mistakes.C．Toshowpeople'sdifferentattitudestowardscelebrities.D．Toadviseustohavearightattitudetowardscelebrities.答案：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)本文可知，在作者看來名人只不過是受大家關(guān)注的普通人，我們需要以正確的態(tài)度去看待他們，應當選D。B限時8分鐘It'snoteasyfeelinglikeyou'realwaysunderthespotlightbeingjudgedforeachlittlemistakeyoumake.Yourmindisinanendlesscircleplayingwhatyousaidanddidoverandoveragain.Youwishyouhadatimecapsule(時間囊)togobackandmakethingschangeifyoufindmistakes.Youfearwhatotherswillthinkaboutyouandthattheywillrejectanddislikeyou.Youseektobesociallyperfect.Academically,youworklongendlesshoursjusttomakethoseexcellentmarks.Althoughmostwouldsay“it'sgoodtohavehighstandards\〞，theyhavenoideaabouttheinternalhellyouputyourselfthroughtoachieveperfection.Ifyoudon'tachievethedesiredgoalyoufeelasthoughyouhavefailed,butyou'refarfromfailing,youjustdon'tseeitthatway.Soinsteadyouaretellingyourselfthatyou'restupidandnotsmart.Thepressureyouplaceonyourselfweighsyoudownandyouwearthe“notgoodenough\〞labeleachandeveryday.Younotonlyhavehighstandardsforyourselfbutyoualsohavethemforothers.Ifpeopledon'tperformuptoyourexpectations,thenyouthinkthemincompetent.Thiscausesalotoffrustrationbecauseyoucan'ttrustanyonetogetthingsright.Soinsteadorbeingateamplayeryouflysolo(單飛)andtrytodotwoorthreejobsatonce.Yourunrealisticexpectationscauseyoutocriticizeandjudgeothersandthatleadstoproblemsinotherareasofyourlife.Theattempttobeperfectiscalledperfectionismandit'sdamagingouremotionalandmentalhealth.Westriveforperfectionwithourbody,inourperformance,andinourrelationships.Inasocietythatoverstatesmistakes,isitanywonderthatsomanyyoungpeopleattempttheimpossibletaskofbeingperfect?Weallhaveflaws,fearsandmakemistakes,andthat'sperfectlyOK.It'sourimperfectionsthatmakelifeinterestingandtheyhelpusgrowintoastrongerandmoreadaptableperson.Wedon'thavetobeastrongerandmoreadaptableperson.Wedon'thavetostrivetoachievetheimpossiblegoal.Wearedesignedtobeperfectlyimperfect.篇章導讀：本文是一篇議論文。過度追求完美不僅影響身心健康，還會對別人苛求進而產(chǎn)生很多問題。我們注定不完美，我們要承受自己的不完美。5．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A．Adiary. B．Anovel.C．Amagazine. D．Aguidebook.答案：C推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，本文是一篇議論文，主要觀點是：過度追求完美影響身心健康和人際關(guān)系進而導致其他問題，因此我們不必追求完美。據(jù)此可推知，本文最可能摘自雜志，故C項正確。6．Whichofthefollowingisaperfectionistmostlikelytoagree?A．Begenerouswithpraise.B．Nobodyisperfect.C．Thereisnobest,onlybetter.D．Acontentedmindisaneverlastingfeast.答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句中的“Theattempttobeperfectiscalledperfectionism〞可推知，“沒有最好，只有更好〞是典型的完美主義者的觀點，故C項正確。A項“不要吝惜贊美〞、D項“知足常樂〞均不屬于完美主義，故排除。7．WhatcanweinferfromParagraph4?A．Thesocietyispartlytoblameforperfectionism.B．Moreandmorepeoplearetoleratingmistakes.C．Manyyoungpeoplefinditimpossibletobeperfect.D．It'sunusualforasocietytoseekperfectionismnowadays.答案：A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段尾句“Inasocietythatoverstatesmistakes,isitanywonderthatsomanyyoungpeopleattempttheimpossibletaskofbeingperfect？〞可知，在這個過分夸大錯誤的社會里，有那么多的年輕人嘗試變得完美這一不可能完成的任務是不足為奇的。據(jù)此可推知，社會應當對完美主義承當一定的責任，故A項正確。8．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofimperfection?A．It'sunbearable.B．It'spartofourlife.C．Itdeservestobeovercome.D．Itdoesharmtoourmentalhealth.答案：B推理判斷題。根據(jù)末段內(nèi)容尤其是最后一句“Wearedesignedtobeperfectlyimperfect.〞可推知，作者認為不完美是我們?nèi)松囊痪植?，故B項正確。