英語國家概況期末考整理

Unit1UK著名景點(diǎn)BigBen大本鐘2、TowerBridge(crossestheRiverThames;closetotheTowerofLondon;symbolofLondon)3、WestminsterAbbey(GothicchurchintheCityofWestminster,London;CoronationandburialsiteforBritishmonarchs.)4、RedDoubleDeckerBus(masstransit)英國基本知識(shí)1、constituentpartseEngland/Scotland/NorthernIreland/Wales(國旗)2、thenationalanthem(國歌)eGodsavethequeen3、ThenationalEmbleme4、NationalflowereRose(WarsoftheRoses-civilwars(1455-1485)betweentheroyalhouseofLancaster(redrose)andtheroyalhouseofYork(whiterose).)5、地理位置6、FullnameeThe"UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland".（TheBritishIsles不列顛島;GreatBritain;UK;Commonwealth）7、Threepoliticaldivisions（行政區(qū)域）:England,Scotland,andWales.8、CommonwealtheAfreeassociationofsovereignstatescomprisingGreatBritainandanumberofitsformerdependencies;unitedas‘freeandequalmembers’.9、CapitalEngland(London);Scotland(Edinburgh);Wales(Cardiff);NorthernIreland(Belfast)10、BackboneofEnglandePennineBenNevisethehighestmountaininUK.1343mNorthIrelandeNationalflower:Irishclover(三葉草)；LoughNeagh(thelargestlakeinUK);industrious;agriculturalRiversandlakese1.TheSevernRiver(longestriver;fromthemountainofWalestotheBristolChannel)2.TheThamesRiver(MainsourceofLondon’swatersupply;SecondlongestriverinBritain;CostwoldHills--NorthSea)3.TheClydeRiver(ThemostimportantriverinScotland)4.LakeDistrict5.LoughNeagh（ThelargestlakeinBritain(396squarekilometers),NorthernIreland.）TheclimateinBritainepeasouper超級(jí)濃霧Unit2UK1、thefirstsettlereTheIberian(伊比利亞人)2、Stonehenge(巨石陣)ewasaplaceofhealingcenter；ThemostimportantmonumentleftbyIberian；Thereareabout80stones,andeachisfivemeterstall.3、TheCelticlanguageethebasisofbothWelshandGaelic(蓋爾語)(Irish,Scotish).4、Hadrian’sWall5、7thcenturyHeptarchy（七國聯(lián)盟）e(Wessex;Sussex;Kent;Essex;EastAnglia;Mercia;Northumbria)6、Vikingpirates(維京海盜)eVikingsfromDenmark；establishedsomesmallkingdoms；NorthernandeasternEnglandTheNormanConquest(1066)eTheNormansthatinvadedEnglandin1066camefromNormandyinNorthernFrance.8、BlackDeath(名詞解釋)ewasthemodernnamegiventothedeadlybubonicplague(腺鼠疫),anepidemicdiseasespreadbyratfleas；inEurope;reduceEngland’spopulationfrom4millionto2million9、LinguisticcompositionEnglande1.Origin:Germanic(Anglo,Saxon,Jutes)2.Language:English(unionofNormanFrenchandlanguageofAnglo-Saxons);CockneyWalese1.Origin:Celts2.Language:English;Welsh(1/5;innorthandwest;themostflourishingoftheCelticlanguages).Scotlande1.Origin:Highlanders(Celts)Lowlanders(Anglo–Saxon)2.Language:EnglishScottishGaelic,2%NorthernIrelande1.Origin:Celts2.Language:English;IrishGaelicCockneys(倫敦腔)eThedialectoraccentofthenativesoftheEastEndofLondon.Unit3UKTheHouseofNormanseonDec.25,1066;TheBattleofHastings;afterthedeathofEdwardtheConfesTheconsequencesofNormanConqueste1.Feudalsystemcompletelyestablished.2.Normangovernment.3.Relationwiththecontinentopened.4.Civilizationandcommerceextended.5.NormanFrenchculture,language,mannersandarchitectureintroduced.6.Churchcourtsseparatedfromthecivilcourts.thefirstkingoftheHouseofPlantagenet(1154)eHenryIIThekingofLacklandeKingJohn(thefeudalnobilityandtheleadingChurchfigure,1215);signtheMagnaCartaTheHundredYears’War(1337-1453)ebetweenFranceandEnglandWatTyler’sUprising/Peasants’Revolt（農(nóng)民起義）ein1381;Cause:resentmentoverthepolltax;financeawarwithFrance;InLondon,thepeasantsforcedKingRichardIItomakeseveralconcession;Tylerwasstruckdown;ThemajorpartofrebellionwascrushedTheWarofRose(1455-1485)etheHouseofLancasterV.S.theHouseofYork;HenryTudordefeatedRichardII;UnitedthetwohouseThefirstkingofTudoreHenryVII;TheEnclosuremovement(圈地運(yùn)動(dòng))efastdevelopmentclothingindustry→morewoolwasneeded→sheep-farming(enclosuremovement)→capital→capitalismHenryVIIIetheEnglishReformationstartedintheregionofHenryVIIIforhismarriageissue.Milestone(里程碑)ofElizabethIe1.BalancetheprotestantsandCatholics2.Hergovernmentwaseffectiveinreducingthepowerofoldnobility,expendingthepowerofhergovernment,andeffectingcommonlawandadministrationthroughoutEngland.3.Reachedfurtherthroughtrade&adventure,newland,material,food4.1599,arenaofworldtradeandcolonization.EnglishRevolution/CivilWar(英國革命)(1625--1649)eCharlesI;KingV.S.Parliament;MonarchyreplacedCommonwealthOliverCromwelle1.defeatedCharlesI2.Underhislead,theParliamentcontrolledmostofEnglandby1646LordProtectorTheGloriousRevolution(光榮革命)eJamesII→France;ParliamentinvitedMaryIIandWilliamtotakethethrone;WilliamandMarywerecrownedasjointrulers.JamesWatteScottishinventor,madevastimprovementstothesteamengine,makingitpracticalforlarge-scaleindustrialuse.TheChartistMovement(憲章運(yùn)動(dòng))ePoliticalreformmovement,1838--1848;LondonWorkingMen’sAssociationsponsored;suffrage(選舉權(quán))forallmalecitizensoverage21;LargepublicmeetingUnit4UKConstitutionalMonarchy(君主立憲制)eamonarchactsasheadofstateandhis/herpowerislegallyboundbyconstitution.ConstitutioneAconstitutionisasetofrulesandconventionsthatlaysdownthepowersandfunctionsofstateinstitutionsandtheirrelationshipwitheachother.SourcesofConstitutione1.Conventions(rulesandpracticesthatdonotexistlegally,butregardedasvitaltotheworkingofgovernment習(xí)慣法)2.Statutelaw(lawspassedbytheParliamentatvarioustimesinresponsetoparticularsituations成文法)3.Commonlaw(lawssetupbycommonpracticeincourt普通法;Abodyofrulesbasedoncommunitycustomsandpreviouscourtdecisions法官在下鄉(xiāng)所積累成的判決內(nèi)容，即為日后判決的法律淵源，而形成共同的法律依據(jù);canbeamendedorrepealedbyParliament)“DivinerightofKings”eTheancientdoctrineheldthatthesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromGod；anexcuseforabusingpower.FunctionsoftheMonarcheA.Inlaw(Thepermanentheadofstate；Thecommander-in-chief；ThetemporalheadofAnglicanChurch)B.Inpractice（Shereigns,butdoesnotrule；Herroleinstateaffairs:ceremonialandsymbolic）Parliamenteaparliamentarydemocracy(民主議會(huì)制):Britainisarguablytheoldestparliamentarydemocracyintheworld.ThegovernmentiselectedbythepeopleandgovernsaccordingtoBritishconstitutions.ParliamenteThesupremelegislativebodyintheUK.TheHouseofLordsmeettheHouseofCommons;TheelementsofparliamenteTheCrown,theHouseofLords,andHouseofCommons;9、Thelifeofparliamente5yearsFunctionsofParliamente1.Legislation（Create,abolish,amendlaws）2.passlawsproposedbythegovernment3.votingfortaxesandexpenditureofthegovernment4.examthegovernmentpolicy,administration&expenditure5.DebatesmajorpoliticalissuesofthedayThedifferencesbetweenParliamentandgovernmenteGovernment(Thegovernmentrunsthecountry,knownastheExecutive;Governmentrunsthecountryandisresponsibletotheparliament);Parliament(ParliamentisthehighestlegislativeauthorityintheUK,alsoknownastheLegislature;Parliamentrepresentsthepeople)OriginoftheCabineteThekingorqueenmetregularlywithagroupofParliamentarians,whichbecameknownastheCabinet.(TheCabinetministerswereappointedbythesovereign,andtheyhadtohaveenoughsupportintheHouseofCommons)TheHouseofCommonseelectedCentralGovernmenteA.ThePrivyCouncil樞密院B.TheCabinetC.ThePrimeMinisterD.ShadowCabinet影子內(nèi)閣E.MinistersThePrivyCouncil樞密院eAnadvisoryinstitution;originallyacommitteeofthemonarch'sclosestadvisorstogiveconfidentialadviceonaffairsofstateTheCabinete(isthecommitteeatthecenteroftheBritishpoliticalsystemandisthesupremedecision-makingbodyingovernment.)Functionepolicy-making;thecoordinationofgovernmentdepartments;thesupremecontrolofthegovernmentNo.10DowningStreeteresidence;workplace;Receivesforeignguests.TheShadowCabineteThenextlargestpartyintheCommonsformsa“shadow”cabinetwhosemembersareresponsibleforcriticizinggovernmentministersandformulatingoppositionpolicies.MajorPoliticalPartieseConservativeParty(1679/old/FromTories/Rightwingparty,privateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol/Supporters:middle&upper-middleclassPeopleofhigherposition);LaborParty(1990/young/FromWhig/Leftwingparty,nationalizedindustries,exercisedcontroloverprivateindustriestorevivetheprimaryindustries/Supporters:workingclassandcommonpeoplerelativelypoororunderprivileged);LiberalParty.MargaretThatcher(1979-1990)—TheIronLadyeRecentPrimeMinistersfromtheLaborPartyFirstpastthepost(FPTPorFPP)eanelectiondeterminedbythehighestpollingcandidate(s).Unit5UK1、Twobranchesoflawe1.Civillaw(governstherelationshipsandtransactionsbetweenprivatepartiessuchascompensationforlossordamage.)2.Criminallaw(mostlyinvolvestheruleslaiddownbythestateforcitizensandactspunishablebythestate,suchastheftandmurder)TheCourtSystemeCourtofappeal上訴法院eCivilDivision(民事法庭)；CriminalDivision(刑事法庭)HouseofLordseTheHouseofLordsisinthesupremeexecutivebodyofthelaw.上議院是英國最高的法院ScotlandYardeisoftenusedtorefertotheMetropolitanPoliceServiceofLondon,UK.蘇格蘭場、英國首都倫敦警務(wù)處總部Unit8UKTherelationshipbetweengovernmentandreligioninBritaine1.ThestatesupportsthechurchinEconomicandPoliticalways.2.Thechurchsupportsthestatetoreignthecountry,anditmakesthekingtheauthority.ItdoescontributetotheunificationoftheUK.3.Thechurchalsohelpsinlegislation.MainBranchesofChristianitye1.RomanCatholicism大為搭2.OrthodoxChristianity叢棋搭3.Protestantism擅搭Conflicts&DivisionbetweentheRomanCatholicandProtestantismeReasons:Englishmonarchs1.---werejealousoftheexpandedpowerandwealthoftheEnglishchurch2.