分析《冷山》中的生態(tài)女性主義

AnAnalysisonEcofeminisminColdMountain分析《冷山》中的生態(tài)女性主義

ContentsTOC\o"1-3"\h\z\t"新Abstract,1,新摘要,1,新一級標題,1,新二級標題,2,新三級標題,3,新references,1,新acknowledgement,1"Abstract AbstractColdMountain,astheAmericanwriterCharlesFrazier’sfirstnovel,ismainlybasedontheCivilWaroftheUnitedStates.Inthenovel,Frazierdescribesthelifeexperiencesofareturningsoldier,andprofoundlyrevealsthecloserelationshipbetweenhumanandnature,andbetweenhumanbeings.Thenovelconsistsofthreemainclues.Firstly,thenovelrevealstherelationshipbetweenhumanandnature,whichismainlyreflectedintheheroineAda'sstrugglingtolovenature,integratingintonatureandfinallybecomingindependentwiththehelpofRuby.Secondly,thenovelexpoundstherelationshipbetweenmenandwomen,whichismainlyreflectedinthedevelopmentoftheemotionsbetweenInmanandAda,andtheresolutionofthecontradictionbetweenRuby'sfatherandher.Thirdly,thenoveladvocatesanequalandlovingracialrelationshipbydescribingtherelationshipbetweentheheroineAdaandherblackfemalecompanionRuby.FromtheperspectiveofEcofeminism,thispaperanalysestherelationshipbetweenwomenandnature,betweenwomenandmenandbetweenwomeninColdMountain.Inthisway,wecandeeplyinterprettheecofeminismconsciousness.Frazier’spursuitofequalitybetweenmenandwomen,harmoniouscoexistenceofhumanwithnature,andequalitybetweendifferentraceshasinstructivesignificanceonbuildingaharmonioussocietyandworldtoday.Keywords:CharlesFrazier;ColdMountain;Ecofeminism摘要《冷山》是美國作家查爾斯·弗雷澤的處女作，主要是以美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)為背景。弗雷澤在小說中描述了回歸士兵的生活經(jīng)歷，深刻地揭示了人與自然之間以及人與人之間的密切關(guān)系。這部小說包括三個主要線索。首先，小說揭示了人與自然的關(guān)系，這主要體現(xiàn)在女主角艾達熱愛大自然，努力融入大自然，最終在露比的幫助下獨立。其次，小說闡述了男女之間的關(guān)系，主要體現(xiàn)在英曼和艾達之間情感的發(fā)展，以及露比和她的父親之間矛盾的解決。第三，小說通過描述女主人公艾達和她的黑人女性伴侶露比之間的關(guān)系，提倡種族間平等互愛的關(guān)系。本文從生態(tài)女性主義的角度分析了《冷山》中女性與自然，男女之間，女性之間的關(guān)系。通過這種方式，我們可以深刻地解讀生態(tài)女性主義意識。弗雷澤對男女平等，人與自然和諧共存以及種族平等的追求對當今和諧社會和世界的構(gòu)建具有指導意義。關(guān)鍵詞：查爾斯·弗雷澤；《冷山》；生態(tài)女性主義

I.IntroductionItisknowntousallthatColdMountainisCharlesFrazier'sfirstnovelandhisonlynovelsofar.ThenovelwontheAmericanNationalBookAwardfordepictingthecomplexfeelingsandrelationshipsbetweenhumansandnature.Someofthereadersthinkthatthenovelhasashockingaestheticfeelingafterfinishingthereading,andsomeevencommentthatthenovelisamagnificentpicturethatslowlyunfolds.MovingwordsandthrillingplotsinthisnovelmakeitandGonewiththeWindbecomethe"double-edgedAmericanliterature"ofthe20thcentury.Inrecentyears,thesocialproblemsarebecomingfierce,andtherelationshipbetweenpeopleisbecomingsevere,thussociologistsmustpayattentiontothesephenomena.Withthecontinuouspromotionanddeepeningofecologicalproblems,ecologicalfeminismhasraisedupandgraduallypenetratedhistory,politics,philosophy,cultureandotherfields.Withtheincreasingconcernofecofeminismandecofeministcriticism,theecofeministideasinliteraryworksalsoshowagrowingtrend.Inthispaper,theecofeminismconsciousnessisgoingtobedeeplyinterpreted.Frazier’spursuitofequalitybetweenmenandwomen,harmoniouscoexistenceofhumanwithnature,andequalitybetweendifferentraceshasinstructivesignificanceonbuildingaharmonioussocietyandworldtoday.II.LiteratureReviewEcofeminismisatheoreticalphilosophydevelopedfromthefeministtheoryandecologism.Francoised'Eaubonne,whoisaFrenchfeminist,cameupwiththetermecofeministin1974