C限時8分鐘GrowingPainsTheterm“adulting\〞startedasasortofjoke—wheneveramillennial(千禧一代)woulddosomethingage－appropriate,thiswasanactof“adulting〞.Now,though,millennialsobviouslyrequiretraininginbeinganadult.RachelFlehingerhasco－foundedanAdultingSchool,whichincludesonlinecoursesonsimplesewing,conflictresolutionandcooking.Thecauseforsuchclassesisthatmanymillennialshaven'tleftchildhoodhomes—inAmerica34percentofadultsaged18to34stilllivedwiththeirparentsasof2015,upfrom26percentadecadebefore.There'sagooddealoftruthtothis.Ifyou'relivingathome,withMomandDaddoingtheirbesttospoil(溺愛)you,you'relesslikelytoknowhowtodolaundry,cookorbalanceacheckbook.Dependency_breeds_enervation.Butlivingathomedoesn'tnecessarilyleadtodependency.Asof1940,morethan30percentof25－to29－year－oldslivedathomewithparentsorgrandparents.Theywereadulting,evenwhilelivingathome.Parentsexpectedtheirkidstodochores,toprepareforlife.Insteadofblaminglivingathome,then,wehavetoblameourstyleofparenting.Thetruthisthatwe'vesimplybecomelazierasparents.Sowhat'stherealproblem?We'remorelikelytoletourkidscrashonourcouches(長沙發(fā))thantellthemtogetajobandpayrent.Wedon'tpushourkidstobuildfamiliesoftheirown,aslifeexpectancyhasincreased,sohasadolescence.Americansaren'texpectedtostartbuildingalife,particularlymiddle－andupper－classAmericans,untilthey'renearingtheir30s.Thenthequestionishowwecanencourageyoungpeopleto“adult\〞innon－circumstance－drivenfashion.篇章導讀：本文是一篇說明文。千禧一代的孩子承受著父母的寵愛，他們很多人不能獨立生活需要承受生活技能培訓。事實上，是父母的養(yǎng)育方式導致孩子不能獨立。9．Whatdoesthelastsentence“Dependencybreedsenervation\〞inthethirdparagraphmean?A．Parentswouldliketodohouseworkbythemselves.B．Presentkidsaretoolazytodohousework.C．Dependencymakeskidsunabletodothings.D．Kidsdependontheirparents.答案：C句意理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句可知，如果你住在家里，爸爸媽媽竭盡全力溺愛你，你就不太可能知道如何洗衣服、做飯或平衡收支。畫線句為進一步的總結(jié)，據(jù)此可推知，畫線句意在表達，過度依賴父母會使孩子喪失做事情的能力，故C項正確。10．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A．Millennialswouldliketobetrainedinbeinganadult.B．Parentsaretoolazytodochores.C．Millennialsdon'tadultbecausetheystillliveintheirchildhoodhomes.D．Inthe1940skidswereadultingevenwhentheywerelivingathome.答案：D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二、三句可知，自20世紀40年代起，有超過30%的25至29歲的人與父母或祖父母一起住在家里；但即使和家人同住，他們也很成熟。故D項正確。11．Whichofthefollowingstatementsisthemainideaofthepassage?A．“Adulting\〞ishard,butonlybecauseparentsaretoolazytoteachtheirkids.B．Millennialsshouldleavehomeearlytoadult.C．Americansaren'texpectedtostartbuildingalifeuntilthey'renearingtheir30s.D．Adultingschoolswithonlinecoursesarepopular.答案：A主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段末句“Thetruthisthatwe'vesimplybecomelazierasparents.〞并結(jié)合全文其他內(nèi)容可知，本文主要論述了由于父母的過分寵愛和懶得教孩子們生活技能，現(xiàn)在許多千禧一代的孩子不能獨立，不知道如何洗衣、做飯、管理生活收支等。故A項正確。12．Accordingtothepassage,whatwillbewrittenaboutnext?A．Thegovernmentshouldputofftheageofadulthood.B．Parentsshouldleavekidsinchargeofsociety.C．Parentsshouldputresponsibilityonyoungpeople.D．Pushingkidstoadultispainfulforparents.答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)本文最后一句可知，接下來的問題是，我們?nèi)绾喂膭钅贻p人以非環(huán)境驅(qū)動的方式“成年〞。據(jù)此可推知，下文將介紹家長如何鼓勵孩子們承當生活的責任，故C項正確。D限時8分鐘Whenaskedtoidentifythequalitiesthatleadtosuccessinlife,expertsoftenlisttheabilitytoovercomeobstacles.Gettingoverthedifficulties,throughdeterminationandpersistence,isthecharacteristicofthegreatestleaders,themostsuccessfulparentsandthemostprizedemployees.Thosewhomakenoexcuses,whodowhateverittakestogetsomethingdone,aretheoneswhohavethecapacitytoachievegreatness.Ineducation,wefocusalotonmeetingourstudents'needs.It'sourjobtoteachthem.Buttotrulyhelpthembesuccessful,weourselveshavetohavethe“noexcuses〞attitude.Theproblemisthatbyallowingourselvesnoexcuses,anddoingwhateverittakestomakestudentssuccessful,weoftenfindourselvesacceptingexcusesfromthem.Studentsdon'tcompleteanassignment,andwegivethemasecondchance.Atestisfailedandweprovideachancetoretakeit,ordotestcorrectionsforextracredit.Butthere'salwaysareasonforachild'sbehavior.It'simportanttounderstandthereason,butit'sequallyimportanttorememberthatareasonisnotanexcuse.There'sagirlinmyclasswithterriblehandwriting.“MaybeifIhadamotherwhohadtaughtmethat,Iwouldhavebetterhandwriting！〞shesays.Shehasbeeninandoutoffostercare(寄養(yǎng)照管)foryears.Shehasanexplanationforherbadhandwriting,butwhendoesitbecomeanexcusethatreducesherabilitytocommunicatefortherestofherlife?Wemustunderstandthekidsandworktofindwaysforthemtosucceed.Simultaneously(同時),wemustdrawlines,setlimits,showthemthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong.Therealworkisfiguringoutwhenwestoplettingreasonsbeexcuses,andstarttoteachkidsabouttakingresponsibilityforthemselves.Maybethereisfailureonthepathtosuccess.Sometimesachildhastofailinordertodiscoverthelinethathecannotcross.篇章導讀：本文是一篇議論文，主要介紹教師在教育學生的過程中要培養(yǎng)他們“不找借口〞的態(tài)度，使他們對自己的言行負責。13．TheexampleofthegirlinParagraph4showsthat________.A．childrencan'ttellareasonfromanexcuseB．childrenneedtoimprovetheirabilitytocommunicateC．children'sbehaviorisgreatlyaffectedbytheirparentsD．childrenhavereasonableexplanationsfortheirbehavior答案：A推理判斷題。結(jié)合第三段尾句中的“butit'sequallyimportanttorememberthatareasonisnotanexcuse〞可知，原因不等于借口，女孩的例子正是說明了孩子們往往無法區(qū)分借口和原因，應當選A。14．Whatisateacher'srealworkintheauthor'sopinion?A．Toshowkidsthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong.B．Tohelpkidsbecomeresponsibleforthemselves.C．Tosetspecificlimitstothebehaviorofkids.D．Tomeettheneedsofdifferentkids.答案：B細節(jié)理解題。從倒數(shù)第二段最后一句可知，一個教師真正的工作是弄清楚什么時候不再讓理由變成借口，并開始教孩子們要對他們自己的言行負責，應當選B。15．Whatdoestheauthortrytoexpressinthelastparagraph?A．Childrenshouldtrytoavoidfailure.B．Failuremaybenefitchildreninthelongrun.C．Childrenshouldbecarefulontheirwaytosuccess.D．Failureiseasytoconquerifchildrenareconfident.答案：B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第二句“Sometimesachildhastofailinordertodiscoverthelinethathecannotcross.〞可以推斷，從長遠來看，讓孩子經(jīng)歷失敗并不一定是壞事，孩子們能從中受益，應當選B。16．Thepassageisprobablywrittenby________.A．a(chǎn)workingparentB．a(chǎn)collegestudentC．a(chǎn)nexperiencedteacherD．a(chǎn)newspaperreporter答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一、二句“Ineducation,wefocusalotonmeetingourstudents'needs.It'sourjobtoteachthem.〞以與第四段首句“There'sagirlinmyclasswithterriblehandwriting.〞可推知，這篇文章很可能是由一個有經(jīng)驗的教師寫的。A限時15分鐘(2019·全國卷Ⅰ)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小學),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories：thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables'plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence：statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,DrPrinstein'sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(從事)indangerousandriskybehavior.〞Inonestudy,DrPrinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(調(diào)查研究).“Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus.〞DrPrinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate—sharing,kindness,openness—carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch,DrPrinsteincametoanotherconclusion：Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too.“Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage，〞hesaid.篇章導讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章從社會心理學視角討論青少年小學與中學階段的成長經(jīng)歷，論述了個體受歡迎程度這一青少年心理健康話題。1．Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?A．Unkind. B．Lonely.C．Generous. D．Cool.