---resentedthedominantinfluenceofRomeinnationalaffairs3.---HenryVIII,then,argued(a)he,notthepope:thesupremelegalauthority,(b)Englishchurch&itscourtsshouldbeallegianttohimonly.TheChurchofEnglandeItwasseparatedfromtheRomanCatholicchurchin1534withtheActofSupremacy;themotherchurchoftheworldwidecommunion(宗教團(tuán)體);ItsheadisthekingorqueenofBritain;ParliamenthasavoiceinitsorganizationandritualsStructureofChurche1.(ElizabethIIistheSupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEngland.)2.ChurchofEngland→TwoProvinces(大教區(qū))ledbyArchbishops（大主教）→43Dioceses(主教教區(qū))ledbyBishops（主教）→Parishes（教區(qū)）ledbyPriests（牧師）TheChurchofScotlandetheleadersaretheministers(牧師)andelders；FollowtheteachingofCalvin;IndependentofallparliamentarysupervisionUnit9UKSomeFactse1.Compulsory,5to16;2.Theleavingage,18,bytheEducationandSkillsAct2008;3.Expenditureoneducationpublicfunds.3.9:00am–4:00pm；4.TheacademicyearinEngland:SeptemberJuly；3terms,8weeksTypesofSchoolsclassifiedaccordingtotheirfinancialsourceinBritaine1.Privateschools（independentschool,publicschool)（Privatefee-payingschools;localorcentralgovernmentcontrol）2.Stateschools（fromstatetaxesandlocalcouncilrevenue;governingbody(parentrepresentatives,theheadteacher)；Itisresponsibleforthemainpolicydecision）3.VoluntaryschoolsorChurchschools（fundedbyreligiousdenominations)4.Self-governingorGrant-maintained(GM)school(receivefundsfromthegovernment)5.Specialistschools(areconnectedtoSpecialistschoolsaprivatebacker)PrivateSchoolsePublicschools/IndependentSchools;Avarietyofotherschoolsarealsoprivate,includingkindergartens,dayschools,andnewerboardingschoolsHigherEducationeFourgroups：“Oxbridge”：OxfordandCambridge.“Redbrick”：agroupofuniversitiesfoundedbetween1850and1930.UniversityofLeeds,UniversityofLiverpool.FoundafterWorldWarII:Sussex,York,EastAnglia.TheNewuniversities：foundedinthemoderntimesUniversityofOxfordeTheoldestuniversityinEnglish-speakingcountry;Establishedtime:1167;SchoolMotto:Dominusilluminationmea(TheLordismyLight)AllSoulsCollegeeEngland’soldestinstitutionofhigherlearning,OxfordUniversityUnit1USOfficialname:UnitedStatesofAmerica2、nationalflag：StarsandStripes3、NationalEmblem：Baldeagle4、Nationalflower:rose5、Nickname:UncleSam6、Capital:WashingtonD.C.7、Location:48contiguousstates+2noncontiguousstates+D.C;centralNorthAmericawithCanadatoitsnorth,MexicoandtheGulfofMexicotoitssouth,theAtlanticOceantoitseastandthePacificOceantoitswest.AlaskaisthelargestinareaandRhodeIslandthesmallest.ThreeGeographicalDivisionseEasternpart;GreatPlains;WesternpartRockyMountains----greatbackboneofNorthAmericaTheMississippiecalled“fatherofwaters”andthe“oldmanriver”TheMissourieisoneofthelongestriversintheworldTheOhioecalledtheAmericanRuhr;steelindustryTheGreatLakese蘇必利爾湖(LakeSuperior)、休倫湖(LakeHuron)、密歇根湖(LakeMichigan)、伊利湖(LakeErie)、安大略湖(LakeOntario)NewEngland新英格蘭eMaine緬因州NewHampshire新罕布什爾州Vermont佛蒙特州Massachusetts馬塞諸塞州(麻省)RhodeIsland羅得島Connecticut康涅狄格州TheMid-WestStatese"Industrialmidwest"TheAmericanSoutheThelegacyo