.Hisintensionistocallforsocialattentiontorealizethepotentialofwomenastheycanbringaboutanecologicalrevolution.Themainmeaningofecofeminismisthatwomenisidentifiedwithnaturefortheirnaturalinstincts.Whileecologistsareconcernedabouttheproblemofwhetherpeopleshoulddominatethenatureornot,ecofeministsareconcernedaboutthesocialproblemoftherelationshipbetweenwomanandnature.Aswecansee,bothsidesarecommittedtotheideaofequality,andecofeminismisagoodcombinationofthetwoultimategoals.Theecofeminismisdevotedtobuildinganewmoralvalueandsocialstructure.Thefinalgoalofecofeminismisnottodominatenatureandwomen,andregardthemasaresource,buttomakefulluseofnatureandwomen'sabilitiesandmaintaintheintegrityoftheecologicalenvironment.Itisnotaimingatthepowerbutattheharmoniousandmutuallybeneficialcoexistencebetweenthetwosides.Ecofeministshavereachedaconsensusthathuman'sinvasionofnatureisthesamewiththatofmen'sinvasionofwomen'sbodies.Whenecofeministsstrugglefortheirliberation,theyaretransformingthestrugglefortheirliberationintoastruggletosavetheearth.Ecofeminists,ontheonehand,criticizetheviewthatwomenareplacedinthesameweakandpassivepositionastheexploitednature.Ontheotherhand,theyendowwomenwithpositivevaluebylinkingtheiridiosyncrasywithnature.InthebookWomanandNature,SusanGriffinpointsouttheuniquenessofwomen.Theycanusetheirbeautifullanguagetogetclosetonature.Bothwomenandnaturehavetheabilitytoreproduce.Therefore,womenareclosertonatureinspirit,andwomencanhavebetterintrospectionontherelationshipbetweenhumanandnature.Spretnakadvocatesacompletenon-dualtheoryinecologicaltermscharacterizedbyitsnon-dualityandthoroughness.Anotherimportantpointofviewofecofeministsistheircriticismofmodernwesternscience.Theytrytofindoutwhatdestroyshumandependenceonnatureandleadstodifferentthingsintheworldofhumanhierarchy.Westernmodernscienceholdsthathumanbeingspossessthehighestspiritualrealm,sohumanbeingsareconsideredsuperiortobiologicalbeingsintheanimalworldandnature.Thisideologyleadstothefactthattheinterestsofhumanbeingsaremorevaluablethanthoseofnon-humanbeings,andthatthingsexistinacertainorder.Therefore,humanbeingsaresuperiortoanimalsandhumancivilizationissuperiortoanimalnature.Eveninthehumanworld,hierarchicalorderexists.Ecofeminismisconsistentintermsofconnection.Ecofeministsfirmlybelievethatthereisnohierarchyintheuniverse.Whetheritistherelationshipbetweenhumanbeings,humanbeingsandnature,andotherformsoflivingthings,allshouldbeequal.HumanbeingsareoneofthemillionsofspeciesonEarth.Thegoalofecofeminismistoconstructaninterconnectednetworkbasedonecofeminism.Lifeonearthnotonlyexistsamonghumanbeings,butalsointherelationshipofmutualacceptanceanddependence.Totallyspeaking,thepurposeofecofeminismistore-examineandcriticizeliterarycreationandhumanculture.Throughliteraryresearch,theycanchangethestatusofnatureandwomen,andawakenpeople'secologicalconsciousnessandequalityconsciousness.Theirgoalistobuildasocietycharacterizedbyequalityandharmonybetweenmenandwomen.Inthatsociety,speciesandracesareequal,andhumansocietyandnaturecanliveinharmony.Itisacolorfulanddynamicworldwithrichandcolorfulculturesanddiversecreatures.ThestudyofChineseecofeministliteratureshouldbeginwiththeintroductionofecofeministtheoryintoChina.AlthoughthereareabundantecologicalresourcesinChinesetraditionalculture,ecologicalfeminismofmodernsignificancehasbeenintroducedintoChinafromtheWest.In1979,SciencePublishingHousepublishedLuRuilan'stranslationofSilentSpring.Theoriginalgoalofthisbookwastoprovideareferencebookforworkers,peasants,soldiers,grass-rootscadresandscientistsengagedinenvironmentalprotectiontounderstandenvironmentalscienceknowledge.However,itarousedpeople'sawarenessofecology,andforthefirsttimepeoplesawthecombinationofecologicalproblemsandwomen'sproblems,andecologicalfeminism.Itmadethegroundworkinthedomesticappearance.ThefirstecofeministtranslationpublishedHunanPeople'sPublishingHousein1988isNaturalWomentranslatedbyZhangMinshengandFanDaizhong.ThisworkisoneoftherepresentativeworksofSusanGriffinwhoistherepresentativeofearlyAmericanecofeminism.Ithasaprominentpositioninthehistoryofecofeminismtheoryandisappraisedasalandmarkwork.Butinthelate1980s,Chinesescholarshadnotformedtheacademicconsciousnessofecofeminism.Thisbookwasonlyintroducedasatranslationoffeminism.In1997,SilentSpringwasincludedintheGreenClassicLibraryofecologicalworks,whichwasreprintedbyJilinPeople'sPublishingHouse.Atthistime,ecofeminismhasnotbeenputforwardasaterm,butthewomen'spositionandtheenvironmentalprotectionpositionhavebeenpromotedinthepreamble.TheprefaceauthorpointsoutthesignificanceofthisworkandcriticizestheattackanddestructionoftheAmericanmalesocietyontheenvironmentalfemalebattle.Inthemid-1990s,CaoNanyanandLiuBingintroducedtheconceptofecologicalfeminismintoChina.Sincethen,domesticresearchershaveacceptedtheconceptandcarriedoutmanystudiesandpublishedconsiderableresults.In2003,WeiQingkuopublishedEcofeminism:AStrangeRunofLiteraryCriticism.Forthefirsttime,hesystematicallyintroducedthecurrentsituation,theoreticalbasis,researchmethodsandcriticalpracticeofecofeminism,andpointedouttheacademicpreceptsofecofeminisminChinaandtheWest.Thisarticleisofpioneeringsignificanceinthefieldofecofeminism,butitlaysparticularstressonthesystematicconstructionofmacro-theory,andhasinsufficientconnectionwithdomesticliterarypractice.In2004,inEcofeminismandLiteraryCriticism,LuoTingandXiePengmadeamoremicroandspecificstudyofecofeminism,suchasthespecificcharacteristicsofecofeministtheoryandcriticism,theexcavationandcombingofexistingecofeministtexts,andthedemonstrationoftherelationshipbetweenwomenandnatureinliterature.Thelattersymbolizesthatthestudyofecofeministliterature,whichtakesecofeministliteraryworksastheobjectandusestheperspectiveofecofeminism,hasbeenlaunchedinChina.Later,ProfessorYanShougangofSichuanForeignLanguagesInstituteandMs.YangHaiyanofNankaiUniversityalsostudiedecofeminismwithChinesecharacteristicsfromanotherangle.TheyanalyzedtheconsistencybetweenecofeminismandWesternMarxismincriticizinganthropocentrism,opposinghumanplunderingnature,andopposingmaleculturalhegemonyoverwomen,andpointedouttheircommoncriticism.Thepurposeofthejudgmentistocallonmankindtoweavetheweboflifeandbuildaworldinterdependentwithnature.Asfarashotspotsareconcerned,thecurrentfocusofecofeministliteratureresearchisstillfocusedontheoreticalproof,suchasrevealingtheuniquenessofecofeministliteraturetheoryandexploringitsdevelopmenttrend.Thishasresultedinalotofrepetitiveconstructionintheory,becausemostoftheseachievementsareonlyfromthelocalperspectiveandtheextraterritorialperspective.Theyhavedifferentemphasesoncommentary,theoreticalconstructionandliteraryinquiry,buttheyhavealreadyreachedaconsensusonsomebasictheoreticalissues.Theoverheatingofhotspotsactuallyformsanon-optimalcombinationofacademicresources.III.Ecofeminism3.1TheOriginofEcofeminismEcofeminismistheproductofthecombinationoffeminismandecologicalmovementinthe1970s.TheconceptofecofeminismfirstappearedinthebookLeFeminiseouLaMortbyFranoisEoboni,aFrenchfeministscholar.Itaimstorevealthecloserelationshipbetweenthedominationofwomenandthedominationofnatureinthefieldofhumanthoughtandsocialstructure,deconstructtheculturaltraditionofmale-centereddichotomyintheWest,andsubverttheanthropocentrismconstructedbythemale-centeredsociety.EcofeminismbegantoflourishinEuropeandAmericainthe1980s,andthenspreadrapidlytothewholeworld.Ecofeminismcriticizesthedualismofwesternsocietyandthevaluethatleadtoexploitation,dominationandaggression,andopposesanthropocentrismandmale-centeredness.Itadvocatestheideaofchanginghuman'sdominationofnature,criticizestheideologicalvaluesofpatriarchy,andeulogizestheessenceofwomen.3.2BasicViewpointsofEcofeminismThemainviewpointsofecofeminismareasfollows.Firstofall,womenandnaturehavesomenaturalconnection.Womenaremoreintimatewithnature,morelikelytofeeltheexistenceofnature,andmorelikelytoidentifyandappreciatenature.Intermsofcreatingandsustaininglife,womenareconnectedwithnature.Theyalsoshareacommondestiny,beingdeniedandmarginalized.Womenaremostlyengagedintraditionalwork,suchastakingcareofchildren,doinghousework,cleaningandsoon,whichisnotpaidattentiontobythesociety.Natureisalsoregardedastheobjectofexploitationandconquest.Inhumanhistoryandculture,womenandnatureareoftenneglected.Secondly,ecofeministsadvocatenon-dualism,whichmeanshumanbeingsandotherspeciesarebothindependentindividualsandinterdependent.Thecoreideaofecofeminismisthatthereisahistoric,symbolicandpoliticalrelationshipbetweenwesternculture'sbelittlingnatureandwomen,whichisthepatriarchalworldoutlook.Therefore,ecofeminismcriticizesthetraditionaldualisticthinkingandadvocatesthenewrelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandnature.Withthedevelopmentofecofeminismintothefieldofliterature,traditionalclassicalliteraryworkshavebeenre-examined.Thepurposeofthisphenomenonistoexcavatetheecologicalandfeministconsciousnesscontainedintraditionalclassicalliteraryworks,opposespeciesdiscriminationandfeministdiscrimination,questionandreconstructtheconceptofdualopposition,criticizetheanthropocentrismandpatriarchalculturalcenterembodiedtherein,andshowpeopleanewperspectiveofthinkingandreading,andpresentanewsignificance.IV.TheEmbodimentofEcofeminisminColdMountain4.1CoexistencebetweenWomenandNature4.1.1ChangesAda,theheroineofthenovelColdMountain,wasoriginallyaladywithsuperiorlivingconditions.Afterhertragicexperience,shebegantolearntoconfronttheharshlivingenvironmentaroundher.Intheconfrontation,herspirithadbeenthoroughlytransformed,andthistransformationisinseparablefromtheequalitybetweenmanandnature,betweenmenandwomenandbetweenraces.Intraditionalculture,theearthalwayssymbolizesthemother,sodoesthisnovel.Fromthisnovel,wecanseetheauthor'slovefornatureandtheearth.Heestablishesthisloveintheharmoniouscoexistencebetweenmanandnature.ItispreciselybecausethisnoveldescribesthefeelingsandrelationsbetweenmanandlandthatitwontheAmericanNationalBookAward.TheirresponsibilityofRuby’sfathermadeRubylookforfoodinthewildatanearlyage.WhenRubywas8yearsold,sheoncewenttotheforesttofindfood.Asaresult,hernightgownwascaughtbyatreeandshecouldnotgetitdown.Soshewastrappedintheforestforthenight.Incoldnessandhunger,shefelttheloveofnaturelikeamotherforthefirsttime.Inthedarkness,Rubyheardavoicespeakingtoher.Thevoiceofthespringwaslikeagentleforceandananimalspirit.ThisvoiceputRubyunderhisownwings.Fromthenon,Rubyseemedtohaveapatronsaintwhocaredforher,guardedherandcomfortedherondarknights.ItisthegrowthandchangeofAda,thefemalecharacter,thatmakesthethemeofloveinthenovelsosadandtouching.Welamenttheloveshereleasedafterherdepression,admireherstrengthafterherbereavement,andmarvelathergrowthfromweaknesstostrengthinhersuffering.However,ifwewanttofindoutthemotivationandsourceoftheheroine'sgrowth,wehavetotalkabouttheheroine'scharacter.Withouthertolerancebeyondracialprejudice,shewouldnotbeapartnerorevensisterwithRuby.ShewouldnotbeabletodrawnutrientsfromRuby'slivingnature,understandnature,respectnature,integrateintonature,andgaininfinitestrengthtomakeherselfindependentandstrong.AsTimescommentedonthenovel,"ARomanceofLove,Friendship,KinshipandtheEarth..."Ada,awomanwhosuccessfullymanagedtherelationshipbetweenlove,friendship,familyandtheearth,adaptedtothechangesofsocietyandthetimes,wasabletosurviveinsuchaturbulentage.4.1.2CoexistenceAdafoundnatureandlandwiththehelpofRuby,andRubyalsofoundthebeautifulskywiththehelpofAda.Theyexperiencedandgrewtogetherintherelationshipbetweenteachersandstudents,andtheymadecertaineffortsforeachotherandalsomadetheirowngainsinthewholeprocess.Forexample,AdaofferedRubyajob,astablehomeandachancetobecomearealwoman,andunderAda'sguidance,Rubyforgavehisfatherfromtheheartandregainedhispreciousfamily.Atthesametime,RubyalsomadeAdaclosetonature,marchedintothecountryside,andfellinlovewiththelandunderherfeet.ThissupportivelifeexperiencehasmadeAdaandRubyformanindestructibletrustandtacitunderstanding.Bothofthemhaveagoodunderstandingofeachother'sbehaviorsandideas.Theseexperienceshavelaidasolidfoundationfortheirspiritualfriendship.CharlesFrazier,theauthor,tellsthestoryofAda'sgradualtransformationandgrowthinfreshandgentlelanguage.Ada'sexperiencesmadeherbecomeself-reliantfromaweaklady,andfinallyletherselfintegrateintonaturetoexperiencethetruemeaningoflife,sincerefeelingswithfriends,truelovefortheland,etc.AllofthesemakeAdaconstantlytakerootinthecoldmountains,andthisforeignlandhasfinallybecomeAda'sbeautifulhome.4.2CoexistencebetweenMenandWomen4.2.1LoveandrespectTheloveexperiencebetweenAdaandherloverInmanistheexpressionoftheequalrelationshipbetweenwomenandmeninColdMountain.AfterInmanjoinedthearmy,everythinginlifebegantogetconfusedandclueless.Butnomatterhowcruelthewarwas,AdastillbelievedthatInmanwasalive.Andafterthebloodywar,Inmanfinallychosetoabandonthebrutalwar,andresolutelyembarkedonthereturnjourney.Butthejourneybackhomewasnotsmooth.Onhiswayhome,therewerehelpfromgoodpeopleandalsomanyobstacles,butallofwhichdidnotshaketheconfidenceofInman.ThehighcoldmountaininhishometownhasbecomethehopeandmotivationofInman'sbeautifulexpectations.Nomatterhowtiredhewasphysicallyandmentally,aslongashelookedatthecoldmountainahead,Inmanwouldpickhimselfupandgoon.Infact,therearenumerousbooksaboutlove,butColdMountainrarelyanalysesthecoreandessenceoflove,showingatrueandequalloverelationship.Fromthenovel,wecanseethattrueloveisactuallythecommunicationandtacitunderstandingbetweentwohearts.CharlesFrazierusesconcisenarrativeandlanguagetosetoffthedelicatemovements,emotionsandfacialchangesofthehero,andtooutlineaclear,beautifulloverelationship.4.2.2HarmoniousrelationsAtthebeginningofthisnovel,theauthormakesAda'sfatherdieanddisappearfromAda'slife.Therefore,readerscanonlypiecetogetherthespecificrelationshipbetweenAdaandherfatherthroughAda'smemoriesofthepast.InAda'smemory,herfatherisaveryenlightenedmissionary.HeknowshowtorespectAda'srighttospeak,andevenwhenAdaisagainsthisidea,hewillchoosetoacceptherdisapprovalcalmly.AlthoughinCharlesFrazier'snoveltherelationshipbetweentheheroineandherfatherisrelativelyrelaxed,duetotheprofoundinfluenceofsocialenvironment,theheroineAdastillmaintainsherinnerfearofherfather.Eventhoughherfatherhadbeendeadforalongtime,Adadarednotgonearhisformerroom.Inaddition,wecanseethateverytimeAdaputforwarddifferentopinionstoherfather,itwasdoneinprivate,andinmostcasesshewasstillobedienttoherfather.Forexample,Adachooseswhatshewantsaccordingtoherfather'spreferencesandwishes.Herart,paintingandpianolearningareallwhatherfatherwantshertodo.EventhoughAdadidn'treallylikethetowntheyweremovingto,shetoldherfatherthatshewouldliketolivethereaslongashelikedit.Inthedayswithherfather,Ada'slifewascarefree,butwhenherfatherdiedsuddenly,Adasuddenlyrealizedthattheeducationherfatherhadgivenherselfwasnotpractical,becausealltheeducationshereceivedcouldnothelpherintermsoflifeandeconomy.Inaddition,thereareproblemsintherelationshipbetweenRubyandherfathermentionedabove.WiththehelpofAda,Rubyfinallybroketheknotwithhisfather,eliminatedtheestrangementbetweenthem,andlethisfatherenjoyhisoldagebyhisside.Intermsoffather-daughterrelationship,Ruby’sexperienceiscompletelyoppositetoAda’s.Rubyhadbeenlookingforfoodinthewildsinceshewasveryyoung.Shehadnotbeenprotectedbyherfather.Afterthewar,Rubythoughthisfatherwasdead.Therefore,whenRuby’sfatherwascaughtbystealingtheirbarn,Ruby’sattitudetowardshimwasextremelycold.Shesaid,"Besidesbeingagoodthingforyou,youhaveneverdoneanythingforme,andIwillnottolerateyoupretendingtohavemorefeelingsbetweenus.Forme,Ihaveneverbeenanything."HeneverbeatRubywithaslapintheair.Inturn,heneverpattedherheadortouchedhercheeks.Thisindifferentfather-daughterrelationshipdidnotchangeuntilRuby'sfatheralmostdied.WhenRubylearnedofhisfather'sshot,RubyandAdawenttopreparetoburyhim.Buttheydiscoveredthathewasstillnotdead.Rubysavedhislifeandthenshecouldn'tsleep.ShetoldAda,“Ican'tsleepbecauseIhavebeenthinkingaboutit.Ifhesurvives,Ishouldgetalongwithhim.”AsRubyhelpedAdatoestablishacloseandharmoniousrelationshipwithnature,AdaalsohelpedRubygetridoftheconfusioninherheartandestablishameaningfulrelationshipbetweenfatheranddaughter.RubylistenedtoAda'sadviceandaccompaniedhim,takingcareofherfatherandmakehimenjoyhisoldage.4.3ConfrontationbetweenWomenandWars4.3.1FemalestrengthColdMountainisbasedonwar.Inthewar,theinjuredsoldierInman’seyeswhoescapedfromthefrontlinewerefilledwithbloodandvicissitudes.Theworldisvast,yetpeoplearekillingandmutilatinghere,andbothnatureandhumanbeingsaresufferingfromit.Thebeautifulsceneryisjustahugelydestroyedbackgroundpainting.Undertheinfluenceofthewar,people'slifetrajectorieshaveallchanged.Warhasmadehumanitycruelandexposedthehypocrisyofhumannature.Adaisaladyimagebasedonthetraditionalsouthernconceptofwomen,butAdabravelybroketheestablishedimpressionandrebuiltthespiritualconnotationofwomen'sindependenceinanewandprofoundway,sothatherimagehasuniqueartisticvalue.Ontheonehand,AdaisastrongandcourageousEuropeanancestry,aswellasablendoffreedomandpioneeringspiritintheNewWorldconsciousness.Ontheotherhand,Rubyradiatesprimitivespiritalloverherbody.SheconsolesAdaandlearnsfromeachotherthefieldsshehasnevertouchedbefore.OnceRubythoughtthatnaturewasthewholeworld,whileAdathoughtthatonlypolitics,philosophy,paintingandpianowereinherlife.Theycollidewitheachotherinanewlight.4.3.2FemaleloyaltyThenovelColdMountaindepictsakindofmutuallybeneficialrelationshipbetweenwomenandtheircompatriots,whichmakespeoplefeelwarm.AdaandRuby,whosharecommonpursuitsandcircumstances,havebuiltupagoodrelationshipfullofhumanity,warmthandmutualsupport.TheintersectionofRuby'sandAda'sworldsbeganwhenAdawasconfrontedwiththefarmforthefirsttimebyherself.Thecheerful,enthusiasticandlivelyRuby,likeadazzlingfire,immediatelydilutedthedepressioninAda'sheart.Adawasborninarichfamilyofsouthernaristocrats,andRubywasbornasavagrantchildinapoorfamilyinmountainousareas.Theformerwascarefreefromchildhoodandlearnedallkindsoflessonsandarts,whilethelatterwasabandonedfromchildhoodandhadnotreceivedanyeducation.However,itwastheirfatethatthetwogirlsmetandgraduallybecomefamiliarwitheachotheronthefarm.Theircontradictorylifeexperiencesmadetheiradvantagescomplementaryandlaidasolidfoundationfortheirsincerefriendship.However,AdaandRubyarenotinthesamesituation.Losingtheirparentsandfacingseveresurvivalproblemsarethesamesituation.Twogirlsrelyonthefarm,throughmutualcompanionshipandtrust,aswellasthecommonexpectationandpursuitofabetterfuture,sothattheyarenotonlycareerpartners,butalsoequalteacher-studentrelationshipandsisters,andthetacitunderstandingbetweenthemmakeseachotherloyaltoeachother.V.SignificanceofEcofeminisminColdMountain5.1NaturalEnvironmentJohnMuir,theleaderoftheearlyAmericanenvironmentalmovement,oncesaid,"InGod'swilderness,thereishopeoftheworld."Forestisourhome,andreturningtonatureandachievingecologicalegoandmaximizingself-realizationaretheecologicalmissionsentrustedbyInmanasthesoulfigureinthenovel.ThecoldmountainsymbolizesthewildernessofGodandourhome.Thesymboliclandofnatureis,logicallyspeaking,therepositoryofalllifethatwantstoberedeemed.Theidealizeddescriptionandconceptionofhishomelandinspireandguidehimtoseekthespiritualhomeofhumanbeingsinreality.Inthisnovel,wecanfindthattheauthorCharlesFraziercherishesthegreatlovefortheearthandnature,andnaturallyincorporatesthisloveintotheconstructionoftherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Besides,thelifeoftheheroineAdaalsohasadeeprelationshipwiththeland.Thelandshewasborn,grewupandfinallyreopenedisthesame.Thelandunderherfeetcanbesaidtohavewitnessedhergrowthasanintegralpartofher,soAdahasanunspeakablefeelingforthelandaroundher.Forexample,whenAda'sfatherdiedunfortunately,thewarbrokeout.EverythingthathappenedmadeAdalonelierandmorehelpless.ThecruelrealityoftenmadeAdafallintoasituationoffrustration.B