答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“earlyyearsofelementaryschool〞可定位到第一段第一句，根據(jù)句意和sharing一詞可推知，作者上小學的時候是一個慷慨大方的人，應當選C項。2．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theclassificationofthepopular.B．Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C．Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D．Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.答案：A段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段第二句可知DrPrinstein，一位臨床心理學教授將受歡迎的人分為兩類，第三句和第四句分別用“Thelikables'...〞和“Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence...〞引出后文內(nèi)容，恰恰就是介紹了受歡迎的兩類人：討人喜歡型和追求地位型。同時本段第二句中的關(guān)鍵詞sort...into...(把……分成……)與A項中的classification相呼應，所以A項可以概括本段大意。3．WhatdidDrPrinstein'sstudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?A．Theyappearedtobeaggressive.B．Theytendedtobemoreadaptable.C．Theyenjoyedthehigheststatus.D．Theyperformedwellacademically.答案：B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句中的“l(fā)ikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment〞可知，DrPrinstein的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，最討人喜歡的孩子往往適應性強。B項中的adaptable與第四段中的adjustment相呼應。應當選B項。4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．BeNice—YouWon'tFinishLastB．TheHighertheStatus,theBetterC．BetheBest—YouCanMakeItD．MoreSelf-Control,LessAggressiveness答案：A標題判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句可知，本文主要介紹了研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)討人喜歡與積極的人生結(jié)果有關(guān)，因此A項作為標題最適宜。B限時10分鐘(2020·成都市高中畢業(yè)班摸底測試)Pleasetakeafewsecondsandthinkofyourpersonalbiggestgoal.Imaginetellingsomeoneyoumeettodaywhatyou'regoingtodo.Imaginetheircongratulationsandtheirhighimageofyou.Doesn'titfeelgoodtosayitoutloud?Don'tyoufeelonestepcloseralready?Well,badnews:youshouldhavekeptyourmouthshut,becausethatgoodfeelingwillmakeyoulesslikelytodoit.Anytimeyouhaveagoal,thereissomeworkthatneedstobedonetoachieveit.Ideally,youwouldnotbesatisfieduntilyou'dactuallydonethework.Butwhenyoutellsomeoneyourgoalandheacknowledges(承認)it,psychologistshavefoundit'scalleda“social_reality\〞.Themindiskindoftrickedintoafeelingthatit'salreadydone.Andthen,becauseyou'vefeltthatsatisfaction,you'relessmotivatedtodotheactualandnecessaryhardwork.Thisgoesagainstthetraditionalwisdomthatweshouldtellourfriendsourgoals,right?In1982,PeterGollwitzer,aprofessorofpsychology,wroteawholebookaboutthis.Andin2009,hedidsomenewteststhatwerepublished.Itgoeslikethis:163peopleacrossfourseparatetests—everyonewrotedowntheirpersonalgoal.Thenhalfofthemannouncedtheircommitment(承諾)tothisgoaltotheroom,andhalfdidn't.Theneveryonewasgiven45minutesofworkthatwoulddirectlyleadthemtowardstheirgoal,buttheyweretoldthattheycouldstopatanytime.Finallythosewhokepttheirmouthsshutworkedtheentire45minutesonaverage,andwhenaskedafterwards,saidtheyfelttheyhadalongwaytogotoachievetheirgoal.Butthosewhohadannounceditquitafteronly33minutesonaverage,andwhenaskedafterwards,saidthattheyfeltmuchclosertoachievingtheirgoal.篇章導讀：本文是一篇說明文。實現(xiàn)一個目標需要做一些工作。試驗明確，在實現(xiàn)目標之前就告訴別人你的目標并得到別人的認可，如此有可能使你感到滿意，陷入目標已完成的錯覺，從而動力減少，不能很好地去工作；而在實現(xiàn)目標之前沒有說出目標如此會使你工作更努力。5．Whatdothewords“socialreality〞inParagraph2mean?A．Completionofthegoal.B．Necessaryhardwork.C．People'sacknowledgement.D．Asenseofsatisfaction.答案：A推理判斷題。根據(jù)畫線詞組后一句“Themindiskindoftrickedintoafeelingthatit'salreadydone.〞并結(jié)合畫線詞組所在句可推知，socialreality在此處意為“目標的完成〞。6．WhatdoesPeterGollwitzertrytotellus?A．Writingdownthegoalisveryhelpful.B．Achievingpersonalgoalneedsmoretime.C．Keepingthegoalsecretmakespeopleworkharder.D．Makingthegoalpublicmakespeoplelesssatisfied.答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后兩句“Finallythosewhokepttheirmouthsshut...toachievingtheirgoal.〞可推知，PeterGollwitzer想告訴我們：沒有說出目標讓人們工作更努力。7．HowdidPeterGollwitzerprovehisideaaboutpeople'sgoal?A．Bygivingfigures.B．Bygivingexamples.C．Bymakingasurvey.D．Bymakingcomparisontests.答案：D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，PeterGollwitzer把所測試的對象分成兩局部，一半說出自己的目標，一半沒有說出目標，每個人都給了45分鐘，他們可以隨時停止。試驗明確，沒有說出目標的人平均工作了45分鐘，而說出目標的人平均工作33分鐘。由此可知，PeterGollwitzer是通過進展比擬測試來證明他的觀點的，應當選D。8．Whatwillprobablyhappenifyoutellyourfriendsyourgoal?A．Youwillbemoreconfident.B．Youwillnotgainsatisfaction.C．Youarelesslikelytorealizeit.D．You'llbemuchmoremotivated.答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一句中的“becausethatgoodfeelingwillmakeyoulesslikelytodoit〞可推知，如果你把目標告訴你的朋友，你實現(xiàn)目標的可能性會變小，應當選C。C限時10分鐘(2019·蘭州一中高三月考)We'veconsideredseveralwaysofpayingtocutinline:hiringlinestanders,buyingticketsfromscalpers(票販子),orpurchasingline-cuttingprivilegesdirectlyfrom,say,anairlineoranamusementpark.Eachofthesedealsreplacesthemoralsofthequeue(waitingyourturn)withthemoralsofthemarket(payingapriceforfasterservice)．Marketsandqueues—payingandwaiting—aretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthings,andeachisappropriatetodifferentactivities.Themoralsofthequeue—“Firstcome,firstserved.〞haveanegalitarian(平等主義的)appeal.Theytellustoignoreprivilege,power,anddeeppockets.Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovernalloccasions.IfIputmyhouseupforsale,Ihavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalong,simplybecauseit'sthefirst.Sellingmyhouseandwaitingforabusaredifferentactivities,properlygovernedbydifferentstandards.Sometimesstandardschange,anditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.Thinkoftherecordedmessageyouhear,playedoverandover,asyouwaitonholdwhencallingyourbank:“Yourcallwillbeansweredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.〞Thisisessentialforthemoralsofthequeue.It'sasifthecompanyistryingtoeaseourimpatiencewithfairness.Butdon'ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.Today,somepeople'scallsareansweredfasterthanothers.Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniesto“score〞incomingcallsandtogivefasterservicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.Youmightcallthistelephonicqueuejumping.Ofcourse,marketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistributebymerit,othersbyneed,stillothersbychance.However,thetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeues,andothernon-marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue-jumpingschemeswe'veconsidered—atairportsandamusementparks,incallcenters,doctors'offices,andnationalparks—arerecentdevelopments,scarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseemanunusualconcern,butthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered.篇章導讀：本文是一篇議論文。講述了生活中購物、買票等時的插隊問題，作者通過舉例子、講道理來解讀道德和市場的平衡問題。要想得到快速的服務，就要額外付更多的費用。作者還對在道德和市場競爭之間產(chǎn)生的矛盾進展了探討。9．Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingseemsgovernedbytheprinciple“Firstcome,firstserved.〞？A．Takingbuses.B．Buyinghouses.C．Flyingwithanairline.D．Visitingamusementparks.答案：A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句、第三段第一句“Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.〞可知，等公共汽車是受“先到先得到服務〞這一標準制約的。10．TheexampleoftherecordedmessageinParagraphs4and5illustrates________.A．thenecessityofpatienceinqueuingB．theadvantageofmoderntechnologyC．theuncertaintyofallocationprincipleD．thefairnessoftelephonicservices答案：C細節(jié)理解題。第四段第一句“Sometimesstandardschange,anditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.〞說明了適用規(guī)如此的不確定性，應當選C項。11．Thepassageismeantto________.A．justifypayingforfasterservicesB．discussthemoralsofallocatingthingsC．a(chǎn)nalyzethereasonforstandinginlineD．criticizethebehaviorofqueuejumping答案：B主旨大意題。第二段和第六段的第一句都明確了這篇文章的核心話題就是對有關(guān)分配的道德問題的探討。B項所述符合且準確地表現(xiàn)了文章的主旨。D限時12分鐘(2019·江蘇高考)Whocaresifpeoplethinkwronglythattheinternethashadmoreimportantinfluencesthanthewashingmachine?Whydoesitmatterthatpeoplearemoreimpressedbythemostrecentchanges?Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople'sopinions.However,theyhaverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolution,representedbytheinternet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso“yesterday〞thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.Thisbeliefin“post-industrialsociety〞hasledthosecountriestoneglecttheirmanufacturingsector(制造業(yè)),withnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeinternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshasmovedtheinternationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe“digitaldivide〞betweentherichcountriesandthepoorcountries.Thishasledcompaniesandindividualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriestobuycomputerequipmentandinternetfacilities.Thequestion,however,iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptopcomputerorsettingupinternetcentresinruralvillages.Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong-termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchangesinthetechnologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowweliveina“borderlessworld〞.Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobelievethatwhateverchangeishappeningtodayistheresultofgreattechnologicalprogress,goingagainstwhichwillbeliketryingtoturntheclockback.Believinginsuchaworld,manygovernmentshaveputanendtosomeoftheverynecessaryregulationsoncross-borderflowsofcapital,labourandgoods,withpoorresults.Understandingtechnologicaltrendsisveryimportantforcorrectlydesigningeconomicpolicies,bothatthenationalandtheinternationallevels,andformakingtherightcareerchoicesattheindividuallevel.However,ourfascinationwiththelatest,andourunder-valuationofwhathasalreadybecomecommon,can,andhas,ledusinallsortsofwrongdirections.篇章導讀：本文是一篇議論文，文章論述了盲目夸大新科技可能帶來的嚴重后果。因特網(wǎng)和洗衣機哪個更有影響力？如果只是個人觀點的話，做出錯誤判斷也無大礙，但是，對新科技影響力的誤判對社會卻會有切切實實的影響，因為這會導致稀缺資源的浪費。12．Misjudgmentsontheinfluencesofnewtechnologycanleadto________.A．a(chǎn)lackofconfidenceintechnologyB．a(chǎn)slowprogressintechnologyC．a(chǎn)conflictofpublicopinionsD．a(chǎn)wasteoflimitedresources答案：D細節(jié)理解題。由第二段第二句可知，這些誤判有真正的影響，因為它們會導致稀缺資源的誤導使用，應當選D項“對新技術(shù)影響力的誤判會導致有限資源的浪費〞。13．TheexampleinParagraph4suggeststhatdonatorsshould________.A．takepeople'sessentialneedsintoaccountB．maketheirprogrammesattractivetopeopleC．ensurethateachchildgetsfinancialsupportD．providemoreaffordableinternetfacilities答案：A細節(jié)理解題。由第四段可知，作者認為與其給開展中國家的人們捐錢買電腦與網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備，倒不如買能切實提高人們生活水平的物品，言外之意，捐獻者應該把人們的根本需求考慮(take...intoaccount)進來，應當選A項。14．Whathasledmanygovernmentstoremovenecessaryregulations?A．Neglectingtheimpactsoftechnologicaladvances.B．Believingthattheworldhasbecomeborderless.C．Ignoringthepowerofeconomicdevelopment.D．Over-emphasizingtheroleofinternationalcommunication.答案：B細節(jié)理解題。由第五段第一句中的“nowweliveina‘borderlessworld’〞可知，世界已經(jīng)變得無國界，第五段最后一句的意思是，正是因為相信有這樣一個世界，所以許多政府終止了一些非常有必要的規(guī)定。應當選B。15．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Peopleshouldbeencouragedtomakemoredonations.B．Traditionaltech